AgroForestryTree Database
Sterculia foetida
 Species identityEcology and distributionPropagation and managementFunctional usesPests and diseasesAdditional InfoBibliographyImages |
Species identity
TaxonomySynonym(s)
Common names
(Bengali) : jangli badam
(Burmese) : letpan-shaw
(English) : bastard poon tree, hazel sterculia, wild almond tree
(Hindi) : janglibadam
(Indonesian) : kabu-kabu, kalupat, kepoh
(Javanese) : kepoh
(Malay) : kayu lepong, kelumpang, kelumpang jari
(Sinhala) : telembu
(Spanish) : anacaguita
(Tamil) : gorapu-badam, gurapu-vadam, pottaikavalam
(Thai) : chammahong, homrong, samrong
(Vietnamese) : tr[oo]m
Botanic description
Sterculia foetida is a large, straight, deciduous tree growing to 40 m in height and 3 m in girth, with the branches arranged in whorls and spreading horizontally. The bark is smooth and grey. Leaves crowded at the ends of branchlets, digitate, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets elliptical or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 10-17 cm long, shortly petioluled, with unpleasant smell; petiole 12.5-23 cm long. Flowers in many panicles, subterminal, 10-15 cm long; rather large, green or dull purple; unisexual, with male and female flowers on separate trees; calyx dull, orange coloured, deeply 5-partite; lobes 1-1.3 cm long. Follicles scarlet, 7.6-9 x 5 cm, very stout, ultimately woody; seeds 10-15, slate-coloured, ellipsoid, oblong, 1.5-1.8 cm with rudimentary yellow aril. The generic name is based on the Latin word ‘stercus’, meaning ‘manure’, which refers to the smell of the flowers and leaves of some species. The malodorous nature of the tree is emphasized in the species name, ‘foetida’, meaning ‘stinking’.
Ecology and distribution
Natural HabitatOriginally from East Africa to north Australia, S. foetida grows freely in Myanmar and Sri Lanka.
Geographic distribution
Native : Australia, Bangladesh, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Yemen, Republic of, Zanzibar
Exotic : Ghana, Puerto Rico
Biophysical limitsSoil type: It shows good adaptability to soil, but probably needs soils with sufficient moisture for optimum development.
Reproductive Biology
In India, new leaves appear in March-April, just after flowering. The flowers, which have a foetid smell, appear in March when the tree is leafless. Fruits ripen the following February, nearly 11 months after the 1st appearance of the flowers. S. foetida is dioecious.
Propagation and management
Propagation methodsS. foetida is easily raised from seed, the seedling growing rapidly and forming long taproots. They can be planted out during the 1st rains without much difficulty. However, seedlings will not stand cold, for example in northern India.Tree Management
The rate of growth is fairly rapid in early stages but soon slows down. S. foetida demands light and needs a lot of space for proper development.
Germplasm Management
Seed storage behaviour is orthodox; there are no problems with long term storage. There are about 635 seeds/kg.
Functional uses
ProductsFood: The seeds have a pleasant taste and are sometimes eaten. Edible oils are obtainable from the seed. Fodder: S. foetida leaves contain up to 2.66% calcium and are also a good source of protein and phosphorus, meeting nutritional requirements of ruminants. The kernel meal contains about 31% crude protein. Fibre: Cord is made from the bark fibre. Timber: The timber is greyish-white and soft but is harder than most other species of the genus. It weighs 449 kg/m³, is easy to saw and work, and finishes fairly well. It is very perishable when exposed to the weather or is in contact with the ground, although it is fairly durable for interior work. Used locally for doors of huts, dugout canoes, boat planking, guitars and carved toys. Gum or resin: A gum that resembles ‘gum tragacanth’, is obtained from the trunk and branches and is used for bookbinding and similar purposes. Lipids: An unusual feature of the seed is that oil is present in the testa as well as the kernel. The total oil content is about 34%. Medicine: Leaves and bark have considerable medicinal value; in Ghana, seeds are taken as a purgative. Oil from the seed is extracted on a local scale to be used in medicine.Pests and diseasesIn India, S. foetida suffers badly from the larvae of Sylepta balteata. The mortality is very high in the nursery. During feeding, the larva, with the help of silken threads, rolls and spins up the leaf and feeds on it. After eating away the intravenous tissues, the larva moves to other portions of the leaf for feeding. The incidence of the pest varies from 70 to 80%.
Bibliography
Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India. Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, India.Cowen DV. 1984. Flowering trees and shrubs in India. Thacker and Co. Ltd. Bombay.
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
Joshi HB. 1981. Troup's silviculture of Indian trees, Vol. III. Controller of Publications, New Delhi.
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-east Asia. No 5(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
Meshram PB, Ghude DB. 1996. A new report of Sylepta balteata Fab. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) as a pest on Sterculia foetida Linn. Indian Forester 122(9): 856-857.
Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and uses. MIT Press. South East Asia.
Streets RJ. 1962. Exotic forest trees of the British Commonwealth. Claredon Press, Oxford.
Williams R.O & OBE. 1949. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba. Zanzibar Protectorate.