2830 NA 2 NA0002-12 Let's add climate knowledge to agroforestry plans James M Roshetko and Rodel D. Lasco 2012 SciDev.Net SciDev.Net 1 Oct 2012 1-3 Opinions Much is known about agroforestry ? the mixing of tree species with crops and livestock to enrich farmers' livelihoods. But less is known about how it can help farmers adapt to climate change. This gap in our knowledge is increasingly worrisome. With weather patterns becoming more erratic, farmers around the world are finding it increasingly difficult to know when and what to plant, risking shortfalls in food yields. Understanding what strategies farmers can use to cope with climate variability and extremes of weather is an essential first step towards mitigating climate change and adapting to its impact. Southeast Asia English GRP 1, GRP 5 2829 JA 472 JA0472-12 Assessment of Profitability of Land Use Systems in Tanjung Jabung Barat District, Jambi Province, Indonesia Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Arif Rahmanulloh and S. Suyanto 2012 Open Journal of Forestry Scientific Research 2 4 252-256 The purpose of the research was to compare the profitability of existing land uses in Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi province, Indonesia, for formulating a strategy to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD). Net Present Value was used for comparing profits of different types of investment (e.g. different type of land use). Rapid Rural Appraisal was used to gather information on farm budget data for each land use, including prices, production, labor and other input. The results of the profitability analysis showed that all land uses, both on mineral soil and peat land, were profitable. Oil palm, both in large plantations and smallholder gardens, was the most profitable land-use system. However, the profit-ability of smallholder oil palm on peatland was lower than on mineral soils yet oil palm was still more competitive than rubber on mineral soils. The competitiveness of mixed gardens with oil palm was higher on peatland and the threat of converting other land uses to oil palm was higher on mineral soil than on peat. For crop systems, irrigated paddy had the highest profitability. Profitability; NPV; Land Use System; REDD+; Indonesia Southeast Asia English -1 Sofiyuddin M, Rahmanulloh A and Suyanto S. 2012. Assessment of Profitability of Land Use Systems in Tanjung Jabung Barat District, Jambi Province, Indonesia. Open Journal of Forestry. 2(4):P. 252-256. 2828 BK 163 BK0163-12 Jenis-jenis Kelelawar Agroforest Sumatera Pandam Nugroho Prasetyo, Sephy Noerfahmy and Hesti L. Tata 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 75 978-979-3198-67-5 Metode survei cepat untuk biodiversitas (Quick Biodiversity Survey/QBS) yang dikembangkan oleh World Argoforestry Centre (ICRAF) digunakan dalam survei kelelawar di lima kabupaten yaitu Bungo dan Merangin (Provinsi Jambi), Simalungun, Asahan, Tapanuli Utara (Provinsi Sumatera Utara). Pada metode ini, pengamatan kelelawar dilakukan dengan membuat transek sepanjang satu kilometer dan memasang perangkap berupa jaring kabut (mist net) untuk menjebak kelelawar di semua lokasi penelitian kecuali pada kabupaten Merangin (Jambi) karena pada lokasi ini, perangkap yang digunakan adalah perangkap harpa.
Hasil survei cepat ini disajikan dalam bentuk deskripsi kelelawar yang dilengkapi dengan fotofoto yang menunjukkan ciri khas dari tiap jenis agar dapat memberikan gambaran pemahaman mengenai jenis-jenis kelelawar yang ditemukan. Selain itu, perannya dalam ekosistem, areal persebarannya, habitat dan status kelangkaannya juga disajikan dalam buku ini sehingga menjadi bahan pertimbangan dalam mengelola sistem penggunaan lahan yang mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek konservasi.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian -1 Prasetyo PN, Noerfahmy S and Tata HL. 2011. Jenis-jenis Kelelawar Agroforest Sumatera. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 75 p. 2827 NL 54 NL0054-12 Agfor Sulawesi - August 2012 Enggar Paramita 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia August 2012 1-6 The Farmers' Agroforestry School advances the farmers' training/extension concept first implemented in Aceh back in 2007-2009 under the Nurseries of Excellence project (also funded by the Canadian International Development Agency). The objective of the school is to build farmers' capacity by providing knowledge and skills in agroforestry that will increase land production and improve their livelihoods. Southeast Asia English Paramita E. 2012. Agfor Sulawesi - August 2012. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2826 NL 53 NL0053-12 Agfor Sulawesi - Agustus 2012. Bahasa version. Enggar Paramita 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Agustus 2012 1-6 Tujuan dari Sekolah Agroforestri adalah untuk mengembangkan kapasitas petani dengan cara memberikan pengetahuan dan melatih mereka tentang agroforestri, sehingga dapat meningkatkan produksi lahan dan memperbaiki matapencaharian mereka.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Paramita E. 2012. Agfor Sulawesi - Agustus 2012. Bahasa version.. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2825 PP 323 PP0323-12 The Influence of the household and Farm Attributes on Adoption of Smallholder Timber Production Systems in the Gunungkidul Region, Indonesia Gerhard Sabastian, Peter Kanowski, Digby Race, Emlyn Williams and James M Roshetko Spencer R. Meyer 2012 IUFRO Small-Scale Forestry Conference 2012: Science for Solutions Conference Proceedings IUFRO Amherst, Massachusetts USA 176-181 Agroforestry systems have been recognized as valuable for integrating local economic needs and environmental conservation; however, study on the socio-economic household and biophysical farm factors affecting management adoption of agroforestry by smallholders have not been closely examined in Indonesia, particularly in Gunungkidul region. This paper investigates the key determinants and the magnitude of the socio-economic household and biophysical farm factors influence for farmers on land and timber tree management; and provide opportunities for farmers to identify management options for their timber-based production systems which enhance household livelihoods. The household condition and composite models only selected the gross income of the on-farm and off-income variables as the determining factor affecting the likelihood of managing land and timber trees; while the farm characteristic model confirms total area managed as the significant variable. Treatments combining wide initial tree spacing at 4.0 x 4.0 m, light pruning of 40% and heavy thinning 75% produced the largest diameter and highest timber volume per stem for teak, and also highest net profits and returns to labour under conditions of increased interest rates and reduced log prices. Southeast Asia English Sabastian G, Kanowski P, Race D, Williams E and Roshetko JM. 2012. The Influence of the household and Farm Attributes on Adoption of Smallholder Timber Production Systems in the Gunungkidul Region, Indonesia. In: Meyer SR,eds. IUFRO Small-Scale Forestry Conference 2012: Science for Solutions Conference Proceedings. Amherst, Massachusetts USA. IUFRO. 2824 PP 322 PP0322-12 Smallholder Teak Systems on Java, Indonesia, Income for Families, Timber for Industry James M Roshetko, Agus Astho, Dede Rohadi, Nurin Widyani, Gerhard Manurung, Anies Fauzi and Purnomo Sumardamto Spencer R. Meyer 2012 IUFRO Small-Scale Forestry Conference 2012: Science for Solutions Conference Proceedings IUFRO Amherst, Massachusetts USA 162-167 Teak is among the most valuable timbers in Indonesia with international and domestic demand generally exceeds supply. Java is the center of teak production in Indonesia. As in other teak producing countries, the decline of plantation production has created opportunity for smallholder producers. Approximately 1.5 million Javanese households grow teak, managing 444,000 ha of mixed cropping systems, mainly on degraded land. Those families are independent growers providing raw material for the thriving Java teak furniture industry. The viability and profitability of smallholder teak production systems are threatened by poor silvicultural management which yield small quantities of low value timber. Smallholder producers are aware of this shortcoming, but have difficulty adapting better silvicultural management due to a lack of capital and limited ability to wait the duration of a rotation before needing returns. Additionally, most smallholders produce teak with an array of other crops to met short- and medium-term livelihood needs. Working in communities in Yogyakarta on Java, the authors conducted a number of studies to identify solutions that enable farmer producers to mitigate the threat mentioned above and improve the benefits to their families (income) and society (quality timber supply). A baseline study, teak system inventory, and management survey were conducted to identify existing conditions and practices. Participatory silvicultural trials were conducted on farms to identify management options appropriate for smallholders? conditions. Based on research findings guidelines for improved smallholder teak production were developed and evaluated with farmers. The paper provides recommendations for improving economic returns for smallholder teak producers. silviculture, thinning, pruning, tebang butuh Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM, Astho A, Rohadi D, Widyani N, Gerhard Manurung G, Fauzi A and Sumardamto P. 2012. Smallholder Teak Systems on Java, Indonesia, Income for Families, Timber for Industry. In: Meyer SR,eds. IUFRO Small-Scale Forestry Conference 2012: Science for Solutions Conference Proceedings. Amherst, Massachusetts USA. IUFRO. 2823 PP 321 PP0321-12 In Competition: Teak Smallholders in Java, Indonesia Aulia Perdana and James M Roshetko Spencer R. Meyer 2012 IUFRO Small-Scale Forestry Conference 2012: Science for Solutions Conference Proceedings IUFRO Amherst, Massachusetts USA 138-143 In addition to Perum Perhutani, there are approximately 1.2 million ha of smallholders? plantations in Indonesia that primarily produce teak (Nawir et al. 2007). Smallholding plantations rarely use improved germplasm or benefit from silvicultural management such as fertilizer application, weeding, thinning and pruning. Smallholders? teak is different from long-rotation industrial plantations that benefit from professional management, smallholders? logs are shorter, have smaller diameter, less clear wood, more knots, and obtain lower prices (Roshetko and Manurung 2009). Despite these shortcomings, smallholding teak plantations are an important source of wood for many teak manufacturers and retailers in Indonesia.]]> Southeast Asia English Perdana A and Roshetko JM. 2012. In Competition: Teak Smallholders in Java, Indonesia. In: Meyer SR,eds. IUFRO Small-Scale Forestry Conference 2012: Science for Solutions Conference Proceedings. Amherst, Massachusetts USA. IUFRO. 2821 JA 471 JA0471-12 Intensifying Vegetable Production in Smallholder Agroforestry Systems in West Java James M Roshetko, Gerhard Manurung, Iwan Kurniawan, Lia Dahlia and Anas Susila 2012 International Symposium on Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. Acta Horticulturae International Society for Horticultural Science. 958 59-66 Most smallholder farmers in Indonesia cultivate both annual and perennial crops on farms of limited size, frequently 1 ha or less. Traditionally, these systems evolved to produce agricultural and tree products for home consumption, with the surplus being sold locally. The development of infrastructure and market economies has opened commercial opportunities for smallholder farmers. However, many smallholders still face challenges related to crop production and marketing: landholdings do not reflect economies of scale; suboptimal management practices produce commodities that do not meet market specifications; and farmers have limited understanding of market information and marketing channels. Additionally, farmers lack access to professional assistance that could enable them to enhance their production and marketing capacity. Working with communities in West Java, the authors implemented a number of studies to identify how vegetable production could be intensified in smallholder agroforestry systems where additional land for agricultural expansion did not exist. Baseline studies and rapid market appraisal were conducted to identify existing conditions and possible opportunities. Focus group discussions were held to identify smallholders? and traders? interest in expanding smallholder vegetable production and marketing. Understory vegetable production trials were conducted under three light intensity levels representative of common agroforestry systems. A cross-visit was held to provide exposure and intensive capacity building to smallholders regarding market-oriented production of select vegetable commodities. A consumer preference study was implemented to inform smallholders and traders regarding market prospects. Findings indicate that opportunities exist for smallholders to intensify production and marketing of vegetables in their existing agroforestry systems. However, to take full advantage of those opportunities, smallholder farmers would require technical, marketing, and material assistance. vegetable agroforestry systems, smallholder commercial agriculture, smallholder marketing systems, understory production, consumer preference, indigenous vegetables Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM, Gerhard Manurung G, Kurniawan I, Dahlia L and Susila A. 2012. Intensifying Vegetable Production in Smallholder Agroforestry Systems in West Java. International Symposium on Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia. Acta Horticulturae. 958: P. 59-66. 2820 BC 339 BC0339-12 Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the Second Decade (2003?2012) Roger R B Leakey, John C. Weber, Tony Page, Jonathan P. Cornelius, Festus K. Akinnifesi, James M Roshetko, Zacharie Tchoundjeu and Ramni Jamnadass P.K. Ramachandran Nair and Dennis P Garrity 2012 Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht The Netherlands 29 145-173 More than 420 research papers, involving more than 50 tree species, form the literature on agroforestry tree domestication since the 1992 conference that initiated the global programme. In the first decade, the global effort was strongly led by scientists working in humid West Africa; it was then expanded to the rest of Africa in the second decade, with additional growth in Latin America, Asia (mostly SE Asia) and Oceania. While the assessment of species potential and the development and dissemination of techniques for improved germplasm production were the principal activities in the first decade, the second decade was characterized by a growing research agenda that included characterization of genetic variation using morphological and molecular techniques, product commercialization, adoption and impact and protection of farmers? rights. In parallel with this expanding research agenda, there was also an increasing use of laboratory techniques to quantify genetic variation of the chemical and physical composition of marketable products (e.g. essential oils, food-thickening agents, pharmaceutical and nutriceutical compounds, fuelwood). Looking to the third decade, suggestions are made for further development and expansion of both the science to underpin agroforestry tree domestication and applied research in support of development programmes to enhance the livelihoods of poor smallholder farmers worldwide. Commercialization, Genetic variation, Germplasm, Livelihoods, Propagation, Smallholders Southeast Asia English Leakey RR, Weber JC, Page T, Cornelius JP, Akinnifesi FK, Roshetko JM, Tchoundjeu Z and Jamnadass R. 2012. Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the Second Decade (2003–2012). In: Nair PR and Garrity DP,eds. Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use. The Netherlands. : Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. P. 145-173. 2819 TD 172 TD0172-12 Internalisasi biaya konservasi lahan pertanian kentang di DAS Serayu. Studi kasus di Desa Igir Mranak, Kecamatan Kejajar, Kabupaten Wonosobo, Propinsi Jawa Tengah Rachman Pasha 2012 Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor, Indonesia 111 Magister Kondisi di atas juga terjadi di DAS Serayu, tepatnya pada dataran tinggi Dieng. Masyarakat secara intensif mengusahakan lahan miliknya untuk budidaya tanaman semusim, terutama kentang. Usaha budidaya tanaman kentang yang selama ini dilakukan masyarakat cenderung tidak sesuai dengan kaidah konservasi 2 tanah dan sistem budidaya tanaman semusim di lahan kering. Masyarakat selama ini beranggapan bahwa guludan yang sejajar kontur akan membuat aliran air permukaan menjadi terhambat sehingga dikhawatirkan akan membuat tanah menjadi tergenang air hujan yang pada akhirnya akan menyebabkan umbi kentang menjadi busuk sehingga membuat mereka rugi. Selain itu, mereka juga beranggapan bahwa pembuatan teknik konservasi cukup mahal. Paradigma ini yang menyebabkan proses pemahaman mengenai pentingnya pola pertanian ramah lingkungan di Dieng menjadi terkendala. Kondisi diatas berdampak pada produksi kentang yang terus merosot selama empat tahun terakhir. Apabila pada tahun 2004 per hektar tanaman kentang masih menghasilkan 17,6 ton, tahun 2007 bisa 15,4 ton, ternyata tahun 2008 panen hanya tertinggi 10-13,5 ton per hektar. Biaya produksi tanaman pun naik, kalau 2004 per hektar cukup Rp 25 juta, ternyata saat ini kisarannya Rp 40 juta-Rp 48 juta per hektar untuk sekali musim tanam (TKPD 2008). Hal tersebut diperparah dengan semakin membanjirnya kentang impor dari China yang memiliki harga jual relatif lebih murah dibandingkan kentang Dieng, yaitu seharga Rp 3.500/kg sehingga menyebabkan daya jual kentang Dieng kalah bersaing. Memburuknya kualitas tanah dan panenan itu tak menyurutkan alih fungsi lahan. Menurut TKPD (2008), pada tahun 2005 luas lahan kentang di Dieng 5.724 hektar, tahun 2006 menjadi 6.902 hektar. Pada tahun 2008, lahan justru meluas menjadi 8.075 hektar.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Pasha R. 2012. Internalisasi biaya konservasi lahan pertanian kentang di DAS Serayu. Studi kasus di Desa Igir Mranak, Kecamatan Kejajar, Kabupaten Wonosobo, Propinsi Jawa Tengah. Bogor, Indonesia. : Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. 111 p. 2818 PB 52 PB0052-12 Teknik Perbanyakan Vegetatif Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, Jusupta Tarigan, Mulus Surgana and James M Roshetko 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia No. 2 - Agustus 2012 6 1. Generatif: perbanyakan yang berasal dari biji
2. Vegetatif: perbanyakan dengan mengambil bagian tanaman misalnya akar, kulit batang atau pucuk tanaman.
3. Kultur jaringan
Teknik yang umum dan mudah dilakukan oleh petani adalah teknik perbanyakan generatif dan vegetatif. Kali ini, kita akan berfokus pada teknik vegetatif.
Teknik perbanyakan vegetatif adalah teknik yang menggunakan bagian tanaman yang masih hidup, seperti kulit dan pucuk tanaman. Pada teknik ini, dua tanaman yang berbeda sifat dikawinkan untuk menghasilkan tanaman baru yang mempunyai sifat unggul. Satu tanaman akan berfungsi sebagai tanaman batang bawah (root stock), dan satu lagi sebagai tanaman batang atas (entres).]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Purnomosidhi P, Tarigan J, Surgana M and Roshetko JM. 2012. Teknik Perbanyakan Vegetatif. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3 2817 PB 51 PB0051-12 Pembuatan Pembibitan Tanaman James M Roshetko, Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, Jusupta Tarigan, Anang Setiawan, Andi Prahmono and Mulus Surgana 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia No. 1 - Agustus 2012 6 Untuk membuat pembibitan tanaman, langkah-langkah yang harus ditempuh adalah:
? Menyiapkan lahan untuk lokasi pembibitan
? Menyiapkan media pembibitan
? Menyiapkan pohon induk atau benih sebagai sumber benih
]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Roshetko JM, Purnomosidhi P, Tarigan J, Setiawan A, Prahmono A and Surgana M. 2012. Pembuatan Pembibitan Tanaman. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3 2816 JA 470 JA0470-12 Landscape transformation through the use of ecological and socioeconomic indicators in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China, Mekong Region Xu Jianchu and R. Edward Grumbine 2012 Ecological Indicators Elsevier Rapid land-use transformations are occurring throughout the Mekong Region, and especially in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province in southwest China. Most of this is due to the spread of monoculture rubber plantations. Using a new map derived from Landsat and RapidEye imagery tracking the spread of rubber from 1992 to 2010 in combination with a literature review and interviews with key local experts and officials, we performed a general overview of the extent, causes and consequences of landscape transformation in Xishuangbanna. We discovered that structural and functional biodiversity has been reduced, habitat fragmentation has increased, carbon sequestration in natural forests has been reduced, and hydrological systems altered. For humans, while incomes have risen, food insecurity has also grown. The drivers of these changes are regional economic integration, government policy, and conservation vs development value systems. To improve land-use management, we surveyed the availability of ecological and socioeconomic indicators that may better track such changes. We found that combining both types of indicators within a multi-scale conservation planning framework would help to inform policy making in the region. As yet, however, there is little integrative research using indicators to track changes in ecosystems and human livelihoods in the region. Ecological indicators; Land use; Rubber; Xishuangbanna; Yunnan; Mekong Region China IN PRESS English -1 Xu Jianchu and Grumbine RE. 2012. Landscape transformation through the use of ecological and socioeconomic indicators in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China, Mekong Region. Ecological Indicators. : P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.08.023. 2815 WP 160 WP0160-12 Commoditized or co-invested environmental services? Rachman Pasha, Tonni Asmawan, Beria Leimona, Erik Setiawan and Chandra Irawadi Wijaya 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper nr 148. DOI: 10.5716/WP12051.PDF 27 At the end of the program, the community executed the contract with an 86% activity success rate. Analysis of sediment concentration showed a 20% decrease by comparison of the initial baseline slope value of 299.08 to the final value of 239.27 at the end of program. The agreed 30% reduction target was not achieved. However, PLN-SBDL very much appreciated the community?s efforts in reducing the sediment concentration in Air Ringkih River and gave the microhydropower unit as a reward regardless of the results. The appreciation showed by PLN-SBDL had a big impact on the community?s role in improving the maintenance of their environment, in particular, their watershed. This was the main objective of the rewards for environmental services mechanism: the community in the upper stream area continue to manage their land using soil and water conservation techniques to maintain natural resources and reduce sedimentation.
The case of River Care showed a shift in the paradigm from ?commoditized environmental services?, which is focused on market or environmental services trade, to ?co-investment in landscape conservation?, which is focused on co-investment for watershed conservation. In practice, ?co-investment? in such schemes? implementation promote stakeholders? participation?both upper and downstream communities, government and private entities?to take into consideration efficiency and fairness, building stakeholders? trust, promoting transparency and collaborating in sustainable watershed management.]]> watershed management, participative approach, river care program, rewards for environmental services, landscape conservation co-investment Southeast Asia English Pasha R, Asmawan T, Leimona B, Setiawan E and Wijaya CI. 2012. Commoditized or co-invested environmental services?. Working paper nr 148Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 27. DOI: 10.5716/WP12051.PDF p. 2814 JA 469 JA0469-12 Impacts of soil and groundwater salinization on tree crop performance in post-tsunami Aceh Barat, Indonesia C. Marohn, Andreas Distel, Gerd Dercon, Wahyunto, R. Tomlinson, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2012 Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences European Geosciences Union 12 9 2879-2891 The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004 had far reaching consequences for agriculture in Aceh province, Indonesia, and particularly in Aceh Barat district, 150 km from the seaquake epicentre. In this study, the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of soil and groundwater salinity and their impact on tree crops were monitored in Aceh Barat from 2006 to 2008. On 48 sampling points along ten transects, covering 40 km of coastline, soil and groundwater salinity were measured and related to mortality and yield depression of the locally most important tree crops. Given a yearly rainfall of over 3000 mm, initial groundwater salinity declined rapidly from over 10 to less than 2 mS cm-1 within two years. On the other hand, seasonal dynamics of the groundwater table in combination with intrusion of saline water into the groundwater body led to recurring elevated salinity, sufficient to affect crops. Tree mortality and yield depression in the flooded area varied considerably between tree species. Damage to coconut (65% trees damaged) was related to tsunami run-up height, while rubber (50% trees damaged) was mainly affected by groundwater salinity. Coconut yields (-35% in average) were constrained by groundwater Ca2+ and Mg2+, while rubber yields (-65% on average) were related to groundwater chloride, pH and soil sodium. These findings have implications on planting deep-rooted tree crops as growth will be constrained by ongoing oscillations of the groundwater table and salinity. Southeast Asia English 0 Marohn C, Distel A, Dercon G, Wahyunto , Tomlinson R, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. 2012. Impacts of soil and groundwater salinization on tree crop performance in post-tsunami Aceh Barat, Indonesia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 12(9):P. 2879-2891. 2813 PR 40 PR0040-12 Proceedings of the advanced fieldcourse in ecology and conservation ? XTBG 2011 Rhett Harrison, Lan Qie and Xiamo Liu 2011 PFS-TropAsia Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yunnan, China 45 AFEC-X 2011 Field Biology Course was held from from 22 October to 3 December 2011, and was the third such course to be organised by PFS-TropAsia after launching the program in 2009. The aim of these courses is to provide highlevel training in the biology and conservation of forests in tropical Asia. The courses are aimed at entry-level graduate students from the region, who are at the start of their thesis research or professional careers in forest biology. During the course topics in forest biology are taught by a wide range of experts in tropical forest science. There is also a strong emphasis on the development of independent research projects. Students are exposed to different ecosystem types through course excursions. China English 2011. Proceedings of the advanced fieldcourse in ecology and conservation – XTBG 2011. In: Harrison R, Qie L and Liu X,eds. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Yunnan, China. PFS-TropAsia. 45 p. 2812 BC 338 BC0338-12 Segregate or integrate for multifunctionality and sustained change through landscape agroforestry involving rubber in Indonesia and China Meine van Noordwijk, Hesti L. Tata, Xu Jianchu, Sonya Dewi and Peter A Minang P.K. Ramachandran Nair and Dennis P Garrity 2012 Agroforestry: The Future of Global Land Use Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht The Netherlands 9 36 69-104 (Hevea brasiliensis L.) production systems have conserved forest biodiversity in some parts of Asia and are a threat elsewhere. A holistic view on these two sides of the coin is needed. The roles planted trees and agroforestry play in the transformation of lives and landscapes depend on the stage of ?forest transition? and the spatial configuration, segregation or integration, of the landscape. ?Forest transitions? need to be understood at the level of the actual pattern of change, (one level up) at the level of drivers of change, and (one level down) at the level of consequences for ecosystem goods and services. To close the loop on a feedback mechanism, forest transitions also need to be understood at the level of mechanisms that link desirable or undesirable consequences of changes in tree cover to the drivers, providing positive or negative feedback. ?Forest ecosystem services? can be partially fulfilled by agroforests as a form of domesticated forest. We revisit the theoretical framing of agroforests as part of forest transition and discuss a case study of the rise and decline of complex rubber agroforests in lowland Sumatra (Indonesia), and the recent expansion of monoculture rubber in China replacing agoforestry systems. Both cases indicate a complex of driving and conditioning factors, but also a current lack of incentives to reverse the trend towards landscape segregation. Complex agroforests represent an intermediate stage of intensification, between natural forest and homegarden, and may occupy an intermediate stage in the way landscapes develop under the influence of land users and other stakeholders. Although complex agroforests represent considerable value (biodiversity and carbon stocks) of relevance to external stakeholders, incentive systems for the land users need to match these values, otherwise these systems will disappear when more intensified and simplified tree crop systems take over. Current analysis of the choices in land sparing versus land sharing, and segregation versus integration, emphasize the convex or concave nature of the bi-functional tradeoff curves.]]> biodiversity, complex agroforest, swidden, sustainagility, tradeoffs, tree regeneration Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Tata HL, Xu Jianchu , Dewi S and Minang PA. 2012. Segregate or integrate for multifunctionality and sustained change through landscape agroforestry involving rubber in Indonesia and China. In: Nair PR and Garrity DP,eds. Agroforestry: The Future of Global Land Use. The Netherlands. : Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. P. 69-104. 2811 BC 337 BC0337-12 High-Carbon-Stock Rural-Development Pathways in Asia and Africa: Improved Land Management for Climate Change Mitigation Peter A Minang, Meine van Noordwijk and Brent Swallow P.K. Ramachandran Nair and Dennis P Garrity 2012 Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht The Netherlands 9 17 127-143 Low-carbon (emission) economic development pathways are needed to contain and gradually slow emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that cause global climate change. As developing countries contribute to GHG emissions largely through land management practices that degrade landscape carbon stocks, climate change strategies in developing countries must give specific attention to land management. Yet, current mechanisms for international investment or incentives in emission reductions from the land use sector, especially reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) and the clean development mechanism (CDM), have so far been slow to develop. Prospects remain good, however. Intensification of land use through tree-based production systems has emerged as a principal rural development pathway in much of Southeast Asia, with significant benefits for reducing GHG emissions, generating economic returns, providing ecosystem services, and adapting to climate change. In Africa, intensification of tree-based production systems has been much slower to develop despite great biophysical potential. This chapter develops the concept of a high-carbon-stock rural-development (HCSRD) pathway as an extension of the tree cover (forest) transition model and compares experiences of HCSRDP development in Asia and Africa. Those experiences show that achieving a HCSRD pathway requires coordinated attention to interactions and trade-offs among forestry, agriculture, and rural development. Innovative finance mechanisms, enabling policy and institutional environments, effective and efficient extension systems, and appropriate investment strategies can catalyze tree-based or agroforestry enterprises and optimize trade-offs between the multiple functions of landscapes. Agricultural intensification – Tree-based agricultural systems – REDD+ – Low-carbon development pathways – Trade-offs Southeast Asia English Minang PA, van Noordwijk M and Swallow B. 2012. High-Carbon-Stock Rural-Development Pathways in Asia and Africa: Improved Land Management for Climate Change Mitigation. In: Nair PR and Garrity DP,eds. Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use. The Netherlands. : Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. P. 127-143. 2810 PB 50 PB0050-12 The carbon efficiency of oil palm plantations: an opportunity cost analysis Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Arif Rahmanulloh, Ni'matul Khasanah, Subekti Rahayu, Meine van Noordwijk and Suseno Budidarsono 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Technical Brief No. 28: palm oil series 6 The introduction and expansion of oil palm in Indonesia reflects the crop?s economic attractiveness and benefits, but the social interactions between companies and local communities have had a mixed track record that requires attention. To some extent, oil palm plantations have been portrayed as costly from social and environmental perspectives. To understand the economic benefits of palm oil production, we analyzed both private and financial returns at the plantation level as well as the return to labour. Socially, interaction areas were identified as the result of labour requirements of oil palm plantations and the profitability of independent and plasma smallholders? plantations. Southeast Asia Indonesian Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Rahmanulloh A, Khasanah N, Rahayu S, van Noordwijk M and Budidarsono S. 2012. The carbon efficiency of oil palm plantations: an opportunity cost analysis. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2809 PB 49 PB0049-12 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Palm Oil Production Suseno Budidarsono, Sonya Dewi, Muhammad Sofiyuddin and Arif Rahmanulloh 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Technical Brief No. 27: palm oil series 4 In 1935 Indonesia became the global leader in palm oil export, with a plantation area of 75,000 ha. Seventy five years later it re-gained the number one position that it had lost to Malaysia with a planted area of over 8 M ha, 100 times more than in 1935, but still less than 5% of its land area. In much of the humid lowland tropics, oil palm production is one of the most economically attractive forms of land use. The introduction and expansion of oil palm in Indonesia reflects its economic attractiveness and benefits, but the social interactions between companies and local communities have had a mixed track record that requires attention. Ambiguous and contested land tenure in local communities and the state issuing concession licenses has been at the heart of most of the problems in this regard. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Budidarsono S, Dewi S, Sofiyuddin M and Rahmanulloh A. 2012. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Palm Oil Production. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2808 PB 48 PB0048-12 Economic assessment of palm oil production Suseno Budidarsono, Arif Rahmanulloh and Muhammad Sofiyuddin 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Technical Brief No. 26: palm oil series 6 The introduction and expansion of oil palm in Indonesia reflects the crop?s economic attractiveness and benefits, but the social interactions between companies and local communities have had a mixed track record that requires attention. To some extent, oil palm plantations have been portrayed as costly from social and environmental perspectives. To understand the economic benefits of palm oil production, we analyzed both private and financial returns at the plantation level as well as the return to labour. Socially, interaction areas were identified as the result of labour requirements of oil palm plantations and the profitability of independent and plasma smallholders? plantations. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Budidarsono S, Rahmanulloh A and Sofiyuddin M. 2012. Economic assessment of palm oil production. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2807 PB 47 PB0047-12 The carbon footprint of Indonesian palm oil production Ni'matul Khasanah, Meine van Noordwijk, Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi, Subekti Rahayu, Harti Ningsih, Anang Setiawan, Elissa Dwiyanti and Rahayu Octaviani 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Technical Brief No 25: palm oil series 10 The Renewable Energy Directive (RED) of the European Union includes a commitment to substitute part of the Union?s transport fuel with biofuels in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The directive also takes partial responsibility for increases in emissions that may occur outside of the national accounting frameworks. Specifically, the RED defines a minimum level of net emissions reduction, also known as emissions savings. The directive implies that palm oil exporting countries, such as Indonesia, need to have reliable data on the carbon footprint of palm oil to be used for biofuel. We applied the Biofuel Emissions Reduction Estimator Scheme (BERES) tool to 23 plantations in Indonesia, which abide by what is considered current ?good practice?, and estimated whether the net emissions reduction of this ?good practice? was able to meet minimum EU standards. The estimation of the net emissions included oil palm life-cycle assessment. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Khasanah N, van Noordwijk M, Ekadinata A, Dewi S, Rahayu S, Ningsih H, Setiawan A, Dwiyanti E and Octaviani R. 2012. The carbon footprint of Indonesian palm oil production. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 10 p. 2806 BC 336 BC0336-12 Incentive Mechanisms for Smallholder Agroforestry: Opportunities and Challenges in the Philippines Delia Catacutan, Rodel D. Lasco and Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on P.K. Ramachandran Nair and Dennis P Garrity 2012 Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht The Netherlands 9 18 497-514 Incentives generally imply something that contributes to or serves as motivation to accomplish a task, which may lead to rewards. Today, ?incentives? are used in many agriculture and forestry initiatives in developing countries to promote wider adoption of agroforestry. In this chapter, we have used the experience from the Philippines to illustrate how, in the midst of various challenges, global and locally designed incentive mechanisms can stimulate smallholder investments in agroforestry. The global carbon market has opened up opportunities for agroforestry through which smallholders benefit from carbon trading. At the national level, a plethora of policy incentives exist for agroforestry, but smallholders hardly benefit from such policies due to lack of information and resources to leverage policy implementation. We conclude that incentives can facilitate the adaptive capacity of smallholders and can stimulate agroforestry investments. We suggest that national institutions should catalyze international carbon incentives for smallholders, while local governments should be primed to address smallholder needs through locally designed incentive mechanisms. Ultimately, effective coordination and linkages are needed to harmonize global, national, and local incentive mechanisms for smallholders to have optimal benefits from agroforestry. Carbon market – Environmental services – Livelihoods – Rewards – National institutions – Smallholders Philippines English Catacutan D, Lasco RD and Duque-PiΓ±on C. 2012. Incentive Mechanisms for Smallholder Agroforestry: Opportunities and Challenges in the Philippines. In: Nair PR and Garrity DP,eds. Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use. The Netherlands. : Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. P. 497-514. 2805 BK 162 BK0162-12 Membangun kembali Aceh: Belajar dari hasil penelitian dan program rehabilitasi Aceh pasca Tsunami. Kumpulan Hasil Penelitian, Pembelajaran dan Rekomendasi untuk Kemajuan dan Rehabilitasi di Aceh Barat dan Sekitarnya Janudianto, Elok Mulyoutami, Lina Moeis, Reny Juita, Abraham RA Pribadi and James M Roshetko 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 382 978 979 3198 68 2 Buku ini juga diharapkan dapat menjadi masukan yang bermanfaat bagi para pihak terkait untuk menghimpun upaya preventif terhadap bencana Tsunami dan pembelajaran untuk pembangunan pasca bencana di wilayah lain.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 2012. Membangun kembali Aceh: Belajar dari hasil penelitian dan program rehabilitasi Aceh pasca Tsunami. Kumpulan Hasil Penelitian, Pembelajaran dan Rekomendasi untuk Kemajuan dan Rehabilitasi di Aceh Barat dan Sekitarnya. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 382 p. 2804 RP 287 RP0287-12 Improving economic outcomes for smallholders growing teak in agroforestry systems in Indonesia Dede Rohadi, James M Roshetko, Aulia Perdana, Michael Blyth, Nunung Nuryartono, Nuning Kusumowardani, Agus Astho Pramono, Nurin Widyani, Anis Fauzi, M. Joko Sasono, Purnomo Sumardamto and Philip Manalu 2012 ACIAR Canberra, Australia FR2012-11 64 Improving Economic Outcomes for Smallholders Growing Teak in Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia" (FST/2005/177) that was implemented in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. The project aimed to improve the livelihoods of smallholders growing teak in Indonesia through work toward three main objectives, namely: (a) to improve returns for smallholder teak producers by introducing and adapting silvicultural technologies, (b) to provide incentives for smallholder participation in profitable teak production by identifying and designing financing schemes, and (c) to enhance market access by smallholder teak producers.
Teak is among the most valuable timber species in Indonesia and is used for many purposes. The demand for teak wood for both international and domestic use is always greater than its supply. Two major sources of teak wood are available in Indonesia, i.e. industrial teak plantations, which are concentrated in Java, and the smallholder plantations, which are spread across the country. While the supply of teak from industrial plantations is declining, the share from smallholder plantations supply is increasing. In the project area within the Gunungkidul District, about two-thirds of the region's forest is smallholder teak plantations. About 63%of the farmers have less than one hectare of teak plantings and teak sales contribute about 12% of household income. However, the development of smallholder teak plantations in Indonesia is still facing various impediments. In summary, the significant impediments to profitable smallholder teak plantations include: (a) Low quality of wood due to poor silviculture; (b) Lack of capital to invest in teak planting and inability to wait the duration of a teak rotation before obtaining returns; (c) Limited access to market information/linkages leading to prices that are well below market rates, with high transaction costs for timber merchants; and (d) Unfavorable policies in smallholder teak production and marketing.
The research project contributed to overcoming these problems by conducting various project activities through participatory processes. Farmers need help to improve their knowledge and practical skills in applying better silvicultural techniques. Project activities, such as cross visits, training, establishment of Farmer Demonstration Trials and a Silvicultural Manual have improved farmers' knowledge and skills in silvicultural techniques that will be useful for improving the productivity and quality of smallholder teak plantations through better silvicultural practices. Early results from the Farmer Demonstration Trials showed that diameter growth and height increment are both increased by silivicultural treatments such as thinning, singling and pruning. In these trials, diameter growth was increased by 60% and height increment increased by 124% over two years. The importance of access to better teak germplasm rather than relying on wildling seedlings was also demonstrated.
As teak plays an important role as a ?household saving account?, the project found that 84% of teak producers harvest their teak prematurely when they are faced with an urgent need for cash. This practice prevents farmers from realizing greater potential benefits from their teak plantations. Teak farmers need better access to funding sources to avoid this practice, but many financial institutions are reluctant to lend money for teak plantations, because of the long investment periods and the farmer's lack of collateral. The project has tried to improve the understanding of farmers and decision makers of the importance of micro finance institutions in accordance with farmers' financing needs and behaviors. Various project activities, such as comparative studies, Focus Group Discussions and the establishment of a farmers? micro finance institution (the LKM Gunung Seribu), which covered 300 farmer households, have increased farmers? capacity by providing access to micro finance. Group-based lending schemes, which are controlled by farmers and operate on a revolving fund basis, are 6 considered appropriate for meeting the financial needs of smallholder teak growers. The farmers do not need collateral as the group guarantees the loan will be paid back using the teak trees as collateral. This trial showed that group managing the micro finance needs training and support in the initial stages of operations.
In the project area, farmers sell their teak trees to middlemen who cut and transport the logs and then on sell them to wood processors. Farmers operate from a low bargaining position and need some assistance on developing timber marketing strategies to obtain higher teak prices. This strategy can be advanced by providing farmers with better market information, in particular on the grading system and quality standards of teak used in industry, and to improve their capacity to estimate the value of teak trees. Farmers also need assistance to develop mutually beneficial business ties with wood industries, especially the furniture industry. Teak farmers have great potential to be involved in the processing of teak wood into value-added products. The project supported the development of a collective marketing system, through the same farmer group that was established to assist with micro finance, and initiated a market network with companies producing certified teak furniture products. The project also developed policy options to simplify the regulation of wood transport at the local authority level and thereby reduce transaction costs.
The presence of this project has provided positive impacts to teak farmers at Gunungkidul district and could provide useful lessons for teak farmers outside the project sites. Some farmers are using silvicultural techniques that were introduced by the Project Team. Farmer Demonstration Trials could be used for training activities where farmers could learn how silvicultural treatments could improve teak growth. Some project findings have been published and presented to wider society through presentations at seminars and conferences on both national and international levels. Lessons learnt from the projects have been disseminated through various meetings that will contribute to better knowledge of strategies to improve the economic benefits from teak plantations to households. The project also provided better preconditions for smallholder teak plantation development efforts in the District of Gunungkidul. The experience will also be useful for developing smallholder timber plantations in other areas. The project recommends that better strategies of business cooperation between farmers' groups and the wood processing industries be developed.]]> Southeast Asia English Rohadi D, Roshetko JM, Perdana A, Blyth M, Nuryartono N, Kusumowardani N, Pramono AA, Widyani N, Fauzi A, Sasono MJ, Sumardamto P and Manalu P. Improving economic outcomes for smallholders growing teak in agroforestry systems in Indonesia. FR2012-11Canberra, Australia. : ACIAR. 2012. 64 p. 2803 TD 171 TD0171-12 Nilai-nilai Lokal Masyarakat Nagari Paninggahan dalam Pengelolaan dan Pemanfaatan Hutan Gadis M 2011 Andalas University Padang, Sumatera Barat 111 Pascasarjana Magister dipterocarp yang merupakan jenis kayu komersial yang paling berharga di Asia Tenggara.
Melihat potensi yang begitu besar dari hasil hutan Indonesia, tidak salah apabila pemerintah menjadikan sektor kehutanan menjadi salah satu sumber devisa negara yang utama untuk menunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi bangsa. Namun sumbangan yang besar itu tidak diimbangi dengan pemeliharaan lingkungan yang berkelanjutan. Dimana-mana dilakukan ekploitasi besar-besaran terhadap potensi hutan Indonesia, bahkan hutan lindung/konservasipun yang seharusnya menjadi kewasan konservasi dan pemeliharaan lingkungan tidak bisa terhindar dari keserakahan para pemodal besar yang semata-mata hanya mengeruk keuntungan yang besar.
Di tengah gencarnya pengrusakan hutan baik legal maupun illegal, Paninggahan yang merupakan salah sate nagari yang ada di pinggir Danau Singkarak memiliki luas wilayah 102,50 Km 2 dengan jumlah penduduk 11.827 orang, memiliki hutan seluas 3848 ha atau 37,54 % dari luas nagari. Hutannya masih terjaga dengan baik, keragaman hayati yang masih tinggi dan kuantitas dan kualitas yang relative stabil.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi nilai-nilai lokal yang ada dalam masyarakat nagari Paningggahan dalam pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan hutan, mendiskripsikan nilai-nilai yang ada dan implikasi saat ini dan mengetahui usaha-usaha apa saja yang dilakukan oleh lembaga lokal dalam upaya pelestarian hutan.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini kualitatif deskriptif tanpa menggunakan perhitungan statistic. Penelitian kualitatif merupakan penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang atau pelaku yang dapat diamati. Disamping itu penelitian ini juga melakukan observasi di lapangan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang tindakan dan prilaku masyarakat dalam mengelola dan memanfaatkan hutan serta implikasinya terhadap kelestarian lingkungan.
Pengambilan informan dilakukan secara purposive, yang terdiri dari anggota Kerapatan Adat Nagari (KAN) yaitu 2 orang Penghulu (Datuk) dan 3 orang Manti, 1 orang Pandito, 1 orang dari anggota BMN, Mantan Wali Nagari Paninggahan, 7 orang dari masyarakat pemanfaat hutan serta I orang pengurus Bundo Kanduang dan I orang motivator pertanian
Dari hasil wawancara dan observasi dilapangan serta dokumentasi nagari, terdapat nilai-nilai yang dipahami dan dipatuhi serta diwarisi secara turun temurun dalam masyarakat dalam pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan hutan, adanya usaha-usaha dari lembaga yang di tingkat lokal dalam upaya menjaga dan melestarikan sumberdaya alam terutama hutan. Adapun implikasinya pada saat ini adalah kondisi hutan yang relatif terjaga, keanekaragaman hayati tinggi serta kuantitas dan kulitas air yang relatif stabil.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian M G. 2011. Nilai-nilai Lokal Masyarakat Nagari Paninggahan dalam Pengelolaan dan Pemanfaatan Hutan. Padang, Sumatera Barat. : Andalas University. 111 p. GRP 6 2802 TD 170 TD0170-12 Pengaruh Perbedaan Teknik Konservasi Tanah terhadap Limpasan Permukaan, Erosi dan Produksi Kentang (Solanum Tuberosum L.) di Kecamatan Kejajar Kabupaten Wonosobo Iras Tumita Sari 2011 Brawijaya University Malang, Indonesia 79 Agriculture Faculty Bachelor Penelitian dilakukan dengan plot percobaan lapang dengan 2 perlakuan yaitu searah lereng dan searah kontur, yang masing - masing perlakuan terdiri atas 2 kali ulangan. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Limpasan permukaan dan erosi pada perlakuan searah lereng 98,16 mm dan 6,10 ton/ha, sedangkan pada perlakuan searah kontur 64,88 mm dan 4,98 ton/ha. Perubahan teknik konservasi pada budidaya kentang dari searah lereng menjadi searah kontur mampu mengurangi limpasan permukaan 33,9 % dan erosi 18,4 %. 2) Perubahan teknik konservasi pada budidaya kentang dari searah lereng menjadi searah kontur menyebabkan berkurangnya populasi sebanyak 133 tanaman dan produksi kentang sebesar 5,88 ton/ha, walaupun apabila dilihat dari produksi per tanamannya hampir sama yaitu 0,23 kg/tanaman pada perlakuan searah lereng dan 0,31 kg/tanaman pada perlakuan searah kontur. 3) Dalam jangka panjang budidaya kentang dengan teknik konservasi searah kontur mampu menekan laju erosi lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan teknik konservasi searah lereng. 4) Apabila teknik konservasi searah lereng (saat ini) diubah menjadi teknik konservasi searah kontur, maka petani dapat mengurangi limpasan permukaan dan erosi pada iahannnya, dan disisi lain keuntungan petani akan berkurang Rp. 26.325.000 per hektarnya.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Solanum Tuberosum L.) di Kecamatan Kejajar Kabupaten Wonosobo. Malang, Indonesia. : Brawijaya University. 79 p.]]> 2801 TD 169 TD0169-12 Flexibility of multi-agent system models for rubber agroforest landscapes and social response to emerging reward mechanisms for ecosystem services in Sumatra, Indonesia Grace B.Villamor 2012 Zentrum fur Entwicklungsforschung Center for Development Research, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany 181 PhD This research focuses on the LUCC and its inherent ES trade-offs in the context of social-ecological systems (SES) that incorporates key feedbacks and processes, and explores the possible impacts of management regimes, i.e., PES schemes (e.g., eco-certification and reduced emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD)). To address the complexity of this research, a multi-agent simulation (MAS) model (LB-LUDAS - Lubuk Beringin - Land Use DynAmics Simulator) was applied in which process-based decision-making sub-models were incorporated in the decisionmaking mechanism of agents. The model was developed to explore policy scenarios by quantifying the potential ES trade-offs resulting from the agents? land-use choices and preferences. It was first implemented for the rubber agroforest landscape in Jambi Province (Sumatra), Indonesia. Species richness, carbon sequestration, opportunity costs, and decision processes such as PES adoption and future land-use preferences submodels were incorporated to capture as much as possible the real SES of a rubber agroforest landscape. Three scenarios were simulated over a 20-year period, namely the PES scenario, the scenario land-use preference if supported by financial assistance/subsidies (SUB), and the current trend as the baseline scenario.
From the simulations, the key findings show that there was a minimal landcover change under the PES scenario, where an estimated 22% of the species richness in rubber agroforests could be conserved and 97% of the carbon emissions reduced compared to the baseline scenario. For the SUB scenario, an estimated 6% of the species richness could be conserved and 47% of the carbon emissions reduced. With regard to livelihoods, only under the PES scenario was wealth inequality reduced up to 50%. Regarding the return for land investment, the profitability of a land-use type depends considerably on each scenario; however, rubber agroforests would be highly profitable (20%) if a price premium were to be implemented under an eco-certification scheme. The main conclusions of this study are firstly, that PES schemes for rubber agroforests could offer synergies among carbon emission reduction, biodiversity and livelihoods, thus reducing the trade-offs resulting from possible land-use/cover change, and secondly that the LB-LUDAS model as an integrated and MAS model is a useful tool to capture the ES trade-offs as an emergent property of the dynamic socialecological systems at the same time serving as a negotiation-support system tool to support the design of land-use policies.
The use of process-based decision making in the LB-LUDAS model is recommended in order to incorporate intended decisions of agents in various situations. In this way, the triggers, options and temporal and spatial aspects of agents? reactions are captured in a relatively realistic way.]]> Southeast Asia English Villamor GB. 2012. Flexibility of multi-agent system models for rubber agroforest landscapes and social response to emerging reward mechanisms for ecosystem services in Sumatra, Indonesia. Bonn, Germany. : Zentrum fur Entwicklungsforschung Center for Development Research, University of Bonn. 181 p. 2799 JA 468 JA0468-12 Spatial distribution and temporal variation of high fluoride contents in groundwater and prevalence of fluorosis in humans in Yuanmou County, Southwest China Chen Huafang, Mei Yan, Xuefei Yang, Zhong Chen, Guangan Wang, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, Yunfen Xu and Xu Jianchu 2012 Journal of Hazardous Materials Elsevier B.V. 235-236 201–209 Successive surveys conducted in 1984, 2006 and 2007, of all villages in YuanmouCounty, China, highlighted 40 villages with groundwaterfluoride levels higher than 1.0 mg/L and related cases of humanfluorosis. Using the data from these surveys and by employing geographic information system (GIS) techniques, highfluoride levels and fluorosis cases were mapped. The results show highfluoride concentrations and fluorosis hotspots were found to be predominately located in the lowlands of central YuanmouCounty. Spatialdistribution of highfluoride levels was found to be primarily determined by geology, arid climate, and topography. Both dental and skeletal fluorosis had dramatically decreased due to a program of low-fluoride drinking water supply supported by local governments. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children had dropped from 43.26% in 1984 to 21.97% in 2006, and the number of skeletal fluorosis cases had decreased from 327 in 1984 to 148 in 2006, respectively. Despite a decline in fluorosis cases, the emergence of fluorosis in new areas indicates the need for both continuous monitoring of drinking water in affected areas and increased public awareness. China English Huafang C, Mei Y, Xuefei Y, Chen Z, Wang G, Schmidt-Vogt D, Xu Y and Xu Jianchu . 2012. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of high fluoride contents in groundwater and prevalence of fluorosis in humans in Yuanmou County, Southwest China. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 235-236: P. 201–209. 2798 JA 467 JA0467-12 The dual symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen fixing bacteria benefits the growth and nutrition of the woody invasive legume Acacia cyclops under nutrient limiting conditions Peter E. Mortimer, Marcellous R. Le Roux, Maria A. PΓ©rez-FernΓ‘ndez, Vagner A. Benedito, Aleysia Kleinert, Xu Jianchu and Alex J. Valentine 2012 Plant Soil Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 1-13 Methods Seedlings were inoculated withnaturally occurringNFB, Glomus mosseae or both, and grown under glasshouse conditions for 5 months. Plants were cultivated in sand and supplied with a 20 % strength nutrient solution.Xylem sap nutrients, photosynthetic rates, biomass and chemical compositions, were recorded.
Results The dual inoculation decreased the colonization of both symbionts, compared to a single symbiosis witheither symbiont. Despite low colonization levels, the dual symbiosis increased host biomass and relative growth rates. This was associated with increased photosynthetic rates and enhanced nutrition. Additionally, dual symbiotic plants had enhanced N and P acquisition and utilization rates. Xylem sap analysis showed higher levels of NH4 + being exported from the roots to the shoots in the dual symbiotic plants compared with other treatments.
Conclusions These findings suggest the dual symbiosis is an important factor in the growth and development of A. cyclops under nutrient limiting conditions.]]> Acacia cyclops]]> China English Acacia cyclops under nutrient limiting conditions. Plant Soil. : P. 1-13.]]> 2797 JA 466 JA0466-12 Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability Peter E. Mortimer, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Qiaohong Li, Heng Gui, Xueqing Yang, Xuefei Yang, Jun He, Lei Ye, Jiayu Guo and Huili Li, et al. 2012 Fungal Diversity Springer Astraeus hygrometricus, Boletus edulis, Morchella conica, Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Phlebopus portentosus, Pleurotus giganteus, Termitomyces eurhizus, Thelephora ganbajun, Tricholoma matsuake, and Tuber indicum in terms of value, ecology and conservation. The greatest threat to these and many other mushroom species is that of habitat loss and over-harvesting of wild stocks, thus, by creating awareness of these issues we wish to enable a more sustainable use of these natural products. Thus our paper provides baseline data for these fungi so that future monitoring can establish the effects of continued harvesting on mushroom populations and the related host species.]]> Mushroom species – Greater Mekong Sub-region – Medicinal foods – Non-timber forest products China English Mortimer PE, Karunarathna SC, Li Q, Heng G, Xueqing Y, Xuefei Y, He J, Ye L, Guo J and Li, et al. H. 2012. Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability. Fungal Diversity. : P. . 2796 JA 465 JA0465-12 Climate Change Adaptation Among Tibetan Pastoralists: Challenges in Enhancing Local Adaptation Through Policy Support Yao Fu, R. Edward Grumbine, Andreas Wilkes, Yun Wang, Xu Jianchu and Yongping Yang 2012 Environmental Management Springer Science+Business Media B.V While researchers are aware that a mix of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), community-based resource management institutions, and higher-level institutions and policies can facilitate pastoralists? adaptation to climate change, policy makers have been slow to understand these linkages. Two critical issues are to what extent these factors play a role, and how to enhance local adaptation through government support. We investigated these issues through a case study of two pastoral communities on the Tibetan Plateau in China employing an analytical framework to understand local climate adaptation processes. We concluded that LEK and community-based institutions improve adaptation outcomes for Tibetan pastoralists through shaping and mobilizing resource availability to reduce risks. Higher-level institutions and policies contribute by providing resources from outside communities. There are dynamic interrelationships among these factors that can lead to support, con?ict, and fragmentation. Government policy could enhance local adaptation through improvement of supportive relationships among these factors. While central government policies allow only limited room for overt integration of local knowledge/ institutions, local governments often have some ?exibility to buffer con?icts. In addition, government policies to support market-based economic development have greatly bene?ted adaptation outcomes for pastoralists. Overall, in China, there are still questions over how to create innovative institutions that blend LEK and community-based institutions with government policy making. Tibetan Plateau, Pastoral community, Local ecological knowledge, Climate, Change adaptation China English Fu Y, Grumbine RE, Wilkes A, Wang Y, Xu Jianchu and Yang Y. 2012. Climate Change Adaptation Among Tibetan Pastoralists: Challenges in Enhancing Local Adaptation Through Policy Support. Environmental Management. : P. . 2795 JA 464 JA0464-12 Climate change effects fruiting of the prize matsutake mushroom in China Xuefei Yang, Eike Luedeling, Guangli Chen, Kevin D. Hyde, Youji Yang, Dequn Zhou, Xu Jianchu and Yongping Yang 2012 Fungal Diversity Springer Climate change affects various facets of life but there is little data on its effects on wild mushroom fruiting. Yunnan Province in China is a rich source of wild mushrooms and has experienced a temperature rise over recent decades. This has resulted in warmer temperatures but the impacts of these changes on mushroom production lack documentation. We collected data on the fruiting of the highly prized matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) in West Yunnan, China over an 11 year period from 2000 to 2010. Fruiting phenology and productivity were compared against the driving meteorological variables using Projection to Latent Structure regression. The mushrooms appeared later in the season during the observation period, which is most likely explained by rising temperatures and reduced rain during May and June. High temperature and abundant rain in August resulted in good productivity. The climate response of matsutake production results from a sequence of processes that are possibly linked with regulatory signals and resource availability. To advance the knowledge of this complex system, a holistic research approach integrating biology, ecology, genetics, physiology, and phytochemistry is needed. Our results contribute to a general model of fungal ecology, which can be used to predict the responses of fungi to global climate change. Tricholoma matsutake – Yunnan]]> China English Xuefei Y, Luedeling E, Chen G, Hyde KD, Yang Y, Zhou D, Xu Jianchu and Yang Y. 2012. Climate change effects fruiting of the prize matsutake mushroom in China. Fungal Diversity. : P. . 2794 JA 463 JA0463-12 Flowering phenology of tree rhododendron along an elevation gradient in two sites in the Eastern Himalayas Sailesh Ranjitkar, Eike Luedeling, Krishna Kumar Shrestha, Kaiyun Guan and Xu Jianchu 2012 International Journal of Biometeorology Springer Flowering phenology of tree rhododendron (Rhododendron arboreum Sm.) was monitored in situ along elevation gradients in two distinct ecological settings. Observations were carried out in Gaoligong Nature Reserve (GNR) in China and in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA) in Nepal. Using the crown density method, flowering events of the selected species were recorded. Flowering duration and synchrony were determined within each site and along the elevation gradient in each study area. Our observations showed high synchrony throughout the elevation gradient, especially for peak flowering. Mean 15-day soil temperature, soil parameters (soil moisture, nitrogen, organic matter and pH), age of the observed trees, and site characteristics (litter cover, canopy cover, inclination) were related to mean initial and peak flowering dates using partial least squares regression (PLS). Results differed between the two sites, but winter temperature was the most important variable affecting the regression model for both initial flowering and peak flowering at both sites. After temperature, soil moisture was the most important variable for explaining initial flowering dates. The distribution of tree rhododendron indicates that it is able to grow in a wide range of habitats with different environmental conditions. The recent trend of rising winter-spring temperature and the detected bloom-advancing effect of high temperatures during this period suggest that tree rhododendron might expand its distributional range in response to global warming. China English Ranjitkar S, Luedeling E, Shrestha KK, Guan K and Xu Jianchu . 2012. Flowering phenology of tree rhododendron along an elevation gradient in two sites in the Eastern Himalayas. International Journal of Biometeorology. : P. . 2793 JA 462 JA0462-12 Incentives for carbon sequestration and energy production in low productivity collective forests in Southwest China Fredrich Kahrl, Yufang Su, Timm Tennigkeit, Andreas Wilkes, Xu Jianchu and Mei Yan 2012 Biomass and Bioenergy Elsevier B.V. This paper develops three scenarios for the management of an existing, lowproductivity, collectiveforest plot in SouthwestChina: continuation of the status quo, transition to sustainable forest management (SFM), and conversion to a short rotation species for producing biomass for electricity generation. We examine how economic incentives vary across the three scenarios and how payments for CO2sequestration and offsets affect incentives. We find that SFM is risky for forest managers and is highly sensitive to revenues from initial thinning; that carbon revenues can lower some of the risks and improve the economics of SFM; but that carbon revenues are effective in incentivizing management changes only if yield response to thinning is moderately high. Energyproduction from stem wood is too low value to compete with timber, even with revenues from CO2 offsets. However, conversion of existing forests into short rotation species for timber rather than energy is more profitable than any scenario considered here, highlighting the need for regulatory innovations to balance incentives for timber production with conservation goals. The results underscore the importance of improved public sector regulatory, planning, extension, and analysis capacity, as an enabling force for effective climate policies in China?s forestry sector. China; Forest policy; Carbonsequestration; Bioenergy; Forest management China IN PRESS English Kahrl F, Yufang S, Tennigkeit T, Wilkes A, Xu Jianchu and Mei Y. 2012. Incentives for carbon sequestration and energy production in low productivity collective forests in Southwest China. Biomass and Bioenergy. : P. . 2792 JA 461 JA0461-12 Large or small? Rethinking China?s fores tbioenergy policies Fredrich Kahrl, Yufang Su, Timm Tennigkeit, Yongping Yang and Xu Jianchu 2012 Biomass and Bioenergy Elsevier B.V. China?s forest bioenergy policies are evolving against the backdrop of pressing national energy challenges similar to those faced by OECD countries, and chronic rural energy challenges more characteristic of developing countries. Modern forestbioenergy could contribute to solutions to both of these challenges. However, because of limitations in current technologies and institutions, significant policy and resource commitments would be required to make breakthroughs in either commercializing forestbioenergy or modernizing rural energy systems in China. Given the potential attention, funding, and resource trade-offs between these two goals, we provide an argument for why the focus of China?sforestbioenergy policy should initially be on addressing rural energy challenges. The paper concludes with a discussion on strategies for laying the groundwork for a modern, biomass-based energy infrastructure in rural China. Bioenergy; Biofuels; China; Forest policy; Rural energy China IN PRESS English URL]]> 2791 JA 460 JA0460-12 Fertilizer use patterns in Yunnan Province, China: Implications for agricultural and environmental policy Yunju Li, Fredrich Kahrl, Pan Jianjun, David Roland-Holst, Su Yufang, Andreas Wilkes and Xu Jianchu 2012 Agricultural Systems Elsevier Ltd 110 78-79 Balancing the need to increase crop yields with the need to reduce the environmental impacts of fertilizers will pose major policy, regulatory, and extension challenges for China. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the potential for improving fertilizer use efficiency in China, but it is not clear how to achieve these efficiency improvements on a larger scale. The empirical foundation for fertilizer policy in China is still weak, particularly in inland provinces. This paper examines fertilizer use patterns in Yunnan Province, an inland and ecologically important province in Southwest China, drawing on two household surveys. We find that fertilizer application rates in the survey areas are highly heterogeneous, among crops, households, and regions. Managing this diversity poses the largest challenge to fertilizer policy in Yunnan and, by extension, in China. None of the factors that we examine in this study are robust predictors of fertilizer intensity (kg ha-1) in the survey regions, though in one survey there is a strong inverse relationship between farm size and fertilizer intensity. The lack of clearer signals in the survey data, a consequence of heterogeneity in cropping patterns, agroecosystems, and local economies, underscores the importance of locally tailored approaches to fertilizer regulation in China, and of a strong, service-oriented agricultural extension system oriented around sustainable agriculture. Fertilizer; Yunnan; China; Sustainable agriculture China English Yunju L, Kahrl F, Pan J, Roland-Holst D, Yufang S, Wilkes A and Xu Jianchu . 2012. Fertilizer use patterns in Yunnan Province, China: Implications for agricultural and environmental policy. Agricultural Systems. 110: P. 78-79. 2790 JA 459 JA0459-12 Living natural history in the mountains of southwest China R. Edward Grumbine 2012 Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment The Ecological Society of America 10 5 274-275 Some things are bound to go wrong when three travelers who join together on a trip each have different goals. Apu, a 27-year-old Han Chinese with a degree in anthropology and a passion for hiking, wanted to cross the high, snowy mountains of Baimaxueshan (?White Horse Snow Mountain?) National Nature Reserve; at 349 000 hectares, it?s the second-largest protected area in southwest China?s Yunnan Province. Winter was coming and this would be his last hike of the season. I was happy to climb over the mountains too, but what I really wanted to do was visit Yunnan?s mid-elevation, old-growth, temperate deciduous forest and compare it with stands that I had studied as an undergraduate years ago, in the wilds of Tennessee?s Great Smoky Mountains. Our young companion Bounsing, fresh from the tropical hills of northern Laos and living in Yunnan to learn Mandarin, had never seen snow; he simply wanted the thrill of touching frozen flakes of white crystal for the first time. But because of the uncertainties of travel and politics in rural China, I was the only one of us who realized his goal, and it took most of the trip to do so. China English Grumbine RE. 2012. Living natural history in the mountains of southwest China. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 10(5):P. 274-275. 2789 JA 458 JA0458-12 Coping with climate-induced water stresses through time and space in the mountains of Southwest China Yufang Su, Xu Jianchu, Andy Wilkes, Juliet Lu, Qiaohong Li, Yao Fu, Xing Ma and R. Edward Grumbine 2012 Regional Environmental Change Springer 1-12 Southwest China?s Yunnan province has been affected throughout history by climate-induced water stresses, with the 2009 drought as a recent example. To deal with such stresses, mountain farmers have developed many local coping strategies. This paper provides case studies of these coping mechanisms in three mountain communities in Baoshan Municipality, Yunnan province. To minimize water-related environmental and economic vulnerabilities, our results show that upland farmers employ strategies both individually and collectively, which vary according to agroecological zone, economics, and historical period. Climate change is also emerging as an ongoing environmental challenge. We explore China?s options for introducing and implementing adaptation policies that link with farmer strategies to respond more effectively to water stresses induced by climate change and other forces. Climate change adaptation, Mountain, Water stresses, Collective action, Yunnan province China English Yufang S, Xu Jianchu , Wilkes A, Lu J, Li Q, Fu Y, Ma X and Grumbine RE. 2012. Coping with climate-induced water stresses through time and space in the mountains of Southwest China. Regional Environmental Change. : P. 1-12. 2788 JA 457 JA0457-12 Participatory agroforestry development for restoring degraded sloping land in DPR Korea Xu Jianchu, Meine van Noordwijk, Jun He, Kwang-Ju Kim, Kon-Gyu Pak, Un-Hui Kye, Jong-Sik Kim, Kwon-Mu Kim and Yong-Nam Sim 2012 Agroforestry Systems Springer 85 2 291-303 Aronia melanocarpa) and/or high-value timber (larch: Larix leptolepis) emerged as preferred local agroforestry systems. Broad support for agroforestry practices has now emerged within the Ministry of Land and Environmental Protection as well as a number of universities and research centres. Further development will require increased engagement with agricultural and horticultural agencies, while the social dimensions of participatory agroforestry continue to provide rich learning.]]> Aronia – Double-cropping – Land use rights – Larix – Restoration China English Xu Jianchu, van Noordwijk M, He J, Kim K, Pak K, Kye U, Kim J, Kim K and Sim Y. 2012. Participatory agroforestry development for restoring degraded sloping land in DPR Korea. Agroforestry Systems. 85(2):P. 291-303. 2787 JA 456 JA0456-12 Forces of competition: smallholding teak producers in Indonesia Aulia Perdana, James M Roshetko and Iwan Kurniawan 2012 International Forestry Review The Commonwealth Forestry Association 14 2 238-248 (Swietenia macrophylla) and acacia (Acacia auriculiformis) may well be suitable high-quality substitutes for teak, but sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), which is a fast-growing, high-yielding tree that reaches harvest size in only eight years, may also suffice. Improving market information for smallholders, simplifying timber trade regulations to minimize transaction costs, and developing links between teak producers and teak industries are among the recommendations to initiate effective marketing strategies for smallholders growing teak.]]> smallholder, teak, marketing, Five Forces Model Southeast Asia English Perdana A, Roshetko JM and Kurniawan I. 2012. Forces of competition: smallholding teak producers in Indonesia. International Forestry Review. 14(2):P. 238-248. 2786 PB 46 PB0046-12 Major challenges and lessons learnt from Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) schemes in Vietnam (In Vietnam language) Delia Catacutan, Pham Thu Thuy, Dam Viet Bac, Elisabeth Simelton, To Thu Huong, Adrian Enright, Eiji Egashira, Dang Thuy Nga, Le Manh Thang, Phan Thai Hung, Le Ngoc Dung and Evelyn Ebert 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam and CIFOR Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 4 Vietnam Vietnamese Catacutan D, Thuy PT, Dam VB, Simelton E, Huong TT, Enright A, Egashira E, Dang TN, Le MT, Phan TH, Le ND and Ebert E. 2012. Major challenges and lessons learnt from Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) schemes in Vietnam (In Vietnam language). Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam and CIFOR Vietnam. 4 p. GRP 6 2785 PB 45 PB0045-12 Major challenges and lessons learnt from Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) schemes in Vietnam Delia Catacutan, Thu Thuy Pham, Dam Viet Bac, Elisabeth Simelton, To Thu Huong, Adrian Enright, Eiji Egashira, Dang Thuy Nga, Le Manh Thang, Phan Thai Hung, Le Ngoc Dung and Evelyn Ebert 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam and CIFOR Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 4 Vietnam English Catacutan D, Pham TT, Dam VB, Simelton E, Huong TT, Enright A, Egashira E, Dang TN, Le MT, Phan TH, Le ND and Ebert E. 2012. Major challenges and lessons learnt from Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) schemes in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam and CIFOR Vietnam. 4 p. GRP 6 2784 PB 44 PB0044-12 Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) - Vietnam: Will current forest land tenure impede REDD+ efforts in Vietnam? (in Vietnam language) Do Trong Hoan, Delia Catacutan, Vu Thi Hien and Lai Tung Quan 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Policy Brief no 1 4 Most REDD+ initiatives such as UN-REDD and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) identify tenure reform as an important aspect of REDD+ readiness. In Vietnam, different forest land and forest tenure exist but are plagued with issues, which challenged many forest conservation projects. So, will this impede REDD+ efforts? Tenure also became important to Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PFES), as payments could only be transferred to official ?forest land tenants?, undermining many non-tenured forest protectors from accessing benefits. Two critical questions: Should tenure be first addressed for REDD+ to be functional? Or can it be a means for improving current tenure arrangements? Vietnam Vietnamese Do Trong H, Catacutan D, Vu TH and Lai TQ. 2012. Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) - Vietnam: Will current forest land tenure impede REDD+ efforts in Vietnam? (in Vietnam language). Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 4 p. GRP 6 2783 PB 43 PB0043-12 Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) - Vietnam: Will current forest land tenure impede REDD+ efforts in Vietnam? Do Trong Hoan, Delia Catacutan, Vu Thi Hien and Lai Tung Quan 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Policy Brief no 1 4 Most REDD+ initiatives such as UN-REDD and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) identify tenure reform as an important aspect of REDD+ readiness. In Vietnam, different forest land and forest tenure exist but are plagued with issues, which challenged many forest conservation projects. So, will this impede REDD+ efforts? Tenure also became important to Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PFES), as payments could only be transferred to official ?forest land tenants?, undermining many non-tenured forest protectors from accessing benefits. Two critical questions: Should tenure be first addressed for REDD+ to be functional? Or can it be a means for improving current tenure arrangements? Vietnam English Do Trong H, Catacutan D, Vu TH and Lai TQ. 2012. Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) - Vietnam: Will current forest land tenure impede REDD+ efforts in Vietnam?. Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 4 p. GRP 6 2782 LE 177 LE0177-12 Agroforestry for Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Viet Nam (AFLI) - in Vietnam language World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam Vietnamese World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam. 2012. Agroforestry for Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Viet Nam (AFLI) - in Vietnam language. [Leaflet].Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2781 LE 176 LE0176-12 Agroforestry for Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Viet Nam (AFLI) World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam English World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam. 2012. Agroforestry for Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Northwest Viet Nam (AFLI). [Leaflet].Hanpi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2780 BR 24 BR0024-12 ICRAF Vietnam Brochure World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam English World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam. 2012. ICRAF Vietnam Brochure (in English). [Brochure].Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2779 BR 23 BR0023-12 ICRAF Vietnam Brochure (in Vietnam language) World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam 2012 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam Vietnamese World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF Vietnam. 2012. ICRAF Vietnam Brochure (in Vietnamese). [Brochure].Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2778 PR 39 PR0039-12 Proceedings of the national workshop on climate-change adaptation for agriculture and forestry in Viet Nam Elisabeth Simelton, Pham Van Tan, Tran Thuc, Nguyen Van Thang, Morten Fauerby Thomsen, Le Duc Ngoan, Nguyen Van Be, Phan Thi Cong, Truong Duc Tri and Nguyen Ba Ngai 2012 National workshop on climate-change adaptation for agriculture and forestry in Viet Nam World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 15 2011-11-22 00:00:00 Vietnam English Simelton E, Pham VT, Tran T, Nguyen VT, Thomsen M, Le DN, Nguyen VB, Phan TC, Truong DT and Nguyen BN. 2012. Proceedings of the national workshop on climate-change adaptation for agriculture and forestry in Viet Nam. National workshop on climate-change adaptation for agriculture and forestry in Viet Nam. Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 15 p. 2777 JA 455 JA0455-12 A Bayesian assessment of the current irrigation water supplies capacity under projected droughts for the 2030s in China 2012 Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Crop models often simulate drought impacts with full and no irrigation scenarios, while planners are more interested in whether the current available irrigation water can cope with the future more serious droughts. This paper addresses a key constraint common to modeling studies: the limited representation of actual irrigation water supply. We present a data-driven approach to identify a benchmark for agronomic drought risk levels as defined by water availability thresholds at the baseline climate (1980?2008) using reported crop yields, climate and irrigation statistics. Then, holding the current irrigation supplies, we adopted Bayesian formula to estimate magnitude of the future water availability and the associated probability of crops yields being decreased to rainfall-deficiency under climate conditions in 2030s (2020?2040) based on the RegCM3 climate model output driven by IPCC SRES A1B scenario. Results reveal that future drought stress would overwhelm the irrigation capacity of current supplies in northern and western China, while drought remains at baseline climate levels in the central, eastern and southern regions. The largest increases in the probability of projected drought risk were in northeast and southwest, ranging from 14% to 28% above baseline climate. Regional drought impacts for grain self sufficiency are discussed. Drought; Water availability; Irrigation; Bayesian formula; Climate change Vietnam IN PRESS English Zhang T, Simelton E, Huang Y and Shi Y. 2012. A Bayesian assessment of the current irrigation water supplies capacity under projected droughts for the 2030s in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. : P. . GRP 5 2776 JA 454 JA0454-12 The forgotten D: challenges of addressing forest degradation in complex mosaic landscapes under REDD+ Ole Mertz, Daniel MΓΌller, Thomas Sikor, Cornelia Hett, Andreas Heinimann, Jean-Christophe Castella, Guillaume Lestrelin, Casey M. Ryan, David S. Reay, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, Finn Danielsen, Ida Theilade, Meine van Noordwijk, Louis V. Verchot, Neil D. ... 2012 Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 112 1 63–76 International climate negotiations have stressed the importance of considering emissions from forest degradation under the planned REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation + enhancing forest carbon stocks) mechanism. However, most research, pilot-REDD+ projects and carbon certification agencies have focused on deforestation and there appears to be a gap in knowledge on complex mosaic landscapes containing degraded forests, smallholder agriculture, agroforestry and plantations. In this paper we therefore review current research on how avoided forest degradation may affect emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and expected co-benefits in terms of biodiversity and livelihoods. There are still high uncertainties in measuring and monitoring emissions of carbon and other GHG from mosaic landscapes with forest degradation since most research has focused on binary analyses of forest vs. deforested land. Studies on the impacts of forest degradation on biodiversity contain mixed results and there is little empirical evidence on the influence of REDD+ on local livelihoods and tenure security, partly due to the lack of actual payment schemes. Governance structures are also more complex in landscapes with degraded forests as there are often multiple owners and types of rights to land and trees. Recent technological advances in remote sensing have improved estimation of carbon stock changes but establishment of historic reference levels is still challenged by the availability of sensor systems and ground measurements during the reference period. The inclusion of forest degradation in REDD+ calls for a range of new research efforts to enhance our knowledge of how to assess the impacts of avoided forest degradation. A first step will be to ensure that complex mosaic landscapes can be recognised under REDD+ on their own merits. REDD+; forest degradation; deforestation; mosaic landscapes; forest carbon; greenhouse gases; livelihoods; biodiversity; governance; monitoring; remote sensing Southeast Asia English 0 Mertz O, MΓΌller D, Sikor T, Hett C, Heinimann A, Castella J, Lestrelin G, Ryan CM, Reay DS, Schmidt-Vogt D, Danielsen F, Theilade I, van Noordwijk M, Verchot LV, Burgess ND, Berry NJ, Pham TT, Messerli P, Xu Jianchu , Fensholt R, Hostert P, Pflugmacher D, Bruun TB, de Neergaard A, Dons K, Dewi S, Rutishauser E and Sun Z. 2012. The forgotten D: challenges of addressing forest degradation in complex mosaic landscapes under REDD+. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. 112(1):P. 63–76. 2775 MA 88 MA0088-12 Perlunya ke-LUWES-an dalam menyusun rencana pembangunan rendah emisi di Indonesia Feri Johana, Sonya Dewi, Degi Harja, Putra Agung and Subekti Rahayu 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 12 Bogor, Indonesia 5 2 13-15 Perubahan iklim global telah menjadi isu yang mendunia, bahkan menjadi bahasan para pakar dari berbagai bidang ilmu setiap tahunnya untuk mencari upaya dalam memperlambat dampak perubahan iklim global tersebut. Indonesia, sebagai bagian dari dunia, melalui komitmen yang disampaikan oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudoyono, ikut berperan dalam upaya untuk menghambat dampak perubahan iklim dengan mengurangi emisi sebesar 26% secara mandiri. Salah satu upaya untuk mencapai komitmen tersebut adalah melalui pembangunan rendah emisi yang dapat dimulai dari skala lokal (kabupaten, provinsi) dan skala nasional. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2774 MA 87 MA0087-12 Jenis-jenis hasil hutan bukan kayu potensial dari hutan rawa gambut di Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Hesti L. Tata 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 12 Bogor, Indonesia 5 2 10-12 10 m. Jenis-jenis pohon kayu bernilai ekonomi tinggi, seperti ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), rengas (Gluta renghas), perepat (Combretocarpus rotundatus), dan kelompok meranti (Shorea balangeran, Shorea uliginosa, Shorea parvifolia), dapat dijumpai di area ini.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 2773 MA 86 MA0086-12 Burung-burung di sekitar kita Asep Ayat and Reny Juita 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 12 Bogor, Indonesia 5 2 8-9 Tercatat sekitar 17 jenis burung hidup di pekarangan rumahku. Dari hasil pengamatan, ke-17 burung tersebut dapat dikelompokkan dalam lima kelompok berdasarkan pola makan atau dikenal dengan relung guild. Kelompok tersebut diantaranya: burung pemakan buah (frugivora), pemakan biji-bijian (granivora), pemakan serangga (insectivora), penghisap madu (nectivora) dan pemakan ikan (piscivora). Southeast Asia Indonesian 2772 MA 85 MA0085-12 Sejarah panjang kopi ulu Paninggahan Rachman Pasha and Chandra Irawadi Wijaya 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 12 Bogor, Indonesia 5 2 5-7 Kopi Ulu dari Nagari Paninggahan menyimpan cerita sejarah dalam perkembangan kopi di Sumatera Barat. Pada areal enclave seluas 1.050 ha yang berada di ketinggian 700 ? 900 m dpl, lereng bukit utara Danau Singkarak inilah pertama kali kopi robusta diperkenalkan di Sumatera Barat. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2771 MA 84 MA0084-12 Kelelawar di kebun agroforestri karet Pandam Nugroho Prasetyo, Hesti L. Tata and Sephy Noerfahmy 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 12 Bogor, Indonesia 5 2 3-4 Kelelawar merupakan satu-satunya mamalia atau hewan menyusui yang bisa terbang. Kelelawar yang selama ini banyak dikenal oleh kalangan masyarakat adalah kelelawar pemakan buah. Namun, sebenarnya kelelawar dibedakan menjadi dua sub-ordo yaitu Megachiroptera (kelelawar besar) pemakan buah, nektar dan serbuk sari dan Microchiroptera (kelelawar kecil) pemakan serangga. Jenis Megachiroptera mempunyai daya penciuman dan pengelihatan yang sangat tajam untuk mencari makanan, sedangkan Microchiroptera menggunakan sistem suara berfrekuensi tinggi, semacam sonar, untuk menentukan arah terbang dan memburu mangsanya atau biasa disebut ekolokasi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2770 NL 52 NL0052-12 Kiprah Agroforestri 12 Pandam Nugroho Prasetyo, Hesti L. Tata, Sephy Noerfahmy, Rachman Pasha, Chandra Irawadi Wijaya, Asep Ayat, Feri Johana, Sonya Dewi, Degi Harja, Putra Agung and Subekti Rahayu 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 5 2 1-16 Paninggahan nagari yang rancak, di tepi danau bernama Singkarak, airnya jernih selalu beriak, lubuknya ikan beranak pinak, sepenggal kalimat cantik yang dikarang oleh Hera Hastuti HM ini, membawa kita menuju kisah sejarah panjang Nagari Paninggahan yang tidak hanya terkenal akan Danau Singkarak dan ikan bilihnya , namun perkebunan kopi ulu Paninggahan juga tak kalah menarik untuk dirunut sejarah panjangnya.
Beralih menuju Sumatera bagian tengah, yaitu Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi. Sebuah artikel yang sangat informatif mengenai kawasan hutan rawa gambut dan potensinya sebagaipenghasil hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK). Beberapa jenis pohon penghasil HHBK diantaranya jelutung rawa, gaharu, gemor, sundi dan asam kandis, sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan.
Siapa kira ternyata kata luwes bukan hanya berarti fleksible, tapi ICRAF mengemas kata LUWES menjadi tahapan-tahapan dalam perencanaan pembangunan rendah emisi atau yang dikenal dengan Land Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategy. Lalu bagaimana kerangka kerja pembangunan rendah emisi dan apa yang dimaksud dengan pembangunan rendah emisi, lengkap kami sajikan informasinya.
"Pertumbuhan ekonomi: merubah cara hidup, untuk mendukung lingkungan lebih baik " itulah tema yang diusung oleh Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dalam acara Pekan Lingkungan Indonesia yang ke 16. Seiring dengan memperingati hari Lingkungan Hidup Sedunia, ICRAF pada tahun ini turut serta dalam acara pameran yang diikuti oleh lebih dari 100 peserta dan dibuka oleh Wakil Presiden ini mendapatkan antusiasme yang sangat baik dari para pengunjung yang datang ke stand kami. Semoga kegiatan ini selalu dapat memberikan dampak positif untuk kita semua.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Prasetyo PN, Tata HL, Noerfahmy S, Pasha R, Wijaya CI, Ayat A, Johana F, Dewi S, Harja D, Agung P and Rahayu S. 2012. Kiprah Agroforestri 12. In: Rahayu S, Tarigan J and Juita R,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2769 JA 453 JA0453-12 Land sparing or sharing? Exploring livestock fodder options in combination with land use zoning and consequences for livelihoods and net carbon stocks using the FALLOW model Betha Lusiana, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2012 Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment Elsevier B.V. 159 2012 145– 160 Livestock as an integral part of farming systems can increase resource use efficiency and land use intensity of agricultural systems, but can also be a driver of forest conversion and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Forest policies that limit land use options may be able to halt forest change, if strongly enforced, but concurrently may also reduce livestock carrying capacity. This study explored the use of the spatially explicit FALLOW model, with a new livestock module, to assess the impact of land use zoning strategies, in combination with access to fodder harvesting, on welfare, fodder availability and landscape carbon stocks in the Upper Konto catchment, Indonesia. The existing land zoning in Upper Konto catchment is in name ?land-sparing? but de facto combined with ?land sharing? approach with access to cut and carry fodder sources in watershed protection areas. Scenario analysis revealed that the existing land zoning approach is the most promising in terms of balancing fodder availability, farmers? welfare (total profits gained from production in the landscape minus products consumed by people living in the area) and ecosystem functions (with above-ground carbon stocks as indicator). A pure land sparing approach with agricultural intensification indicates increase in farmers? welfare but with a higher decrease (in percentage) of landscape above-ground carbon stocks. Hence, careful integration of livestock systems into zoned conservation areas can achieve multiple goals including enhancing peoples? livelihoods and protecting environmental services. Carbon stocks livelihood trade-offs, Land sharing versus sparing, Land use zoning, Model of ruminant cut-carry systems, Scenario analysis Southeast Asia English Lusiana B, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. 2012. Land sparing or sharing? Exploring livestock fodder options in combination with land use zoning and consequences for livelihoods and net carbon stocks using the FALLOW model. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 159(2012):P. 145– 160. 2768 JA 452 JA0452-12 Multipurpose agroforestry as a climate change resiliency option for farmers: an example of local adaptation in Vietnam Quan Nguyen, Hoang Minh Ha, Ingrid Oborn and Meine van Noordwijk 2012 Climatic Change Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 1-17 Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of severe weather events are posing major challenges to global food security and livelihoods of rural people. Agriculture has evolved through adaptation to local circumstances for thousands of years. Local experience in responding to severe weather conditions, accumulated over generations and centuries, is valuable for developing adaptation options to current climate change. This study aimed to: (i) identify tree species that reduce vulnerability of cropping systems under climate variability; and (ii) develop a method for rapidly assessing vulnerability and exploring strategies of smallholder farmers in rural areas exposed to climate variability. Participatory Rural Appraisal methods in combination with Geographical Information Systems tools and statistical analysis of meteorological data were used to evaluate local vulnerability to climate change and to investigate local adaptation measures in two selected villages in Vietnam, one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. The low predictability of severe weather events makes food crops, especially grain production, insecure. This study shows that while rice and rain-fed crops suffered over 40 % yield losses in years of extreme drought or flood, tree-based systems and cattle were less affected. 13 tree species performed well under the harsh local climate conditions in home and forest gardens to provide income, food, feed and other environmental benefits. Thus, this research suggests that maintenance and enhancement of locally evolved agroforestry systems, with high resilience and multiple benefits, can contribute to climate change adaptation. Vietnam English -1 Nguyen Q, Hoang MH, Oborn I and van Noordwijk M. 2012. Multipurpose agroforestry as a climate change resiliency option for farmers: an example of local adaptation in Vietnam. Climatic Change. : P. 1-17. GRP 5 2767 JA 451 JA0451-12 Design challenges for achieving reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through conservation: Leveraging multiple paradigms at the tropical forest margins Peter A Minang and Meine van Noordwijk 2012 Land Use Policy Elsevier Ltd 1-10 Reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+) is widely accepted as a land use policy objective for mitigating climate change, but the ways through which REDD+ can provide incentives to simultaneously conserve forest and reduce poverty remain uncertain. The experiences of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) have shaped initial pilots of landscape level REDD+ action. Yet, little thought has been given to the design challenges that need to be overcome in multi-scale REDD+ programs, where local shifts of behavior need to be connected to international finance and investment. This paper highlights and discusses emerging design challenges for REDD+ at multiple levels in two distinct circumstances. First, for sub-national REDD+ design where ICDP approaches are employed as a platform for demonstration and project design and implementation. In this case, issues of scale, nesting and leakage are prominent. Secondly, ICDP is used as a strategy for implementation of REDD+ at multiple levels. In the second case, the challenges are about choices or optimal mixes between multiple policies and instruments such as ?sparing? and ?sharing? for addressing drivers of deforestation and payments, rewards and/or co-investments in the achievement of multiple co-benefits of emission reductions. The paper also explores how combinations of incentive paradigms can be used at the local, sub-national and national scale within a nested approach to REDD+ as derived from distinguishing features of REDD+ such as performance measurements, financial modalities and carbon as a commodity that have not hitherto been part of ICDPs. We posit that a nested land-based Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) approach could overcome design issues with REDD+ frameworks that use additional co-investment for achieving biodiversity goals on a modified ICDP platform. Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) Reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) Payments for environmental services (PES) Nationally appropriate mitigation action (NAMA) Nested approaches Southeast Asia English Minang PA and van Noordwijk M. 2012. Design challenges for achieving reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through conservation: Leveraging multiple paradigms at the tropical forest margins. Land Use Policy. : P. 1-10. 2766 BK BK0136-09 Sistem Informasi Geografis Untuk Pengelolaan Bentang Lahan Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam. Buku 1: Sistem Informasi Geografis dan Penginderaan Jauh Menggunakan ILWIS Open Source Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi, Danan Prasetyo Hadi, Dudy Kurnia Nugroho Adi and Feri Johana 2008 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 130 978-979-3198-42-2 Southeast Asia Indonesian Ekadinata A, Dewi S, Hadi DP, Adi DK and Johana F. 2008. Sistem Informasi Geografis Untuk Pengelolaan Bentang Lahan Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam. Buku 1: Sistem Informasi Geografis dan Penginderaan Jauh Menggunakan ILWIS Open Source. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 130 p. GRP 5 2765 PP 319 PP0319-12 Human decision making for empirical agent-based models: construction and validation Grace B.Villamor, Meine van Noordwijk, Klaus G. Troitzsch and Paul L.G. Vlek R. Seppelt, A.A. Voinov, S. Lange and D. Bankamp 2012 Proceedings of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) Leipzig, Germany 1-8 Results from agent-based or multi-agent simulation (AB/MAS) modelling can provide relevant information for policy makers, scientists and stakeholders about the boundary conditions of rural development and the uncertainties involved in land-use/cover change (LUCC). However, the process of model validation that can build trust in the outcomes for new parameter conditions and in future scenarios is not a trivial problem. Apparently, no common measure of the degree of confounding between parameterization and validation data sets exists. The current lack of success and the effort necessary for validating the models can be traced to the weak theoretical representation of human decision making in current models. Thus, this paper reviews various ways to represent land-use decision making using AB/MAS models. It briefly describes process-based decision making as an alternative approach to address the problem of weak theoretical representation of human decision making, and presents a case study of an agent decision-making model applying an empirical validation technique. land-use decision making, agent-based/multi-agent simulation models, empirical validation Southeast Asia English Villamor GB, van Noordwijk M, Troitzsch KG and Vlek PL. 2012. Human decision making for empirical agent-based models: construction and validation. In: Seppelt R, Voinov A, Lange S and Bankamp D,eds. Proceedings of the International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs). Leipzig, Germany. 2764 PP 318 PP0318-12 Modelling Human-Landscape System Dynamics to Support Reward Mechanisms for Agro-biodiversity Conservation Grace B.Villamor, Quang Bao Le, Paul L.G. Vlek and Meine van Noordwijk R. Seppelt, A.A. Voinov, S. Lange and D. Bankamp 2012 Proceedings of the 2012 International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) Leipzig, Germany 1-8 A multi-agent simulation modelling approach (LB-LUDAS model) was applied to simulate and visualize the temporal and spatial scale effects of the Payments for Ecosystem services (PES) scheme on the tradeoffs between goods and services. The PES scheme under investigation is a form of eco-certification of biodiversity-friendly rubber agroforests, with quantitative performance criteria proposed for the villages of Jambi Province (Sumatra), Indonesia. Within the model, a process-based decision making sub-model is integrated in the agents? decision-making mechanism of the LB-LUDAS model, while species richness, carbon sequestration, and natural succession sub-models are imbedded in the landscape agents. The main results showed that PES for jungle rubber could offer synergies among carbon emission reduction, biodiversity and livelihoods when compared to the current trend (baseline). Thus, such a scheme could reduce the trade-offs resulting from possible land-use/cover change. The results of the simulation were validated using a role-playing game testing responses to external agents. payments for ecosystem services; eco-certification; rubber-agroforestry Southeast Asia English Villamor GB, Bao Le Q, Vlek PL and van Noordwijk M. 2012. Modelling Human-Landscape System Dynamics to Support Reward Mechanisms for Agro-biodiversity Conservation. In: Seppelt R, Voinov A, Lange S and Bankamp D,eds. Proceedings of the 2012 International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs). Leipzig, Germany. 2763 BC 335 BC0335-12 An early stage toward sustainable vegetable agroforestry practices: assessment study on the adoption process in Nanggung Arif Rahmanulloh and Suseno Budidarsono Anas D Susila, Bambang S. Purwoko, James M Roshetko, Manuel C. Palada, Juang G. Kartika, Lia Dahlia, Kusuma Wijaya, Arif Rahmanulloh, Mahmud Raimadoya, Tri Koesoemaningtyas, Herien Puspitawati, Tisna Prasetyo, Suseno Budidarsono, Iwan Kurniawan, Manue... 2012 Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya bangkok, Thailand 11 297-307 Agroforestry practices have received much attention in view of their role in contributing to sustainable land use as well as addressing key aspects of rural poverty. This paper approaches the issues with a focus on such areas as, Nanggung Subdistrict, a marginal forest area endowed with rich natural resources and with good access to urban areas of Jakarta. It also addresses the process of the Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) system being introduced and re- sponded to by the farmers. It uses a framework facilitating assessment of the early stage of the VAF adoption process. The framework is used to analyze factors possibly affecting farmers' perception on VAF technology which will lead to the decision on adopting the technology. It addresses both socioeco- nomic characteristics and biophysical factors. This paper ends with a discus- sion of the needs of maintaining the VAF adoption process in order to achieve optimal impacts. Vegetable agroforestry (VAF), adoption, socioeconomic characteristics. Southeast Asia English Rahmanulloh A and Budidarsono S. 2012. An Early Stage Toward Sustainable Vegetable Agroforestry Practices: Assessment Study on the Adoption Process in Nanggu. In: Susila AD, Purwoko BS, Roshetko JM, Palada MC, Kartika JG, Dahlia L, Wijaya K, Rahmanulloh A, Mahmud R, Koesoemaningtyas T, Puspitawati H, Prasetyo T, Budidarsono S, Kurniawan I, Reyes M, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia. bangkok, Thailand. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 297-307. 2762 BC 334 BC0334-12 Socioeconomic baseline studies: agroforestry and sustainable vegetables production in Southeast Asian watershed case study, Nanggung subdistrict, Bogor, Indonesia Kusuma Wijaya, Suseno Budidarsono, James M Roshetko and Manuel C. Palada Anas D Susila, Bambang S. Purwoko, James M Roshetko, Juang G. Kartika, Lia Dahlia, Kusuma Wijaya, Arif Rahmanulloh, Mahmud Raimadoya, Tri Koesoemaningtyas, Herien Puspitawati, Tisna Prasetyo, Suseno Budidarsono, Iwan Kurniawan, Manuel Reyes, Wanraya S... 2012 Vegetable-agroforestry sistems in Indonesia World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Bangkok, Thailand 48 249-296 This report provides basic socioeconomic data on the study site, namely Kecamatan Nanggung, a subdistrict located in the western part of West Java Province. The study employed a combination of Rapid Rural Ap- praisal (RRA) technique (to gather data/information at the village level within the subdistrict) and a household survey (to gather data/information at the household level, emphasizing the livelihood and agricultural practices of the respondents). The study site is accessible to two progressive urban centers (Bogor and Jakarta), rich in natural resources (forest and minerals) and has an ideal climate for agriculture. However, most farmers had limited access to professional technical assistance and poor market linkage, particularly with the more progressive urban and regional markets nearby. At the household level, the study reveals that the problems were not merely access to land or landholding size, but also the low level education of most farmers (87.6% never went beyond the elementary level). Based on the average per capita in- come of the surveyed households in three sample villages, about half (52%) of the surveyed households were living below the poverty line and thus are categorized as poor. Among the sample villages, Hambaro was the poorest, with about 67.7% of its population living below the poverty line. Baseline, vegetable, agroforestry, socioeconomics, Nanggung Southeast Asia English Wijaya K, Budidarsono S, Roshetko JM and Palada MC. 2012. Socioeconomic Baseline Studies: Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetables Production in Southeast Asian Watershed Case Study, Nanggung Subdistrict, Bogor, Indonesia. In: Susila AD, Purwoko BS, Roshetko JM, Kartika JG, Dahlia L, Wijaya K, Rahmanulloh A, Mahmud R, Koesoemaningtyas T, Puspitawati H, Prasetyo T, Budidarsono S, Kurniawan I, Reyes M, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-agroforestry sistems in Indonesia. Bangkok, Thailand. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 249-296. 2761 BC 333 BC0333-12 Consumers' knowledge of and preference for indigenous vegetables: a market demand and consumption behavior analy Lia Dahlia, Iwan Kurniawan, Denta Anggakusuma and James M Roshetko Anas D Susila, Bambang S. Purwoko, James M Roshetko, Manuel C. Palada, Juang G. Kartika, Lia Dahlia, Kusuma Wijaya, Arif Rahmanulloh, Mahmud Raimadoya, Tri Koesoemaningtyas, Herien Puspitawati, Tisna Prasetyo, Suseno Budidarsono, Iwan Kurniawan, Manue... 2012 Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Bangkok, Thailand 16 231-246 (Sauropus androgynous), kucai (Allium odorum), honje (Ellingera elatior) and tebu telor (Saccharum of/icinarum) are four indigenous vegetables that have a high market demand in greater Bogor and Jakarta, Indonesia. Demand for all four commodities exceeds existing supply in village, subdistrict and city markets. A consumers' preference survey was conducted to inform local small- holder farmers, traders and other stakeholders on opportunities for expanding pro- duction and commercialization of those indigenous vegetables. Data was col- lected from 150 shoppers in three village markets, Leuwiliang subdistrict market, and Bogor city market. Results indicated that city and subdistrict consumers are more affluent, quality conscious, and willing to pay higher prices if commodities are perceived to be scarce. City and subdistrict consumers visit markets a mini- mum of weekly. They prefer markets as the main source of vegetables to meet their household needs. Village consumers are price conscious and quality aware. They visit markets less than monthly and will decrease their purchases if they per- ceive prices are high or if quality low. Village consumers prefer to purchase vege- tables directly from neighboring farmers rather than go to the market themselves for both convenience and to save time and money. Consumers at all levels are generally satisfied with commodity prices, availability and quality, but would in- crease their purchases if availability and quality improved. City and subdistrict consumers are willing to pay premium prices one to four times higher for high quality commodities. This would provide farmers and traders the opportunity to increase the production, processing and marketing of quality commodities. Com- mercialization opportunities are better in lucrative city and subdistrict markets. In serving this demand, farmers and traders need to be mindful of the additional costs related to producing and transporting higher quality commodities. Katuk and kucai are familiar to all consumers and demand for these products is strong. Honje and tebu telor have positive market recognition, but are less familiar and available to consumers in the lucrative markets. Efforts to expand marketing of honje and tebu telor should include enhancing consumer awareness.]]> Consumer preference, indigenous vegetable, consumption behavior, Nanggung, agroforestry Southeast Asia English Dahlia L, Kurniawan I, Anggakusuma D and Roshetko JM. 2012. Consumers' Knowledge of and Preference for Indigenous Vegetables: A Market Demand and Consumption Behavior Analy. In: Susila AD, Purwoko BS, Roshetko JM, Palada MC, Kartika JG, Dahlia L, Wijaya K, Rahmanulloh A, Mahmud R, Koesoemaningtyas T, Puspitawati H, Prasetyo T, Budidarsono S, Kurniawan I, Reyes M, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia. Bangkok, Thailand. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 231-246. 2760 BC 332 BC0332-12 Smallholder cultivation of katuk (Sauropus androgynous) and kucai (Allium odorum): challenges in sustaining commercial production and market linkage James M Roshetko, Iwan Kurniawan and Suseno Budidarsono Anas D Susila, Bambang S. Purwoko, James M Roshetko, Manuel C. Palada, Juang G. Kartika, Lia Dahlia, Kusuma Wijaya, Arif Rahmanulloh, Mahmud Raimadoya, Tri Koesoemaningtyas, Herien Puspitawati, Tisna Prasetyo, Suseno Budidarsono, Iwan Kurniawan, Manue... 2012 Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Bangkok, Thailand 15 215-230 Data and information were collected using a Rapid Market Appraisal (RMA) methodology. Small landholdings, a shortage of household labor, and limited market information often limit the diversification and expansion of vege- table production. In managing their systems, farmers show a preference for famil- iar crops and technologies. Most smallholders are reluctant to adopt new innova- tions that have not been proven successful. Key factors that motivate smallholder farmers to adopt commercial-oriented technologies and create and maintain mar- ket linkage are: 1) a stable commodity price, 2) knowing the best management practices for commodity production, 3) intensive early facilitation to identify and develop production and market opportunities, 4) clear farmer group goals and mission, and 5) informative success stories. The following interventions proved successful in addressing farmers' marketing problems: training in group dynam- ics, training in pest and disease management, implementation of best practice pro- duction techniques and distribution of market information among farmers.]]> Market linkage, smallholder farmer, vegetable agroforestry systems (VAFs), rapid market appraisal (RMA) Southeast Asia English Sauropus androgynous) and kucai (Allium odorum): challenges in sustaining commercial production and market linkage. In: Susila AD, Purwoko BS, Roshetko JM, Palada MC, Kartika JG, Dahlia L, Wijaya K, Rahmanulloh A, Mahmud R, Koesoemaningtyas T, Puspitawati H, Prasetyo T, Budidarsono S, Kurniawan I, Reyes M, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia. Bangkok, Thailand. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 215-230.]]> 2759 BC 331 BC0331-12 Understory vegetable production in smallholder agroforestry systems of West Java - a viable option? James M Roshetko, Gerhard Manurung, Anas Susila, Denta Anggakusuma and Arif Rahmanulloh Anas D Susila, Bambang S. Purwoko, James M Roshetko, Manuel C. Palada, Juang G. Kartika, Lia Dahlia, Kusuma Wijaya, Arif Rahmanulloh, Mahmud Raimadoya, Tri Koesoemaningtyas, Herien Puspitawati, Tisna Prasetyo, Suseno Budidarsono, Iwan Kurniawan, Manue... 2012 Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Bangkok, Thailand 29 19-47 ((Amaranthus sp.), kangkung4 (Ipomoea aquatica Forsskal), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), chili (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller), yard-long bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and katuk (Sauropus androgynous L. Merrill) was superior to production under full sunlight (from 98 to 278%). Even in understory of low light levels (heavy shade), those seven vegetables produced 43-139% of the full sunlight plot production. Because the trial was managed with hired labor and at an intensity that exceeded smallholder practices, vegetable production costs representative of smallholder conditions could not be documented. However, illustrative data demonstrate the production costs/kg were lowest under medium light levels for all vegetable species. This study requires replication to address questions of vegetable quality and seasonal variation, cropping rotation, tree-vegetable-site matching, labor input requirements, and overall profitability under varied light levels. Results from those studies will inform the development of efficient and effective practices for understory vegetable production in smallholder agroforestry systems.]]> Vegetable production, tree shade management, vegetable agroforestry systems Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM, Gerhard Manurung G, Susila A, Anggakusuma D and Rahmanulloh A. 2012. Understory vegetable production in smallholder agroforestry systems of West Java - a viable option?. In: Susila AD, Purwoko BS, Roshetko JM, Palada MC, Kartika JG, Dahlia L, Wijaya K, Rahmanulloh A, Mahmud R, Koesoemaningtyas T, Puspitawati H, Prasetyo T, Budidarsono S, Kurniawan I, Reyes M, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-agroforestry systems in Indonesia. bangkok, Thailand. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 19-47. 2758 BK 161 BK0161-12 Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia Anas D Susila, Bambang S. Purwoko, James M Roshetko, Manuel C. Palada, Juang G. Kartika, Lia Dahlia, Kusuma Wijaya, Arif Rahmanulloh, Mahmud Raimadoya, Tri Koesoemaningtyas, Herien Puspitawati, Tisna Prasetyo, Suseno Budidarsono, Iwan Kurniawan, Manue... 2012 World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Bangkok, Thailand 362 978-974-350-655-0 small-scale farmers both women and men (SSFWM). The hypothesis to be tested is, ?integrating vegetable production in the agroforestry system on small farms will help to alleviate poverty and enhance environmental protection, sustainability and ecosystem biodiversity in SEA watersheds?. Another closely related hypothesis is, ?integrating agroforestry in a vegetable production system on small farms will help to alleviate poverty and enhance environmental protection, sustainability, and ecosystem biodiversity in SEA watersheds.]]> Southeast Asia English 2012. Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia. Bangkok, Thailand. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Bangkok, Thailand and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. 362 p. GRP 2 2757 BC 330 BC0330-12 Women Farmers and ?Angels of the Earth?: Piloting Vermicomposting in a Vegetable-AF System Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Agustin Mercado, Jr. and Manuel Reyes Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Agustin Mercado, Jr. and Manuel Reyes 2012 Holding thir own: Smallholder production, marketing and women issues in Philippine agroforestry Social Development Research Center, De La Salle University Manila, Philippines 21 101-122 Women farmers, vermicornposting. sustainable technology. organic fertilizer Philippines English -1 Chiong-Javier ME, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Mercado, Jr. A and Reyes M. 2012. Women Farmers and β€œAngels of the Earth”: Piloting Vermicomposting in a Vegetable-AF System. In: Chiong-Javier ME, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Mercado, Jr. A and Reyes M,eds. Holding thir own: Smallholder production, marketing and women issues in Philippine agroforestry. Manila, Philippines. : Social Development Research Center, De La Salle University. P. 101-122. GRP 2, GRP 6 2756 JA 450 JA0450-12 Social-ecological and regional adaptation of agrobiodiversity management across a global set of research regions L.E. Jackson, M.M. Pulleman, L Brussaard, K.S. Bawa, G.G. Brown, I.M. Cardoso, P C De Ruiter, L. GarciΒ΄a-Barrios, A.D. Hollander, P. Lavelle, E. OueΒ΄draogo, U. Pascual, S. Setty, S.M. Smukler, T. Tscharntke and Meine van Noordwijk 2012 Global Environmental Change Elsevier Ltd 1-17 To examine management options for biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, eight research regions were classified into social-ecological domains, using a dataset of indicators of livelihood resources, i.e., capital assets. Potential interventions for biodiversity-based agriculture were then compared among landscapes and domains. The approach combined literature review with expert judgment by researchers working in each landscape. Each landscape was described for land use, rural livelihoods and attitudes of social actors toward biodiversity and intensification of agriculture. Principal components analysis of 40 indicators of natural, human, social, financial and physical capital for the eight landscapes showed a loss of biodiversity associated with high-input agricultural intensification. High levels of natural capital (e.g. indicators of wildland biodiversity conservation and agrobiodiversity for human needs) were positively associated with indicators of human capital, including knowledge of the flora and fauna and knowledge sharing among farmers. Three social-ecological domains were identified across the eight landscapes (Tropical Agriculture-Forest Matrix, Tropical Degrading Agroecosystem, and Temperate High-Input Commodity Agriculture) using hierarchical clustering of the indicator values. Each domain shared a set of interventions for biodiversity-based agriculture and ecological intensification that could also increase food security in the impoverished landscapes. Implementation of interventions differed greatly among the landscapes, e.g. financial capital for new farming practices in the Intensive Agriculture domain vs. developing market value chains in the other domains. This exploratory study suggests that indicators of knowledge systems should receive greater emphasis in the monitoring of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and that inventories of assets at the landscape level can inform adaptive management of agrobiodiversity-based interventions. Biodiversity, Agricultural intensification, Agricultural landscapes, Ecological intensification, Multiple ecosystem services, Social-ecological domain Southeast Asia English 0 Jackson L, Pulleman M, Brussaard L, Bawa K, Brown G, Cardoso I, De Ruiter PC, GarciΒ΄a-Barrios L, Hollander A, Lavelle P, OueΒ΄draogo E, Pascual U, Setty S, Smukler S, Tscharntke T and van Noordwijk M. 2012. Social-ecological and regional adaptation of agrobiodiversity management across a global set of research regions. Global Environmental Change. : P. 1-17. 2755 JA 449 JA0448-12 ?Vulnerability hotspots?: Integrating socio-economic and hydrological models to identify where cereal production may decline in the future due to climate change induced drought Evan D.G. Fraser, Elisabeth Simelton, Mette Termansen, Simon N. Gosling and Andrew South 2012 Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Elsevier B.V. 1-11 The purpose of this paper is to identify which of the world?s cereal producing regions are likely to become vulnerable to climate change over the 21st century by identifying those regions that will be (1) exposed to climatic stress and (2) have a limited capacity to adapt. First, we use a global hydrological model to identify regions likely to be exposed to drought, defined here as a location where the available soil moisture is projected to decline by the 2050s and 2080s relative to the mean soil moisture observed between 1990 and 2005. Second, we use agricultural, meteorological and socio-economic data to develop models of adaptive capacity and run these models to show where adaptive capacity is likely to decline by the 2050s and 2080s relative to the baseline period of 1990?2005. Third, we contrast the hydrological and adaptive capacity model outputs to identify ?vulnerability hotspots? for wheat and maize. Here, a vulnerability hotspot is defined as a region that the models project as likely to experience both a decline in adaptive capacity and in available soil moisture. Results from the hydrological model project significant drying in many parts of the world overt the 21st century. Results from the adaptive capacity models show that regions with the lowest overall adaptive capacity for wheat include much of western Russia, northern India, southeastern South America, and southeastern Africa. In terms of maize, regions with the lowest adaptive capacity include the northeastern USA, southeastern South America, southeastern Africa, and central/northern India. When taken together, this study identifies five wheat and three maize growing regions likely to be both exposed to worse droughts and a reduced capacity to adapt. For wheat, these are: southeastern USA, southeastern South America, the northeastern Mediterranean, and parts of central Asia. For maize, our analysis suggests that vulnerability hotspots are: southeastern South America, parts of southern Africa, and the northeastern Mediterranean. Adaptive capacity index, Drought index, Climate change vulnerability, Food security, Food Agriculture, Soil moisture Vietnam English Fraser ED, Simelton E, Termansen M, Gosling SN and South A. 2012. β€œVulnerability hotspots”: Integrating socio-economic and hydrological models to identify where cereal production may decline in the future due to climate change induced drought. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. : P. 1-11. 2753 PP 317 PP0317-12 Human Decision Making In Empirical Agent-Based Models: Pitfalls And Caveats For Land-Use Change Policies Grace B.Villamor, Meine van Noordwijk, Klaus G. Troitzsch and Paul L.G. Vlek Klaus G. Troitzsch, Michael MΓΆhring and Ulf Lotzmann 2012 Proceedings 26th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation European Conference On Modelling And Simulation Koblenz, Germany 631-638 This paper describes three fundamental pitfalls or caveats of empirical modeling of land-use decision making in agent-based models for land-use/cover change. A case study in the villages of Jambi Province (Sumatra), Indonesia, is presented to demonstrate the construction of empirical decision-making models using utility functions while taking into account these caveats. Incorporating the decision process as an option to deal with the drawbacks of cross-sectional data is recommended to better specify agents? behavior in the decision-making models. Human decision making, empirical agent-based model, process-based, causality, cross-sectional data, decision algorithm Southeast Asia English Villamor GB, van Noordwijk M, Troitzsch KG and Vlek PL. 2012. Human Decision Making In Empirical Agent-Based Models: Pitfalls And Caveats For Land-Use Change Policies. Proceedings 26th European Conference on Modelling and Simulation. Koblenz, Germany. European Conference On Modelling And Simulation. 2752 PB 42 PB0042-12 Menuju Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Gambut Lestari di Tanjung Jabung Barat Putra Agung, Caecilia Yulia Novia, Jasnari and Gamma Galudra 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 24 4 Pada tahun 2009, Dinas Kehutanan Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat (Kabupaten Tanjabar) mulai melakukan kegiatan rehabilitasi dalam upaya mengembalikan fungsi ekologis kawasan Hutan Lindung Gambut (HLG), dengan jalan mencari tanaman alternatif pengganti kelapa sawit.
Kegiatan rehabilitasi hutan ditandai dengan penanaman bibit jelutung di kawasan HLG yang masih berhutan dan di kebun-kebun sawit petani di wilayah Bram Itam Kanan (meliputi 5 parit; Selebes, Sejahtera, Patiro, Jawa Bugis, Bone dan Bekawan) dengan cakupan area seluas 500 ha. Namun program rehabilitasi hutan ini pada akhirnya tidak berjalan secara optimal. Faktor utama penyebab petani enggan untuk terlibat dalam program rehabilitasi adalah tidak adanya tindak lanjut paska penanaman bibit jelutung terutama menyangkut kejelasan pemasaran getah jelutung. Perbedaan persepsi mengenai status kawasan dan harapan terhadap program rehabilitasi antara petani dengan Dinas Kehutanan akhirnya memicu timbulnya konflik lahan hutan di areal HLG. Upaya penyelesaian konflik sebenarnya telah dilakukan dengan ditandatanganinya kesepakatan antar kedua belah pihak (difasilitasi oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah setempat). Namun perjanjian tersebut belum dapat memberikan status pengelolaan lahan yang sah kepada masyarakat.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Agung P, Novia CY, Jasnari and Galudra G. 2012. Menuju Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Gambut Lestari di Tanjung Jabung Barat. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2751 PB 41 PB0041-12 Potensi Pengembangan dan Pemasaran Jelutung di Tanjung Jabung Barat Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Janudianto and Aulia Perdana 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 23 4 Dyera sp) merupakan spesies pohon komersial bernilai tinggi yang menghasilkan getah (latex) dan kayu. Pengalihan fungsi hutan dan pemanfaatan kayu secara besar-besaran di kawasan hutan gambut Tanjung Jabung Barat mengakibatkan jelutung menjadi sulit ditemukan. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, pemanfaatan jelutung kembali banyak dibahas sebagai indigenous species untuk restorasi hutan dan spesies pohon komersial di lahan gambut. Tingginya permintaan getah dan kayu jelutung menunjukkan adanya peluang bagi petani yang bermukim di kawasan lahan gambut untuk meningkatkan pendapatan.
Dalam rangka pengembangan program pembangunan rendah emisi, kajian REALU (Reducing Emision From All Land Uses) memasukkan penanaman jelutung sebagai salah satu skenario tata guna lahan untuk melihat keseimbangan antara pengurangan emisi dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian ini mengadopsi metode penilaian cepat RAFT1 dan RMA2 dalam pengumpulan dan verifikasi data di Tanjung Jabung Barat. Sebagai pendukung, penelitian ini juga dilakukan di Tanjung Jabung Timur sebagai salah satu sentra pengembangan jelutung di Jambi.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Sofiyuddin M, Janudianto and Perdana A. 2012. Potensi Pengembangan dan Pemasaran Jelutung di Tanjung Jabung Barat. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2750 PB 40 PB0040-12 Strategi Sumber Penghidupan Petanidi Tanjung Jabung Barat Noviana Khususiyah, Muhammad Sofiyuddin and S. Suyanto 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 22 4 National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA), Indonesia berkomitmen untuk mengurangi emisi CO2 secara suka rela sebesar 26% melalui usaha sendiri dan bahkan dengan tambahan 15% apabila ada bantuan internasional pada kondisi ?bussiness as usual? (tanpa perubahan apapun) pada tahun 2020. Upaya penurunan emisi ini tetap disertai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang harus mencapai 7%.
Pada tingkat sub-nasional, strategi untuk mencapai kedua tujuan tersebut dirumuskan dengan mengembangkan strategi perencanaan pembangunan rendah emisi CO2. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan informasi yang terkait dengan pertanian, strategi mata pencaharian dan kemiskinan, karena setiap intervensi pada pengurangan emisi tidak harus mengurangi kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kedua tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai apabila ada keseimbangan antara pengurangan emisi dan peningkatan kesejahteraan manusia. Namun hal tersebut menjadi sebuah tantangan besar. Pemahaman mengenai strategi mata pencaharian yang berhubungan dengan dinamika karbon dan kesejahteraan manusia sangat penting untuk diperhatikan.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Khususiyah N, Sofiyuddin M and Suyanto S. 2012. Strategi Sumber Penghidupan Petanidi Tanjung Jabung Barat. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2749 PB 39 PB0039-12 Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan, Faktor Pemicu dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Emisi CO2 di Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Atiek Widayati, Feri Johana, M. Thoha Zulkarnain and Elok Mulyoutami 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 21 4
Pengurangan emisi dari sektor penggunaan lahan dan pembangunan rendah emisi CO2 merupakan bagian dari mitigasi perubahan iklim yang penting untuk diupayakan di berbagai daerah di Indonesia termasuk Tanjabar. Upaya awal yang perlu dilakukan adalah memperkuat pemahaman dinamika perubahan penggunaan lahan termasuk mengetahui faktor pemicu dan pelaku utamanya.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Widayati A, Johana F, Zulkarnain MT and Mulyoutami E. 2012. Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan, Faktor Pemicu dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Emisi CO2 di Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2748 MN 53 MN0053-12 Measuring carbon stock in peat soils: practical guidelines Fahmuddin Agus, Kurniatun Hairiah and Anny Mulyani 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development Bogor, Indonesia 60 978-979-3198-66-8 With the increase of human populations, land resources are becoming scarcer. Peatlands that were once formerly regarded as wasteland are increasingly being developed for various economic purposes such as agriculture and settlements. As a consequence, the carbon sink of actively growing peat becomes one of the most important carbon sources associated with land uses, land-use changes and forestry. Tropical peat alone is estimated to contribute 1?3% of global CO2 emissions owing to human activity. In Indonesia, the country that has the largest area of tropical peat, emissions from peatland are around one-third of the total, although the exact numbers are debated and uncertain. Therefore, in the context of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and efforts to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+), conservation and sustainable management of peatland has become one of the main concerns.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Agus F, Hairiah K and Mulyani A. 2011. Measuring carbon stock in peat soils: practical guidelines. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development. 60 p. 2747 JA 447 JA0447-12 Protected areas within multifunctional landscapes: Squeezing out intermediate land use intensities in the tropics? Sonya Dewi, Meine van Noordwijk, Andree Ekadinata and Jean-Laurent Pfund 2012 Land Use Policy Elsevier B.V. 30 1 38-56 A protected area (PA) tends to be designated in an area where tracts of primary forest remain, often with poor accessibility due to terrain features and yet with some exposure to threats. Typically, a PA is at the start of a ?forest transition? gradient. The establishment of a PA influences the whole gradient. We analyzed the temporal patterns of land-use change inside and outside four PAs, with one located in each of Laos, Indonesia, Madagascar and Cameroon. In Laos, in the Viengkham landscape, the rates of conversion of natural forest increased after the designation of the PA and were higher than the spatial baseline predicted. In the three other landscapes, the policies associated with the implementation of PAs increased the conversion rate immediately outside the boundary of the PAs. In Indonesia, in the Bungo landscape, forms of land-use associated with multifunctional agroforestry activities involving rubber trees land-use became the target for conversion to oil palm and monoculture rubber tree crops when the rules on the protection of the remaining natural forest were tightened. We tested a new metric for the degree of integration of forest in multifunctional landscapes which recognizes the surrounding matrix, both as surrogate habitat and as a corridor for tree species. Two important findings were: (i) a ?leakage? zone of influence of at least 10 km around a PA needs to be included for quantification of the deforestation and degradation changes that may be due to forest protection inside the PA and (ii) agroforest and other mixed tree cover can maintain or increase the degree of integration of forest in the multifunctional landscape for biodiversity maintenance and conservation, while providing a source of livelihood for the local people. Agroforest; Biodiversity conservation; Climate change mitigation; Edge contrast; Habitat edge Southeast Asia English Dewi S, van Noordwijk M, Ekadinata A and Pfund J. 2012. Protected areas within multifunctional landscapes: Squeezing out intermediate land use intensities in the tropics?. Land Use Policy. 30(1):P. 38-56. 2746 TD 168 TD0168-12 The Decision Making Process In The Adoption Of Agroforestry Technology By Smallholder Rubber Farmers In Indonesia Dudi Iskandar 2011 University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand 247 School of Forestry Doctor of Philosophy
This study explores how smallholder farmers in Indonesia adopt new technology. Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS) introduced mainly by International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) in Jambi and West Kalimantan provinces in Indonesia is used as a case study. A combination of Ethnographic Decision Tree Modelling (EDTM) proposed by Gladwin (1989a) and a logistic regression model were used as the main methodologies to determine the decision criteria of rubber farmers regarding adoption of clonal rubber. The EDTM as qualitative method helped to identify the main reasons, motivations and constraints that influenced a farmer's decision to adopt or not adopt the new technology and also present details about the process of the farmers' decision making. Meanwhile, logit as the quantitative method was useful to identify the significant variables involved in the decision making process.

The results of this study show that the decision making process for adoption of clonal rubber is complex and influenced by various factors. The decision tree models for Jambi and West Kalimantan differed showing the importance of social context and infrastructure. The main reasons for a farmer's decisions to adopt clonal rubber is the expectation that clonal rubber is better in growth and yield and it will increase production per ha and income. The decision to adopt is supported by evidence from demonstration plots, trust in the technology deliverers and availability of incentives. The main constraint in adoption for both areas was limitation of capital as the clonal rubber required more capital to establish. The other constraints are risk and uncertainties including pest and disease problems, the shortage of labour, lack of technical knowledge, lack of access to clonal seedlings, and observation of clonal rubber that has been of low quality or managed inadequately. The decision tree models have been tested and the results show that the models were able to predict the farmers' decision making with good accuracy of 82% and 83%. In addition, the quantitative model shows the significant factors that determine adoption of clonal rubber in Jambi and West Kalimantan are land, incentives and income factors.

The qualitative and quantitative methods contributed to increased robustness of data and give different kinds of valuable data and information to stakeholders and policy makers in Indonesia. In order to encourage rubber farmers in Jambi and West Kalimantan to adopt clonal rubber, this study suggests improving policies to ensure they are aligned with needs of the rubber farmers, improving farmers' access to capital sources such as credit with simpler mechanisms, increasing the number and skills of extension workers, encouraging farmer to farmer learning, empowering farmers and leadership, improving infrastructure including better access to clonal seedlings and improving partnership with NGOs.]]> Southeast Asia English Iskandar D. 2011. The Decision Making Process In The Adoption Of Agroforestry Technology By Smallholder Rubber Farmers In Indonesia. Christchurch, New Zealand. : University of Canterbury. 247 p. 2745 RP 286 RP0286-12 Patterns of Vulnerability in the Forestry, Agriculture, Water, and Coastal Sectors of Silago, Southern Leyte, Philippines Gemma Teresa T. Narisma, May Celine T.M. Vicente, Emmi B. Capili-Tarroja, Faye Abigail T. Cruz, Rosa T. Perez, Raul S. Dayawon, Julie Mae B. Dado, Ma. Flordeliza P. Del Castillo, Marcelino Q. Villafuerte II, Leonard Christian G. Loo, Deanna Marie P. O... Joel T. Maquiling 2011 The Manila Observatory, The World Agroforestry Centre, and The Deutsche Gesellschaft fΓΌr Internationale Zusammenarbeit Manila, Philippines 132 Climate projections analyses and indicator data on exposure and vulnerability show that the municipality of Silago, Southern Leyte is at risk to the impacts of future climate changes. The coastal barangays, where most of agricultural land are located and which have high population density, are especially at risk due to the projected decrease in rainfall and the potential increase in sea levels. Inland barangays, on the other hand, are at risk because of relatively higher increases in temperature, which may also have adverse effects on the inland forests located in the area. These results are based on the projected climate changes for an A1B scenario using a regional climate model, RS-GIS analyses, and the available data obtained for the study. Philippines English 0 Narisma GT, Vicente MC, Capili-Tarroja EB, Cruz FA, Perez RT, Dayawon RS, Dado JM, Del Castillo MF, Villafuerte II MQ, Loo LC, Olaguer DM, Loyzaga MA, Banaticla-Altamirano MR, Ramos LT, Habito CM and Lasco RD. Patterns of Vulnerability in the Forestry, Agriculture, Water, and Coastal Sectors of Silago, Southern Leyte, Philippines. Manila, Philippines. : The Manila Observatory, The World Agroforestry Centre, and The Deutsche Gesellschaft fΓΌr Internationale Zusammenarbeit. 2011. 132 p. GRP 5 2744 JA 446 JA0446-12 Do Anthropogenic Dark Earths Occur in the Interior of Borneo? Some Initial Observations from East Kalimantan Douglas Sheil, Imam Basuki, Laura German, Thomas W. Kuyper, Godwin Limberg, Rajindra K. Puri, Bernard Sellato, Meine van Noordwijk and Eva Wollenberg 2012 Forests MDPI Publishing 3 2 207-229 Anthropogenic soils of the Amazon Basin (Terra Preta, Terra Mulata) reveal that pre-Colombian peoples made lasting improvements in the agricultural potential of nutrient-poor soils. Some have argued that applying similar techniques could improve agriculture over much of the humid tropics, enhancing local livelihoods and food security, while also sequestering large quantities of carbon to mitigate climate change. Here, we present preliminary evidence for Anthropogenic Dark Earths (ADEs) in tropical Asia. Our surveys in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) identified several sites where soils possess an anthropogenic development and context similar in several respects to the Amazon?s ADEs. Similarities include riverside locations, presence of useful fruit trees, spatial extent as well as soil characteristics such as dark color, high carbon content (in some cases), high phosphorus levels, and improved apparent fertility in comparison to neighboring soils. Local people value these soils for cultivation but are unaware of their origins. We discuss these soils in the context of local history and land-use and identify numerous unknowns. Incomplete biomass burning appears key to these modified soils. More study is required to clarify soil transformations in Borneo and to determine under what circumstances such soil improvements might remain ongoing. Terra Preta]]> Southeast Asia English -1 Sheil D, Basuki I, German L, kuyper T, Limberg G, Puri RK, Sellato B, van Noordwijk M and Wollenberg E. 2012. Do Anthropogenic Dark Earths Occur in the Interior of Borneo? Some Initial Observations from East Kalimantan. Forests. 3(2):P. 207-229. 2743 BC 329 BC0329-12 Experiences by Professionals ?Participatory Approaches in Health and Education: Introduction Lu Caizhen and Johanna Pennarz Johanna Pennarz, Haokun Song, Weijie Deng and Jianping Wang 2011 Wagging the Dragon's Tail: Emerging Practices in Participatory Poverty Reduction in China Participatory Learning and Action 62 The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Beijing, China 3 111-113 The quality of human agency is enhanced by better education and health (Anand and Sen, 1997).1However, in China, both health and education services have met major challenges during the process of rapid growth and transition, in particular in rural areas (Khan et al., 1999). In rural areas health and education services were traditionally provided through the collectives. China English Caizhen L and Pennarz J. 2011. Experiences by Professionals –Participatory Approaches in Health and Education: Introduction. In: Pennarz J, Song H, Deng W and Wang J,eds. Wagging the Dragon's Tail: Emerging Practices in Participatory Poverty Reduction in China Participatory Learning and Action 62. Beijing, China. : The International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). P. 111-113. 2742 RP 285 RP0285-12 Addressing Climate Change in the Agriculture Negotiations: a scoping report Bruce Campbell, Wendy Mann, Ricardo MelΓ©ndez-Ortiz, Charlotte Streck, Timm Tennigkeit, Christophe Bellmann, Ernestine Meijer, Andreas Wilkes and Sonja Vermeulen 2011 Beijing, China 99 This report, Addressing Climate Change and Agriculture: A Scoping Report, is a product of the Meridian Institute-convened Global Dialogues on Climate Change and Agriculture initiated in August 2010. Reflecting the special characteristics of the agricultural sector, this report aims to contribute to continued policy discussion on agriculture and climate change in the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (the Convention). Agriculture is characterized by a number of special features that distinguish it from other sectors, such as the sector?s role in producing food and meeting basic survival needs; its context and site-specific nature that makes uniform strategies and solutions ineffective; the vulnerability of the sector to being directly affected by climate change compared with most other sectors; its adaptation needs and mitigation potential, mainly through sequestration; and, finally, its complex links to food security, trade, and broader land-use and forestry policies. China English Campbell B, Mann W, MelΓ©ndez-Ortiz R, Streck C, Tennigkeit T, Bellmann C, Meijer E, Wilkes A and Vermeulen S. Addressing Climate Change in the Agriculture Negotiations: a scoping report. Beijing, China. : 2011. 99 p. 2741 BK 160 BK0160-12 Participatory Integrated Community Development: experiences from ethnic communities of Yunnan - in Chinese Language Jun He, Zhi Mei Zhou and Yong Ping Yang 2011 China Agriculture Press Beijing, China 172 978-7-109-16002-6 China Chinese 2011. Participatory Integrated Community Development: experiences from ethnic communities of Yunnan. Beijing, China. : China Agriculture Press. 172 p. 2740 BC 328 BC0328-12 Crediting soil carbon sequestration in smallholder agricultural systems: what fits and what will fly? Leslie Lipper, Andreas Wilkes and Nancy McCarthy Delphine de Brogniez, Philippe Mayaux and Luca Montanarella 2011 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification systems for Carbon in Soils and Vegetation in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries European Union Luxembourg, Germany 13 66-78 Increasing the organic carbon content in soils is beneficial for agricultural production and is also a means of capturing and storing atmospheric CO2 in soils and mitigating climate change. A global effort to improve soil quality on farms has the potential to generate significant increases in both food security and climate change mitigation, given the potential number of poor farmers and land areas that could benefit. Improving farmer?s management of soils for improving agricultural productivity has long been an objective of agricultural development strategies. Soil carbon sequestration has been identified by the IPCC as the largest potential source of climate change mitigation from the agricultural sector, and its inclusion in climate change policy frameworks has been debated for some time. Recognition of the potential for linking mitigation and food security objectives in policy and financing frameworks has recently been highlighted. Yet despite this enduring and multi-faceted policy interest, there has been only limited success attained in actually improving on farm soil quality, and even less in linking climate change mitigation finance to soil carbon sequestration. This paper seeks to explore the reasons for these failures, and suggest ways in which the joint food security and mitigation benefits from a global effort to improve soil quality may be captured. China English Lipper L, Wilkes A and McCarthy N. 2011. Crediting soil carbon sequestration in smallholder agricultural systems: what fits and what will fly?. In: de Brogniez D, Mayaux P and Montanarella L,eds. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification systems for Carbon in Soils and Vegetation in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Luxembourg, Germany. : European Union. P. 66-78. 2739 JA 445 JA0445-12 A Study of Stand Growth Model for Pinus yunnanensis (Pinaceae) Based on Plots Data-A Case Study in Yangliu Township, Baoshan, Yunnan Province - in Chinese Language Lang Rong, Xu Jianchu, Timm Tennigkeit, Xuefei Yang and Bi Ying Feng 2011 Plant Diversity and Resources Plant Diversity and Resources 33 3 357-363 Pinus yunnanensis is one of most important timber species in Yunnan Province, and widely distributed in southwest China. Studies on growth model have been reported, however, most of which focused on a specific part of growth model. To build detailed, easily used and accurate empirical stand growth model from the same dataset, a case study was conducted in Yangliu Township, Baoshan, Yunnan Province. A total of 86 sample plots data were collected using two stages sampling design. Several popular non-linear growth functions were fitted and compared, including Chapman-Richards, Mitscherlich, Schumacher, Gompertz, Logistic, Korf and Allometric function. Models of site index, density index, average diameter at breast height (DBH) and stock volume growth model were fitted respectively. The different models performed more or less similarly in terms of coefficients of determination and root mean square error (RMSE). However, empirical growth function ?Schumacher? had lower coefficient of variation for all parameters than other models. Schumacher function was the most suitable one for site index, average DBH and stock volume growth model in all alternative functions. Pinus yunnanensis, Stand growth model, Nonlinear curve fitting China Chinese Rong L, Xu Jianchu , Tennigkeit T, Xuefei Y and Bi YF. 2011. A Study of Stand Growth Model for Pinus yunnanensis (Pinaceae) Based on Plots Dataβ€”β€”A Case Study in Yangliu Township, Baoshan, Yunnan Province. Plant Diversity and Resources. 33(3):P. 357-363. 2738 PP 316 PP0316-12 Legalitas produksi bibit tanaman masyarakat Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi and James M Roshetko Roedy Poerwanto, Slamet Susanto, Anas D Susila, Nurul Khumaida, Dewi Sukma, Ketty Suketi and Sintho W. Ardhie 2011 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia 2011 Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia Lembang, Indonesia Buku 3 1407-1418 Government forest and land rehabilitation programs provide commercial opportunity to smallholder tree nursery enterprises seedlings. However many seedlings produced by smallholder are not certificated by the government. Surveys of smallholder nurseries were conducted April 2010 through February 2011 in four locations: Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province, Jambi Province, Lampung Province and Bogor District. Results from the surveys found that most commercial oriented nursery enterprises are established by individual farmers with family capital. Commercial nurseries operated by groups are uncommon. The seedlings produced in these nurseries include forest (timber), estate crop (rubber, cacao, coffee, etc) and horticulture (fruit) seedlings. Seedling production per nursery varies from 5000 to 4 millions depending orders received, market demand from the previous year, and family capital. The seedling consumers are community members (75-85%) and goverment project (15-25%). Most farmer nurseries are not able to directly sell seedlings to government project because government regulations requiring certification for nurseries to produce and sell seedlings to government programs. The regulations require registration with local and provincial goverments. as the certification for horticultural nursery is called SKPB (Registration Letter for Producing Seedling). Additionally, nurseries require seedling distribution certification labels (blue label) from the provincial BP2MB (Centre of Quality Supervision of Seed). These certification requirements are a barrier to smallholder nursery enterprises because a) nursery registrations are valid for only 1-2 years and cost between Rp 200.000 and Rp 2.500.000, b) seedling distribution certification labels are valid for only a single season, and c) labels are valid for only one species and each label cost Rp 300-350/seedling. Few smallholder nurseries can afford the time and money required to achieve certifications. Generally, blue label seedlings are produced only for government programs. Transactions in public horticultural seedling markets are based on trust between seedling buyers and seedling producers. Producers of poor quality seedlings will not retain repeat customers. Smallholder, Horticulture seedling, Certification Southeast Asia Indonesian Purnomosidhi P and Roshetko JM. 2011. Legalitas produksi bibit tanaman masyarakat. In: Poerwanto R, Susanto S, Susila AD, Khumaida N, Sukma D, Suketi K and Ardhie SW,eds. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia 2011. Lembang, Indonesia. Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia. 2737 BK 159 BK0159-12 Direktori Usaha Pembibitan Tanaman Buah, Kayu dan Perkebunan di Propinsi Lampung (edisi II) Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, James M Roshetko, Andi Prahmono and Soren Moestrup 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 70 978 979 3198 65 1 Lampung dalam perkembangannya, merupakan propinsi yang cukup menarik, dekat dengan pusat pemerintahan dan salah satu pusat pembibitan tanaman hortikultura, perkebunan dan kehutanan. Untuk mengetahui lokasi-lokasi pembibitan, jenis yang diproduksi serta kapasitas produksi per tahun, maka dilakukan survei lokasi-lokasi pembibitan tahun 2000 oleh Yulianti dan James Roshetko. Kemudian dilakuran survei ulang tahun 2010 untuk memperbaiki data-data tahun 2000. Pada kenyataannya memang hampir 50% penangkar bibit tahun 2000 tidak beroperasi lagi karena berbagai alasan antara lain penangkar bibit telah meninggal dunia dan tidak ada keluarga yang melanjutkan, tidak ada modal serta penangkar mengeluhkan sistem pembayaran bila bibit dibeli oleh rekanan pemenang tender dalam proyek pemerintah. Namun seperti kata pepatah ?patah tumbuh hilang berganti?, demikian pula penangkar bibit di Lampung. Dalam kurun waktu sepuluh tahun banyak sekali penangkar-penangkar yang tutup dan muncul penangkar-penangkar bibit baru sehingga informasi dalam direktori yang baru tetap 50 penangkar yaitu penangkar dengan kapasitas antara 5000 bibit sampai lebih dari 500000 bibit.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Purnomosidhi P, Roshetko JM, Prahmono A and Moestrup S. 2012. Direktori Usaha Pembibitan Tanaman Buah, Kayu dan Perkebunan di Propinsi Lampung (edisi II). Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 70 p. 2736 WP 159 WP0159-12 Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa?s mining, agriculture and forestry sectors Huang Wenbin and Andreas Wilkes 2011 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper 81 26 The lack of a comprehensive database of Chinese investments in Africa makes it difficult to build a picture and analyse trends and patterns. The analysis in this working paper draws on a database (spanning 1983 to 2010) of approvals by the Ministry of Commerce of the People?s Republic of China (MOFCOM) for Chinese companies to engage in overseas investments. Records in the database indicate the companies? intent to invest overseas, but do not record actual investments that were completed. Additional sources are used to characterise trends in Chinese merger and acquisition activities in the sectors of concern in Africa. China English Wenbin H and Wilkes A. 2011. Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa’s mining, agriculture and forestry sectors. Working Paper 81Bogor, Indonesia. : Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). 26 p. 2735 WP 158 WP0158-12 Analysis of China?s overseas investment policies Huang Wenbin and Andreas Wilkes 2011 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper 79 32 In recent years, in line with China?s Going Out strategy announced in 2000, China?s overseas investment activities have increased greatly and at increasing rates. By the end of 2009, the total value of China?s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) had reached US$5.6 billion (MOFCOM, NBS and SAFE 2009). Policies have played strong supporting roles in bringing about this trend by facilitating and encouraging Chinese companies to make overseas investments. This working paper summarises these policies based on an analysis of policy changes over time and identifies the main drivers of these changes. It ends by highlighting some key research questions of relevance to deepening understanding of the impacts of Chinese trade and investment in Africa. China English Wenbin H and Wilkes A. 2011. Analysis of China’s overseas investment policies. Working Paper 79Bogor, Indonesia. : Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). 32 p. 2734 BK 158 BK0158-12 Poverty and Development in China: Alternative Approaches to Poverty Assessment Lu Caizhen 2011 New York, USA 267 978-0-415-61822-9 The salience of this inquiry needs little justification. It is a vital issue in itself; but it also has wider strategic relevance. Did the benefits of the recent decades of explosive export-oriented economic growth touch the distant peasantry in Yunnan? New poverty reduction policies were expected to reach parts and people that this growth did not reach; did they? Local approaches are meant to be guided by local participation; are they? And, needless to say, what happens in China heavily influences the global incidence of poverty.]]> China English GRP 6 2733 JA 444 JA0444-12 Governing Climate Change Adaptation in the EU and China: An Analysis of Formal Institutions Marco Gemmer, Andreas Wilkes and Lucie M. Vaucel 2011 Advances in Climate Change Research 2 1 1-11 Both the European Union (EU) and China are culturally, economically, climatologically and environmentally diverse polities. The EU is a multi-state grouping of economically developed democratic countries, while China is a unitary sovereign state and a developing economy with a strong government bureaucracy. Our hypothesis is that given their diverse political systems, the EU and China would develop different kinds of systems for the governance of adaptation to climate change. We test this hypothesis through a comparative analysis of policy documents from the two study areas, in which we examine framework policies, programmatic actions and specific actions that have been adopted to date in order to address climate change, with a specific focus on the water sector. We find that climate change adaptation began to be addressed through formal policy on a similar timeline in the two regions. The EU and China are also similar in that they use framework laws and existing sectoral policy, such as for the water sector. We find that the EU has primarily relied on integration of climate change adaptation concerns through legal instruments which set a framework for implementation of adaptation policy. In China, specific actions to be incorporated in socio-economic development plans under the existing legislation on adaptation have been the main mode for integrating adaptation into sectoral actions, though the future trend may be to develop more regulations. international comparison; climate change policy framework; adaptation policy; European Union; China; water policy China English Gemmer M, Wilkes A and Vaucel LM. 2011. Governing Climate Change Adaptation in the EU and China: An Analysis of Formal Institutions. Advances in Climate Change Research. 2(1):P. 1-11. GRP 5 2732 JA 443 JA0443-12 Towards sustainable land management in the drylands: scientific connections in monitoring and assessing dryland Degradation, climate change and biodiversity A. L. Cowie, T. D. Penman, L. Gorissen, M. D. Winslow, J. Lehmann, T. D. Tyrrell, S. Twomlow, Andreas Wilkes, R. Lal, J.W. Jones, A. Paulsch, K. Kellner and M. Akhtar-Schuster 2011 Land Degradation and Development 22 248–260 The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and its sister conventions, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, all aim to halt or mitigate the deterioration of the ecological processes on which life depends. Sustainable land management (SLM) is fundamental to achieving the goals of all three Conventions. Changes in land management undertaken to address dryland degradation and desertification can simultaneously reduce net greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to conservation of biodiversity. Management to protect and enhance terrestrial carbon stocks, both in vegetation and soil, is of central importance to all three conventions. Protection of biodiversity conveys stability and resilience to agro-ecosystems and increases carbon storage potential of dryland systems. SLM improves livelihoods of communities dependent on the land. Despite these complementarities between the three environmental goals, tradeoffs often arise in their pursuit. The importance of human?environment interactions to the condition of land compels attention to adaptive management. In order to reconcile concerns and agendas at a higher strategic level, identification of synergies, conflicts, trade-offs, interconnections, feedbacks and spillover effects among multiple objectives, drivers, actions, policies and time horizons are crucial. Once these issues are transparent, coordinated action can be put into place across the three multilateral environmental agreements in the development of strategies and policy measures to support SLM. resilience; sustainable land management; desertification; land degradation; climate change; biodiversity China English Cowie AL, Penman TD, Gorissen L, Winslow MD, Lehmann J, Tyrrell TD, Twomlow S, Wilkes A, Lal R, Jones J, Paulsch A, Kellner K and Akhtar-Schuster M. 2011. Towards sustainable land management in the drylands: scientific connections in monitoring and assessing dryland Degradation, climate change and biodiversity. Land Degradation and Development. 22: P. 248–260. GRP 4 2731 JA 442 JA0442-12 Use of Forest Resources by Residents of Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan: Practices and Perceptions in a Context of Constraints Om N. Katel and Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt 2011 Mountain Research and Development the International Mountain Society (IMS) 31 4 325-333 This paper examines the use of forest resources by local residents in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. It also inquires into local residents? knowledge and perceptions of park management interventions. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey, group discussions, and observations. The results show that local people depend on forest resources for their livelihoods, and that their knowledge and perceptions of the park and of park management are influencedmainly by constraints on theiraccess to forest resources, and by benefits and incentives obtained from the park administration through socioeconomic development. Forest resource use; management; perceptions; protected area; buffer zone; Bhutan. China English Katel ON and Schmidt-Vogt D. 2011. Use of Forest Resources by Residents of Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan: Practices and Perceptions in a Context of Constraints. Mountain Research and Development. 31(4):P. 325-333. GRP 6 2730 JA 441 JA0441-12 Land use/land cover mapping of an alpine region using expert system classification: a case study of the Lhasa River Basin, Tibetan Plateau, China Yu Haiying, Rajesh Thapa and Xu Jianchu 2011 Survey Review Survey Review Ltd 43 321 269-283 China English Haiying Y, Thapa R and Xu Jianchu . 2011. Land use/land cover mapping of an alpine region using expert system classification: a case study of the Lhasa River Basin, Tibetan Plateau, China. Survey Review. 43(321):P. 269-283. GRP 4 2729 JA 440 JA0440-12 Decentralization of Tree Seedling Supply Systems for Afforestation in the West of Yunnan Province, China Jun He, Hai Yang, Ramni Jamnadass, Xu Jianchu and Yongping Yang 2012 Small-scale Forestry Steve Harrison, John Herbohn 11 2 147-166 At present, China has the highest afforestation rate of any country or region in the world, with 47,000 km2 of tree plantations undertaken in 2008. While the prominent role of the central government?s afforestation programs is wellknown, little is understood of how the system of tree seedling production and distribution supports afforestation efforts. More importantly, little attention is paid to how small-scale farmers access high quality tree germplasm in the afforestation programs. This paper examines the seedling supply system in the west of Yunnan Province in China by focusing on the three types of tree nurseries (state, collective and individual) that are being operated for the development of smallholder forestry especially in the context of decentralization. The research reveals that forestry decentralization has provided support for smallholder access to high quality planting materials and improved the effectiveness of nursery management. The reform has enabled the engagement of various forms of nurseries and created a hybrid system of state nursery operations. However, the state monopoly over the major seedling supply system using its inherent technical, market, policy and institutional advantages has limited the development of small-scale nurseries. The policy implication of this research is that improvements to the governance structure in the supply system of tree seedling may require more investment in nursery techniques, market information and provision of incentives to enhance small-scale nurseries and to contribute to seedling production. Smallholder forest-dependants, Forest tenure reform, Sloping land conversion, Tree germplasm, Nursery certification China English He J, Yang H, Jamnadass R, Xu Jianchu and Yang Y. 2011. Decentralization of Tree Seedling Supply Systems for Afforestation in the West of Yunnan Province, China. Small-scale Forestry. : P. 1-20. 2728 MN 52 MN0052-12 WaNuLCAS version 4.0, Background on a model of water nutrient and light capture in agroforestry systems Meine van Noordwijk, Betha Lusiana, Ni'matul Khasanah and Rachmat Mulia 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 224 978-979-3198-59-0 The WaNuLCAS model was developed to represent tree-soil-crop interactions in a wide range of agroforestry systems where trees and crops overlap in space and/or time (simultaneous and sequential agroforestry).
The model is based on above and below ground architecture of tree and crop, elementary tree and crop physiology and soil science (daily water, N, P and SOM balance for 4 soil layers and 4 horizontal zones). The model was developed in the Stella modeling platform and can be used to assess the performance in terms of profitability as well as sustainability of various agroforestry systems.]]> Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Lusiana B, Khasanah N and Mulia R. 2011. WaNuLCAS version 4.0, Background on a model of water nutrient and light capture in agroforestry systems. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 224 p. 2727 MA 83 MA0083-12 Semiloka Purna Program RUPES Area Sumatera Barat Rachman Pasha and Chandra Irawadi Wijaya 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 11 5 1 13-14 ICRAF sebagai salah satu lembaga penelitian internasional telah melakukan berbagai analisa dan pengembangan konsep imbal jasa lingkungan (IJL) di Sumatera Barat melalui riset aksi dalam program Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) yang telah berjalan sejak tahun 2004 sampai dengan 2011. Tujuannya adalah untuk menganalisa skema IJL yang dapat menjembatani antara tujuan konservasi dengan upaya pengentasan kemiskinan. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2726 MA 82 MA0082-12 Satu lagi, jasa lingkungan pohon: pembelajaran dari tsunami Aceh tahun 2004 Endri Martini 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 11 5 1 11-12 Pohon tidak hanya dikenal sebagai sumber bahan bangunan dan kayu bakar, tetapi memiliki peran yang sangat komplek dalam mengatur ekosistem, antara lain: sebagai pengatur tata air, tempat hidup berbagai jenis hewan, memproduksi oksigen bahkan berperan dalam mengurangi dampak bencana alam. Peran pohon yang tidak secara langsung dapat dilihat oleh manusia inilah yang seringkali diabaikan. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2725 MA 81 MA0081-12 Fungsi Ganda dari Agroforest Karet Asep Ayat 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 11 5 1 8-10 Di samping getah karet, agroforest karet memberikan keuntungan ekonomi dari hasil buah-buahan dalam setiap musim. Tercatat sebanyak 10 jenis buah bernilai ekonomi tinggi yang dihasilkan dari agroforest karet. Selain itu, keuntungan secara ekologi menjadikan fungsi ganda agroforest karet dalam menjaga keseimbangan alam bagi petani Jambi khususnya di Kabupaten Bungo Southeast Asia Indonesian 2724 MA 80 MA0080-12 Harapan dan Potensi di Hutan Adat Guguk Harti Ningsih and Tonni Asmawan 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 11 5 1 5-7 Lokasi desa yang sangat dekat dengan kota dan dilalui jalan lintas propinsi ini memberikan pengaruh besar pada tingkat perekonomian masyarakat maupun tipe penggunaan lahannya. Hampir seluruh masyarakatnya adalah petani karet dan sebagian memiliki kebun buah-buahan. Tingginya tingkat kemakmuran masyarakat dari hasil kebun karet dapat terlihat dari banyaknya rumah penduduk yang sudah permanen, kendaraan yang mereka miliki dan jenjang pendidikan yang mencapai tingkat universitas.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 2723 MA 79 MA0079-12 Sudahkah kebun campuran anda ramah burung? Walesa Edho Prabowo and Endri Martini 2012 Kiprah Agroforestri 11 5 1 3-4 Kicauan burung bagaikan alunan nada-nada indah yang diberikan oleh alam kepada manusia. Tak jarang, orang-orang kota mau mengeluarkan uang jutaan rupiah untuk membeli burung yang hanya dinikmati suaranya. Beruntunglah saudara-saudara kita yang tinggal di desa, dikelilingi oleh kebun dengan berbagai jenis pohon yang memberikan udara segar. Mereka tidak perlu uang untuk membeli burung, karena alam sudah menyediakan berbagai jenis burung dengan berbagai suara pula. Bahkan mereka dapat menikmati keuntungan lain dari burung-burung tersebut. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2722 JA 439 JA0439-12 Towards an integrated global framework to assess the impacts of land use and management change on soil carbon: current capability and future vision Pete Smith, Christian A. Davies, Stephen Ogle, Giuliana Zanchi, Jessica Bellarby, Neil Bird, Robert M. Boddey, Niall P. McNamara, David Powlson, Annette Cowie, Meine van Noordwijk, Sarah C. Davis, Daniel DE B. Richter, Len Kryzanowski, Mark T. van Wij... 2012 Global Change Biology Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1-13 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 methodologies commonly underpin project-scale carbon accounting for changes in land use and management and are used in frameworks for Life Cycle Assessment and carbon footprinting of food and energy crops. These methodologies were intended for use at large spatial scales. This can introduce error in predictions at finer spatial scales. There is an urgent need for development and implementation of higher tier methodologies that can be applied at fine spatial scales (e.g. farm/project/plantation) for food and bioenergy crop greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting to facilitate decision making in the land-based sectors. Higher tier methods have been defined by IPCC and must be well evaluated and operate across a range of domains (e.g. climate region, soil type, crop type, topography), and must account for land use transitions and management changes being implemented. Furthermore, the data required to calibrate and drive the models used at higher tiers need to be available and applicable at fine spatial resolution, covering the meteorological, soil, cropping system and management domains, with quantified uncertainties. Testing the reliability of the models will require data either from sites with repeated measurements or from chronosequences. We review current global capability for estimating changes in soil carbon at fine spatial scales and present a vision for a framework capable of quantifying land use change and management impacts on soil carbon, which could be used for addressing issues such as bioenergy and biofuel sustainability, food security, forest protection, and direct/indirect impacts of land use change. The aim of this framework is to provide a globally accepted standard of carbon measurement and modelling appropriate for GHG accounting that could be applied at project to national scales (allowing outputs to be scaled up to a country level), to address the impacts of land use and land management change on soil carbon. land use; land use change; model; monitoring; soil carbon Southeast Asia English 0 Smith P, Davies CA, Ogle S, Zanchi G, Bellarby J, Bird N, Boddey RM, McNamara NP, Powlson D, Cowie A, van Noordwijk M, Davis SC, Richter DD, Kryzanowski L, van Wijk MT, Stuart J, Kirton A, Eggar D, Newton-Cross G, Adhya TK and Braimoh AK. 2012. Towards an integrated global framework to assess the impacts of land use and management change on soil carbon: current capability and future vision. Global Change Biology. : P. 1-13. 2721 NL 51 NL0051-12 Kiprah Agroforestri 11 Endri Martini, Walesa Edho Prabowo, Harti Ningsih, Tonni Asmawan, Asep Ayat, Rachman Pasha and Chandra Irawadi Wijaya 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 5 1 1-16 Awal Bulan April ini, ICRAF ikut serta dalam acara tahunan Indogreen Forestry Expo ke-4 yang diselenggarakan oleh PT Wahyu Promo Citra, Jakarta, dan diikuti oleh berbagai institusi dari seluruh Indonesia, diantaranya Dinas Kehutanan, Balai Taman Nasional, perindustrian swasta, asosiasi, lembaga penelitian, dan sebagainya. Acara yang bertema "Menuju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Hijau 2020" atau Green Growth Economy Towards 2020 ini dibuka oleh Menteri Kehutanan RI, Zulkifli Hasan. Dalam pidatonya, beliau menyampaikan bahwa tema acara ini sejalan dengan upaya pemerintah Indonesia untuk menunjang komitmen Presiden RI dalam penurunan emisi dan mengajak masyarakat Indonesia agar terus mengelola energi dengan lebih baik dan efisiensi, mengkampanyekan gaya hidup dengan memanfaatkan energi yang ramah lingkungan. Melalui pemanfaatan energi secara hemat diharapkan pertumbuhan dan pemerataan ekonomi yang ramah lingkungan akan dapat dicapai.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Martini E, Prabowo WE, Ningsih H, Asmawan T, Ayat A, Pasha R and Wijaya CI. 2012. Kiprah Agroforestri 11. In: Rahayu S, Janudianto and Juita R,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2720 BK 157 BK0157-12 Direktori Usaha Pembibitan Tanaman Buah, Perkebunan, Kayu dan Hias di Kabupaten Bogor dan sekitarnya (edisi II) Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, James M Roshetko, Nugroho Heri Prastowo and Soren Moestrup 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office, Winrock International and Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Bogor, Indonesia 74 978 979 3198 63 7 Salah satu permasalahan dalam usaha pembibitan adalah penjualan atau pemasaran produk bibit. Kenyataan ini dirasakan oleh penangkar yang sudah lama menggeluti usaha ini atau penangkar yang baru memulai usaha ini dalam beberapa tahun. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya informasi dimana penyedia (penangkar) bibit tertentu sehingga pembeli atau konsumen kesulitan untuk mendapatkan bibit yang diinginkan. Berangkat dari permasalahan ini maka World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Winrock International serta dukungan dana dari Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, membuat buku katalog atau direktori penghasil bibit hortikultura (buah), tanaman kehutanan, perkebunan dan tanaman hias untuk wilayah Bogor dan sekitarnya. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Purnomosidhi P, Roshetko JM, Prastowo NH and Moestrup S. 2011. Direktori Usaha Pembibitan Tanaman Buah, Perkebunan, Kayu dan Hias di Kabupaten Bogor dan sekitarnya (edisi II). Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office, Winrock International and Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. 74 p. 2719 BK 156 BK0156-12 Direktori Usaha Pembibitan Tanaman Buah, Kayu dan Perkebunan di Propinsi Jambi Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, James M Roshetko, Andi Prahmono and Soren Moestrup 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office, Winrock International and Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Bogor, Indonesia 47 978 979 3198 64 4 Awalnya pembibitan karet masyarakat memproduksi bibit dari biji karena perbanyakan melalui teknik okulasi masih jarang dilakukan dan masyarakat masih awam dengan teknik tersebut. Selain itu, petani yang akan membeli bibit juga lebih suka bibit dari biji karena harga bibit okulasi lebih mahal serta biaya untuk mengangkut bibit okulasi lebih mahal dibanding bibit dari biji.
Tahun 1995 ICRAF (World Agroforestry Centre) memulai kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan di Kabupaten Muara Bungo dan Tebo. Untuk kegiatan pengembangan dilakukan pembangunan pembibitan di masyarakat dengan karet klon unggul. Pembangunan pembibitan tersebut dilakukan di beberapa kelompok di desa yang berbeda-beda. Adapun tujuan pembangunan ini adalah agar masyarakat desa juga bisa membeli dan merehabilitasi kebun karet tuanya dengan bibit okulasi. Namun sayang sekali sebagian besar kegiatan pembibitan tidak dilanjutkan dan hanya bertahan selama satu sampai dua tahun. Alasan dari kelompok adalah a) telah terjadi konflik di dalam kelompok itu sendiri, b) tidak ada pendampingan lagi, c) setiap anggota kelompok sudah merasa cukup dengan bibit yang dibagikan, d) tidak ada pasar yang membeli bibit akibat kelompok menjual dengan harga cukup tinggi sehingga kalah bersaing dengan bibit dari propinsi lain, e) tidak ada modal untuk melanjutkan usaha pembibitan.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Purnomosidhi P, Roshetko JM, Prahmono A and Moestrup S. 2012. Direktori Usaha Pembibitan Tanaman Buah, Kayu dan Perkebunan di Propinsi Jambi. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office, Winrock International and Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. 47 p. 2718 PP 315 PP0315-12 Pengelolaan Lanskap Multifungsi: Pendekatan Alternatif Dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan Kayu Subekti Rahayu, Harti Ningsih, Sonya Dewi, Agus Priyono Kartono and Agus Hikmat 2011 Prosiding Seminar Nasional ?Konservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan? UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas Cibodas, Indonesia 411-422 Forest conversion to monoculture systems has caused the disappearance of 95%, leading to the absence of the natural timber regeneration due to intensive management practices, particularly through weeding activities. Yet, 45% (100 species) of forest timber species could only grow up to sapling stage, i.e did not survive to higher level grows. The species composition had significantly changed, from forest species to pioneer species. On the other hand, keeping secondary grows after fire event and practicing agroforestry systems would enable to maintain approximately 51% (32 species) of forest species vegetation. The results showed that by integrating land use systems (comprising monoculture plantation, secondary forest and agroforestry system as a mosaic landscape) enabled to conserve at least 222 timber sapling species, 73 pole species and 63 tree species through maintaining seed availability, allocating sites for species to regenerate, and providing corridors for animals and seed dispersers to pass by. All timber species within 24 plots of 20 m x 100 m across Lubuk Beringin village (Bungo District, Jambi Province) covering remnant forest in protected forest, rubber agroforest of 60 years old, secondary forest of 30 and 10 years old and rubber monoculture of 30 years and 13 years old had been identified consisting of tree stage (more than 30 cm in diameter), pole stage (5-30 cm in diameter using 5 m x 40 m), sapling stage (less than 5 cm and more than 30 cm in height using 1 m x 4 m plots). Species identification was conducted at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor. landscape mosaic, rubber agroforestry, Jambi, tree species Southeast Asia Indonesian Rahayu S, Ningsih H, Dewi S, Kartono AP and Hikmat A. 2011. Pengelolaan Lanskap Multifungsi: Pendekatan Alternatif Dalam Konservasi Tumbuhan Kayu. Prosiding Seminar Nasional β€œKonservasi Tumbuhan Tropika: Kondisi Terkini dan Tantangan ke Depan”. Cibodas, Indonesia. UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas. 2717 PP 314 PP0314-12 Potensi Varitas Lokal dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Bibit Rambutan di Aceh: Kajian Terhadap Morfologi Bibit pada Stadia Awal Pertumbuhan Subekti Rahayu, James M Roshetko, Khalilal Mitras and Sabaruddin Roedhy Poerwanto, Slamet Susanto, Anas D Susila, Nurul Khumaida, Dewi Sukma, Ketty Suketi and Sintho W. Ardhie 2011 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia 2011 Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia Lembang, Indonesia Buku 2 639-646 The growth of three rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) varieties, Glu, Nona and Balerang were evaluated at the agricultural experimental station of Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh used Randomized Complete Design with 9 replications. The seeds were collected from a community plantation in Padang Tiji District. The growth parameters measured were seedling height, stem diameter, leaf area, fresh weight of seedlings, dry weight of seedlings, root length, root number, and root weight. Measurements were made at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting. Analysis of variance and least significant difference tests were used to analyze the growth data. Results show that Glu variety had greater diameter growth, dry weight biomass, number of fine roots and leaves area then other varieties; supporting local beliefs and practice that Glu is a better rootstock. Aceh, fine roots, Glu variety, rambutan, rootstock Southeast Asia Indonesian Rahayu S, Roshetko JM, Mitras K and Sabaruddin . 2011. Potensi Varitas Lokal dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Bibit Rambutan di Aceh: Kajian Terhadap Morfologi Bibit pada Stadia Awal Pertumbuhan. In: Poerwanto R, Susanto S, Susila AD, Khumaida N, Sukma D, Suketi K and Ardhie SW,eds. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia 2011. Lembang, Indonesia. Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia. 2716 BK 155 BK0155-12 Direktori usaha pembibitan tanaman buah dan perkebunan di Kabupaten Aceh Barat, Aceh Jaya, Pidie/Pidie Jaya dan Nagan Raya Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, James M Roshetko, Andi Prahmono and Soren Moestrup 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office, Winrock International and Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Bogor, Indonesia 29 978 979 3198 62 0 Awalnya kegiatan NOEL ini dilaksanakan di tiga kabupaten antara lain Kabupaten Aceh Barat, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya dan Kabupaten Pidie/Pidie Jaya. Jangka waktu kegiatan selama 20 bulan dari bulan April 2007 hingga Desember 2008. Kemudian program NOEL juga diterapkan di Kabupaten Nagan Raya dan Abdya mulai bulan April 2009-Maret 2010. Walaupun hanya satu tahun di Kabupaten Nagan Raya dan Abdya, kelompok dan masyarakat di Kecamatan Beutong, Seunagan Timur dan Babah Rot telah memetik hasilnya. Mereka telah memahami bagaimana memproduksi bibit dengan teknik okulasi.
Ketika program berakhir ada beberapa kelompok yang kemudian bubar dan membentuk kelompok dengan anggota 2-3 orang serta kelompok susulan yang melanjutkan kegiatan pembibitan untuk komersial. Anggota dari kelompok-kelompok tersebut kemudian tercatat di dalam buku direktori pembibitan di Aceh. Harapannya apabila masyarakat ada yang berminat untuk membeli bibit tanaman perkebunan atau hortikultura bisa melihat ke alamat dalam buku ini dan tidak perlu lagi membeli di Medan. Namun bibit tanaman tersebut bisa dipesan dan disiapkan oleh masyarakat di kabupaten tersebut.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Purnomosidhi P, Roshetko JM, Prahmono A and Moestrup S. 2012. Direktori usaha pembibitan tanaman buah dan perkebunan di Kabupaten Aceh Barat, Aceh Jaya, Pidie/Pidie Jaya dan Nagan Raya. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office, Winrock International and Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. 29 p. 2715 PP 313 PP0313-12 Climate Change Resilient Agroforestry Systems For Livelihood Improvement Of Smallholders In Vietnam Elisabeth Simelton and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 International Workshop on Sustainable Strategies for Increased Resiliency of Sloping Land Agroecosystems Amid Climate Change, October 4-8, 2011 FFTC-Taiwan and PCAARRD-DOST Metro Manila, Philippines 1-11 This paper presents the negative impacts of climate variability on agriculture in two most vulnerable agro-ecological zones, including the central coastal zone versus the Northwest uplands of Vietnam. A novel approach for sustainable development of agroforestry system as one of the most promising options to these negative impacts in the Northwest uplands is also presented. The agroforestry systems developed to address the needs for both environmentally and economically viable diversification and that is resilient to climate stress is done through participatory design (i) where local and scientific knowledge is used to identify the desired species to be added to or improved in existing farming systems, (ii) where farmers and scientists develop indicators to evaluate the systems, and (iii) where scientific experiences are combined with the most sensitive indicators for scaling up the successful agroforestry systems in the zones where they have social acceptance and economic and environmental potential.]]> Vietnam, participatory design, agroforestry systems Vietnam English Simelton E and Hoang MH. 2011. Climate Change Resilient Agroforestry Systems For Livelihood Improvement Of Smallholders In Vietnam. International Workshop on Sustainable Strategies for Increased Resiliency of Sloping Land Agroecosystems Amid Climate Change, October 4-8, 2011. Metro Manila, Philippines. FFTC-Taiwan and PCAARRD-DOST. 2714 PB 38 PB0038-12 Planning for low-emissions development in Tanjung Jabung barat district, Jambi province, Indonesia Andree Ekadinata and Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 20 6 Forest areas in Tanjung Jabung Barat cover 240 090.55 ha1 or 48% of the district?s total area. Approximately 71% of the forest area is categorised by the Government as Production Forest. Spatial analysis conducted by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) showed that most of the Production Forest areas were allocated for HTI (156 306 ha) and oil palm plantations (90 655 ha).]]> Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A and Agung P. 2011. Planning for low-emissions development in Tanjung Jabung barat district, Jambi province, Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2713 PB 37 PB0037-12 Planning for low-emissions development in Merangin district, Jambi province, Indonesia Feri Johana and Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 19 6 Merangin district is home to a large conservation area protected as Kerinci Seblat National Park. Thus, any land-use planning in the district needs to include the park. A land-use plan and associated management that optimally considers the function of the national park can be an opportunity for the district to balance the need for development and the need to maintain environmental functions that help mitigate climate change.]]> Southeast Asia English Johana F and Agung P. 2011. Planning for low-emissions development in Merangin district, Jambi province, Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2712 PP 312 PP0312-12 Understanding Land Use, Water Balance and Water Rights for Rewards on Watershed Services: Experience from Manupali in Southern Philippines Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Delia Catacutan, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Meine van Noordwijk, Lydia Tiongco and C Egnar 2011 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Watershed Management, 19-22 September 2011 Istanbul, Turkey Philippines English Duque-PiΓ±on C, Catacutan D, Leimona B, Abasolo E, van Noordwijk M, Tiongco L and Egnar C. 2011. Understanding Land Use, Water Balance and Water Rights for Rewards on Watershed Services: Experience from Manupali in Southern Philippines. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Watershed Management, 19-22 September 2011. Istanbul, Turkey. 2711 BK 154 BK0154-12 Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers in Southeast Asia Rodel D. Lasco, Christi ne Marie D. Habito, Rafaela Jane Delfino, Florencia B Pulhin and Rogelio N. Concepcion 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines 65
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) declared in its Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) that climate change is unequivocal (IPCC 2007a), evidenced by observed changes in several global and regional climati c indicators. The Food and Agriculture Organizati on (FAO) expects that considerable eff orts would be required to prepare developing countries to deal with climate-related impacts, parti cularly in agriculture (FAO 2007). However, the IPCC also notes that recent studies show a high confi dence that there are viable adaptati on opti ons that can be implemented at low cost and/or with high benefi t-cost rati os (IPCC 2007a).

At the country level, climate change refers to observable changes and permutati ons (undefi ned geographic variati ons) of temperature, rainfall and extreme climate events and their single or collecti ve impacts on various agricultural producti on and harvesti ng acti viti es (Concepcion 2008). Increase in temperature would have whole year and day-to-day on-site impacts that accelerate the changes/decompositi on of soil organic matt er and loss of soil ferti lity, which ulti mately aff ects the overall health of crops and livestock. Soil temperature and organic matt er are useful indices of ecosystem recovery aft er disturbance of natural vegetati on (Aust and Lea 1991). The varying intensity and patt erns of rainfall and extreme climate events (typhoons and El Niρo) during the remaining periods of rainy season would have expanded the coverage of climate change off -site impacts which include massive soil erosion and irreversible loss of sloping land soil ferti lity and life threatening fl oods and landslide (Concepcion 2008).]]> Philippines English Lasco RD, Habito Cn, Delfino RJ, Pulhin FB and Concepcion RN. 2011. Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers in Southeast Asia. Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 65 p. 2710 WP 157 WP0157-12 Conflict, Cooperation, and Collective Action: Land Use, Water Rights, and Water Scarcity in Manupali Watershed, Southern Philippines Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Delia Catacutan, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Meine van Noordwijk and Lydia Tiongco 2012 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington DC, USA CAPRi Working Paper No. 104 32 Sustaining the environmental, social, and economic development in Manupali watershed in southern Philippines is highly dependent on equitable allocation of water use rights and judicious utilization of water as a scarce resource. There are many stakeholders and water users: smallholder farmers, indigenous people, multi-national companies, the local government, the National Irrigation Administration, and the National Power Corporation (Pulangui IV). As demand for water outstrips supply, conflict arises between different user groups over who can use water and how much each one can use. This paper reports initial results of an ongoing study that examines water rights and land use change to better negotiate for greater investment in watershed management. A key issue in Manupali is overall water scarcity, compounded by conflicting water rights of different users. To avoid hostile confrontation between different user groups and to manage competition of water use, some user groups have instituted voluntary agreements for water rights sharing. Viewed in terms of cooperation and collective action, these voluntary agreements facilitate conflict management of a disputed resource, but the fairness and equity of such agreements are in question, as the cooperating user groups extract benefits from non-cooperators who may have incurred the costs of protecting the upper watershed to maintain water supply. Supported by watershed hydrological data on water balance and its land use patterns, this paper argues that water rights sharing through voluntary agreements alone can only mediate short-term conflict but will not solve water scarcity in the longer term. The problems of water scarcity, allocation, and land use, require collective action beyond the current level if equitable distribution of benefits, sharing of responsibilities, and co-investments in watershed management are the goals. Water rights, water allocation, water conflict, cooperation, collective action Philippines English Duque-PiΓ±on C, Catacutan D, Leimona B, Abasolo E, van Noordwijk M and Tiongco L. 2012. Conflict, Cooperation, and Collective Action: Land Use, Water Rights, and Water Scarcity in Manupali Watershed, Southern Philippines. CAPRi Working Paper No. 104Washington DC, USA. : International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 32 p. GRP 6 2709 PP 311 PP0311-12 Opportunity cost analysis of REDD+ at the district level: can REDD+ promote tropical forest rehabilitation? Arif Rahmanulloh, Sonya Dewi, Suseno Budidarsono and Zuraidah Said Eko Bhakti Hardiyanto, Svein Solberg and Mitsuru Osaki 2011 Proceedings of international conference on new perpectives of tropical forest rehabilitation for better forest functions and management Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta, Indonesia 191-195 Opportunities to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation are substantial if effective and efficient mechanisms can be established to offset real and legitimate opportunity costs. The opportunity cost analysis aims to: (1) calculate opportunity cost for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation at the district level and (2) identify policy and intervention options using estimated opportunity cost. Transaction and implementation costs are not yet included in the analysis. The analysis incorporates the results of estimation of land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) carbon emission with the result of profitability analysis of dominant land uses in Berau district in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Opportunity cost of avoiding/reducing emission is estimated by calculating economic gain per ($/ton CO2-eq) unit CO2-eg emitted. Significant proportion of emission from LULUCF are associated less than $ 5 increases overtime, from 44% in period of 1990-2000 to 59% in the most recent period (2005- 2008). Several polices and interventions options were identified, ie. ranging from reforestation program, improving food security and law enforcement, and these options can be spatially linked to Berau landscape. Integrating them into spatial planning process for sustainable development of Berau should be promoted. Southeast Asia English Rahmanulloh A, Dewi S, Budidarsono S and Said Z. 2011. Opportunity cost analysis of REDD+ at the district level: can REDD+ promote tropical forest rehabilitation?. In: Hardiyanto EB, Solberg S and Osaki M,eds. Proceedings of international conference on new perpectives of tropical forest rehabilitation for better forest functions and management. Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University. 2708 PP 310 PP0310-12 Aspects of ecosystem recovery in human-dominated tropical landscape: case study of degraded tropical peat-swamp forest in Ex Mega Rice Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Endri Martini Eko Bhakti Hardiyanto, Svein Solberg and Mitsuru Osaki 2011 Proceedings of international conference on new perpectives of tropical forest rehabilitation for better forest functions and management Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta, Indonesia 166-169 Knowledge on ecosystem recovery processes supports the efficacy of ecological restoration program like forest rehabilitation. However, in reality, ecosystems recovery process receives less attention in the design of ecological restoration program. Thus, based on literature review, case study in the rehabilitation of degraded peat swamp forest Ex Mega Rice Project in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia was reviewed to discuss the gap between current concepts of ecosystem recovery with the real conditions on the ground. Information collected through this study is useful for planning, implementing and monitoring the long term ecosystem recovery process of degraded tropical forest. From the analysis, this paper concluded that degree of degradation, ecosystem resiliency and ecosystem sensitivity are the major ecological aspects in ecosystem recovery. However, the dynamics of the degraded ecosystem determines the possibility of the ecosystem to be restored to its historical state. Moreover, maintaining long term ecosystem recovery process is challenged by time and costs, however community involvement may reduce the challenges. Making the restoration program as a local livelihood-oriented program may become one of the options to enhance the community participation. Hence, to improve the ecosystem services in the degraded ecosystems, both ecological and social aspects need to be addressed particularly in phase of determining the goals of the program. Southeast Asia English Martini E. 2011. Aspects of ecosystem recovery in human-dominated tropical landscape: case study of degraded tropical peat-swamp forest in Ex Mega Rice Project, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Hardiyanto EB, Solberg S and Osaki M,eds. Proceedings of international conference on new perpectives of tropical forest rehabilitation for better forest functions and management. Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University. 2707 PP 309 PP0309-12 Farmers participation on dipterocarp tree planting in smallholder rubber plantation Hesti L. Tata and Meine van Noordwijk Eko Bhakti Hardiyanto, Svein Solberg and Mitsuru Osaki 2011 Proceedings of international conference on new perpectives of tropical forest rehabilitation for better forest functions and management Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta, Indonesia 38-41 Shorea trees in smallholder rubber plantation showed that Shorea spp. grew better in open area in one year old rubber plantation, compared with more than 10 years old rubber plantation. Light competition between dipterocarp trees and rubber trees can be minimized through wider space planting. Application of ectomycorrhizal inoculums for Shorea seedlings resulted better performance on early growth in nursery stage, however, less impact for Shorea growth after transplanted to the field. Successfulness of Shorea trees planting in smallholder rubber plantation in Jambi with farmers' participation is discussed in this paper.]]> Southeast Asia English Tata HL and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Farmers participation on dipterocarp tree planting in smallholder rubber plantation. In: Hardiyanto EB, Solberg S and Osaki M,eds. Proceedings of international conference on new perpectives of tropical forest rehabilitation for better forest functions and management. Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University. 2706 JA 438 JA0438-12 The socioeconomics of food crop production and climate change vulnerability: a global scale quantitative analysis of how grain crops are sensitive to drought Elisabeth Simelton, Evan D. G. Fraser, Mette Termansen, Tim G. Benton, Simon N. Gosling, Andrew South, Nigel W. Arnell, Andrew J. Challinor, Andrew J. Dougill and Piers M. Forster 2012 Food Security 1-17 Many studies warn that climate change may undermine global food security. Much work on this topic focuses on modelling crop-weather interactions but these models do not generally account for the ways in which socio-economic factors influence how harvests are affected by weather. To address this gap, this paper uses a quantitative harvest vulnerability index based on annual soil moisture and grain production data as the dependent variable in a Linear Mixed Effects model with national scale socioeconomic data as independent variables for the period 1990?2005. Results show that rice, wheat and maize production in middle income countries were especially vulnerable to droughts. By contrast, harvests in countries with higher investments in agriculture (e.g. higher amounts of fertilizer use) were less vulnerable to drought. In terms of differences between the world?s major grain crops, factors that made rice and wheat crops vulnerable to drought were quite consistent, while those of maize crops varied considerably depending on the type of region. This is likely due to the fact that maize is produced under very different conditions worldwide. One recommendation for reducing drought vulnerability risks is coordinated development and adaptation policies, including institutional support that enables farmers to take proactive action. Drought vulnerability index . Crop failure . Soil moisture . Food security . Transition economies . Linear model . Adaptive capacity Vietnam English Simelton E, Fraser ED, Termansen M, Benton TG, Gosling SN, South A, Arnell NW, Challinor AJ, Dougill AJ and Forster PM. 2012. The socioeconomics of food crop production and climate change vulnerability: a global scale quantitative analysis of how grain crops are sensitive to drought. Food Security. : P. 1-17. 2705 RP 284 RP0284-12 Carbon rich land use models in Bac Kan province Dam Viet Bac, Do Trong Hoan and Alba Saray Perez Teran 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Field report 26
In Vietnam, REALU II and RUPES II have been very closely linked in Bac Kan provice, where both forest cover and poverty rates are significantly high compared to country?s average. During November 2010, the ICRAF team members conducted two trips to Bac Kan province to find about successful models of carbon rich land use. The aim of the trip was to gather lessons learnt from past experience on sustainable forest management approaches, to later on promote them (Hoang Minh Ha et al 2008). As well as to evaluate the awareness of government units in terms of sustainable forest management and payment for environmental services.]]> Vietnam English Dam VB, Do Trong H and Perez Teran AS. Carbon rich land use models in Bac Kan province. Field reportHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 26 p. GRP 6 2704 RP 283 RP0283-12 Assessing the potential for, and designing, a ?Payment for Environmental Services? scheme in Bac Kan province, Vietnam - in Vietnamese language Hoang Minh Ha and Do Trong Hoan 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Final IFAD-PES report 95 PES is being piloted all over the world, including Southeast Asia, and particularly in Vietnam. The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) has been active in establishing the PES concept in Vietnam since 2002. From the start, ICRAF, in partnership with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), conducted PES pre-assessment studies, interviews and meetings with stakeholders to formulate a PES action plan for Vietnam. Since then, and especially from 2004, ICRAF Vietnam has partnered with several international and national organizations to work with PES capacity building and awareness-raising, through a series of stakeholder workshops and publication of booklets and policy briefs. Research findings in the last two years have shown that PES pilots in other parts of the world as well as in Vietnam have focused on payments for water services, carbon sequestration and soil protection. There have not been enough studies conducted to test the viability of landscape beauty as an environmental service in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Vietnam Vietnamese Hoang MH and Do Trong H. Assessing the potential for, and designing, a β€˜Payment for Environmental Services’ scheme in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. Final IFAD-PES reportHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 95 p. GRP 6 2703 RP 282 RP0282-12 Assessing the potential for, and designing, a ?Payment for Environmental Services? scheme in Bac Kan province, Vietnam Hoang Minh Ha and Do Trong Hoan 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Final IFAD-PES report 95 PES is being piloted all over the world, including Southeast Asia, and particularly in Vietnam. The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) has been active in establishing the PES concept in Vietnam since 2002. From the start, ICRAF, in partnership with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), conducted PES pre-assessment studies, interviews and meetings with stakeholders to formulate a PES action plan for Vietnam. Since then, and especially from 2004, ICRAF Vietnam has partnered with several international and national organizations to work with PES capacity building and awareness-raising, through a series of stakeholder workshops and publication of booklets and policy briefs. Research findings in the last two years have shown that PES pilots in other parts of the world as well as in Vietnam have focused on payments for water services, carbon sequestration and soil protection. There have not been enough studies conducted to test the viability of landscape beauty as an environmental service in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Vietnam English Hoang MH and Do Trong H. Assessing the potential for, and designing, a β€˜Payment for Environmental Services’ scheme in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. Final IFAD-PES reportHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 95 p. GRP 6 2702 RP 281 RP0281-12 Program Feasibility Note for Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) activities in Bac Kan province, Vietnam Rohit Jindal, Do Trong Hoan and Minh Ha Hoang, et al 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Report to ASB partnerships for the tropical forest margins 65
Vietnam has seen a dramatic change in forest cover in the last 60 years. Although, the proportion of land under forest cover declined from 43% in 1943 to 20% in 1993, large scale plantations and forest regeneration since then increased the forest area to 13.564 million ha (representing 39% of the total land) in 2009. On average, the country has gained forests at more than 2% per annum over the last 20 years, making it one of the few tropical countries on the right side of the forest transition curve. However, the national figure masks wide variations in forest cover in different parts of the country. Deforestation is a major problem in Central Highlands, while significant forest cover is also being lost in the north central region. Similarly, coastal mangrove forests have witnessed a large scale deforestation, with an average decline of 15,000 ha/year between 1985 and 2000. Another related issue is of forest degradation. Even though forest cover has increased in many parts of the country, the quality of forests has not. While less than 1% of the land area is now under primary forests, more than 2/3rd of the natural forests are considered poor or regenerating. Forest conservation and management through REDD+ initiatives has ample scope at the national and sub-national level. The main agency to manage land is the Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE) while the administration of forest and forestry land is under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). Both MONRE and MARD have corresponding departments at the province and district levels.

The Government of Vietnam has taken several important initiatives to conserve forests and to decentralize forest management in the country. Although all land is owned by the state, under the 2003 Land Law and the Decision 181 passed in 2004 as part of the Forest Protection and Development Law, forest land can be allocated to local people in various forms: individual households, groups of households, and village communities. The forest land can be allocated in the form of ?red book certificates? for 50 years, renewable for another 50 years. Another important initiative is the Decision 380 introduced in 2008, under which local people can receive Payments for Forest Environmental Services (PFES). After the piloting of PFES in Lam Dong and Son La provinces, the program is now being planned for large scale replication throughout the country. Under PFES, the government is also establishing a Forest Protection and Development Fund (FPDF) which will channel public and private funding to local people for forestry activities. In order to calibrate the payments to local context, the government has envisaged ?K coefficients? that will determine the specific payment depending on the state of forests and other natural parameters.

Both these initiatives have strong bearing on the scope of REDD+ program in Vietnam. Under a fair and effective Benefit Distribution System (BDS), the government is open to sharing international REDD+ revenue with local people that are involved in forest protection and management. The sub-technical working groups under the national REDD+ program are looking at the feasibility of establishing a sub-REDD fund under the FPDF that can provide payments to local people on the basis of REDD or ?R coefficients?. However, there are concerns regarding the equity element especially when a large proportion of the population does not possess red book certificates. Another concern is how to balance the need for upfront benefits to community members with performance based payments that are conditional on emission reduction. Other concerns include the limitation of REDD payments in addressing drivers of deforestation that lie outside the forest areas and in sufficiently compensating community members/forest managers for their opportunity costs.

Integrating REDD+ programs with the landscape level approach promoted by REALU can help address many of these concerns. Instead of providing payments for only forest conservation activities, REALU incentivizes community members for conserving all carbon rich land uses. In addition, cross-sectoral planning helps governments in formulating policies that are effective in addressing drivers of deforestation, while providing long term incentives to community members to adopt sustainable land use practices. Considering that the experience with REDD+ in Vietnam has been mainly limited to national level, and that demonstration activities will be needed in the field to add momentum to the present initiative, ICRAF Vietnam decided to focus the sub-national activities under REALU to Bac Kan province.]]> Vietnam English Rohit Jindal RJ, Do Trong H and Hoang, et al MH. Program Feasibility Note for Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) activities in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. Report to ASB partnerships for the tropical forest marginsHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 65 p. GRP 6 2701 RP 280 RP0280-12 Final Report of the TULSEA project in Vietnam Nguyen Hoang Quan, Elisabeth Simelton and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 17 Within the frame of TULSEA project, ICRAF Vietnam contributed with the developing of two tools, namely PaLA and PaPOLD. Case studies from Vietnam on these tools have been shared with other SEA countries involved in TULSEA project through TULSEA regional training in the Philippines and Indonesia in 2009 and 2910, respectively.]]> Philippines English Quan NH, Simelton E and Hoang MH. Final Report of the TULSEA project in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 17 p. GRP 6 2700 RP 279 RP0279-12 Training of Trainers (ToT) on the Toolbox in natural resources management and in Payment for Environmental Services in Vietnam - TUL-VIETNAM Elisabeth Simelton 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 39
This TUL-Vietnam ToT is a part of TUL-SEA project, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and Deutsche Gesellschaft fόr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), and coordinated by ICRAF. The project started in 2007 with project activities in six Southest Asian countries (including Vietnam and China).

The first TULSEA training in Vietnam was organized during one week, November, 22-27, 2008, in Nui Coc, Thai Nguyen province for 20 participants from provinces, research organizations, and universities. As a result, six partners have started testing the tools in three different agro-ecological zones of Vietnam, including the northern uplands (Bac Kan, Thai Nguyen), northern midlands (Hoa Binh), and central coastal region (Thua Thien Hue). These results have been incorporated into SEA TULSEA book in English and TUL-Vietnam book in Vietnamese. Both books will be published in 2011.

On request from IFAD-PES project in Bac Kan and in order to bring some selected TULSEA tools to the real life of rural development program in Vietnam, the second TULSEA workshop named TUL-Vietnam was organized in March-April 2011. The focus of this ToT was to introduce four key tools for developing PES/RES mechanisms:
Participatory Analysis Of Poverty, Livelihoods And Environment Dynamics (PaPOLD) at community level. PaPOLD helps identify target groups and payment mechanisms that are fair and sustainable.
Participatory Landscape Analysis (PALA) at landscape, community and household levels. PaLA helps to identify the basis for decision making in land use and land-use changes. This knowledge is vital for designing PES.
Reverse Auction For Payment Of Environmental Services (RA): RA is a new tool, which has been being tested in Africa and Southeast Asia, and is planned to be applied for PES negotiation in Bac Kan in 2011.
Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RaCSA): RaCSA is a tool to identify carbon Environmental Services, and gives communities the opportunity to participate in reporting and monitoring contracts in payment for Carbon ES.

The training was separated into two parts, a two-day theoretical in-house training in Hanoi (March 31 and April 1, 2011) and two weeks practical field-based training using the PALA and RaCSA tools in Bac Kan (April 2011). The training included over 20 enthusiastic participants who will continue to train IFAD-PES project in Bac Kan province.]]> Vietnam English Training of Trainers (ToT) on the Toolbox in natural resources management and in Payment for Environmental Services in Vietnam - TUL-VIETNAM. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 39 p. GRP 6 2699 JA 437 JA0437-12 Tree shape plasticity in relation to crown exposure Degi Harja, Gregoire Vincent, Rachmat Mulia and Meine van Noordwijk 2012 Trees Springer-Verlag 1-11 Trees outside closed forest stands differ in the relation between stem diameter, height and crown volume from trees that grew with neighbours close by. Whether this plasticity in tree shape varies between species in relation to their light requirement is unknown. We purposefully sampled 528 trees ranging 5?100 cm diameter at breast height growing in a range of light conditions. Across ten broad-leaved species observed in Sumatra or Kalimantan, a generic relationship was found between light exposure of the crown and a light-dependent al parameter that modifies the height?diameter allometric equation (H = alDb) from those for closed stands. In our results, vertical stretching is well predicted by light availability. In fully open conditions, trees are on average 31% shorter for the same diameter than under (partial) shade. Most of the stretching response occurs in all species as soon as some degree of lateral shading occurs. The response, however, varies by species (8?44% reduction) in a way apparently unrelated to species? successional status. Crown volume varied less than stem height in its relationship with stem diameter across all light conditions tested. The scaling of crown volume with stem diameter, however, differed markedly between tree species. Tree height, Crown shape, Humid tropics, Wood density, Allometry Southeast Asia English -1 Harja D, Vincent G, Mulia R and van Noordwijk M. 2012. Tree shape plasticity in relation to crown exposure. Trees. : P. 1-11. 2698 JA 436 JA0436-12 Towards operational payments for water ecosystem services in Tanzania: a case study from the Uluguru Mountains Dosteus Lopa, Iddi Mwanyoka, George Jambiya, Thabit Massoud, Paul Harrison, Mark Ellis-Jones, Tom Blomley, Beria Leimona, Meine van Noordwijk and Neil D. Burgess 2012 Oryx 46 01 34-44 Sustaining the regular flow of water from mountain forests is important for downstream stakeholders in seasonally dry tropical countries, and a watershed payment for ecosystem services (PES) scheme that links rural ecosystem service providers to urban water users through economic transfers may help to maintain water supply and forest habitat. A CARE/WWF project in the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania has established a pilot watershed PES scheme. We trace the development of this scheme and outline its initial impacts. Memoranda of Understanding between companies in Dar es Salaam (the downstream water users) and farmers in the mountains provide the framework to deliver tangible financial benefits to local people, help change patterns of land use and potentially improve water quality. A number of lessons learned from this project are relevant for similar schemes elsewhere in the region. Overcoming the various challenges is essential for expanding the current pilot project to a scale where it delivers measurable changes in water quality for downstream users. Africa, direct payments for conservation, Eastern Arc Mountains, payment for ecosystem services, PES, tropical forest, Tanzania, Uluguru Mountains Southeast Asia English 0 Lopa D, Mwanyoka I, Jambiya G, Massoud T, Harrison P, Ellis-Jones M, Blomley T, Leimona B, van Noordwijk M and Burgess ND. 2012. Towards operational payments for water ecosystem services in Tanzania: a case study from the Uluguru Mountains. Oryx. 46(01):P. 34-44. GRP 6 2697 LE 175 LE0175-12 Current Watershed Functioning of Manupali RUPES Philippines team 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Phillipines This series is created to help stakeholders inform the design of rewards for environmental services (RES) mechanism in Manupali watershed. In this issue, we highlight the results of the GenRiver model, as part of the Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) conducted for Manupali watershed, from July 2009 to January 2010. Philippines English RUPES Philippines team. 2011. Current Watershed Functioning of Manupali. [Leaflet].Phillipines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. GRP 6 2696 BK 153 BK0153-12 Studi Kebijakan Penguatan Tenurial Masyarakat Dalam Penguasaan Hutan Kurnia Warman, Idris Sardi, Andiko and Gamma Galudra 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Perkumpulan untuk Pembaruan Hukum yang Berbasiskan Masyarakat dan Ekologis (HuMa) Bogor, Indonesia 111 978 979 3198 61 3 Berdasarkan hal itu, sebagai upaya pengembangan dan perbaikan instrumen tenurial yang menjamin masyarakat adat dan lokal untuk menguasai tanah dan lansekap serta memastikan sistem imbalan bagi masyarakat, khususnya dalam praktek REDD, studi ini dimulai dengan mencoba mencari jawaban dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut: 1) Seperti apa bentuk sistem tenurial yang saat ini disediakan oleh hukum dan kebijakan pemerintah, serta yang ada dan berkembang pada tingkat masyarakat, baik di dalam maupun di luar kawasan hutan? Analisis ini mencakup bentuk pengelolaan dan penguasaan tanah, beserta persoalan tumpang tindih klaim. 2) Bagaimana kesenjangan antara tujuan kebijakan dan praktek kebijakan di lapangan? 3) Bagaimana kebijakan mekanisme dan imbal jasa lingkungan berjalan, khususnya REDD?
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, studi ini kemudian mengulas secara singkat pemikiran-pemikiran tentang tenure, hak atas tenure dan kepastian tenurial. Selanjutnya, buku ini juga mengulas pengaturan hukum mengenai pengaturan tenure atas tanah dan hutan, khususnya ruang-ruang hukum yang tersedia untuk masyarakat adat ataupun masyarakat lokal. Dalam kerangka berpikir mekanisme imbal jasa lingkungan, khususnya REDD, buku ini akan menggambarkan secara singkat salah satu perdebatan hukum penting mengenai hak atas karbon. Ulasan hak atas karbon ini penting dibahas dalam kerangka kompensasi atas kegiatankegiatan penyimpanan dan penyerapan karbon dalam skema REDD. Selain mengenai kajian-kajian normatif teori maupun kebijakan, buku ini juga akan membawa pembaca kepada temuan-temuan studi lapangan yang dilakukan di propinsi Sumatra Barat dan Jambi. Akan dijelaskan cara kerja seperangkat aturan normatif. Temuan-temuan studi ini akan dianalisis dalam pendekatan kepastian tenurial menurut hukum.
Studi ini menemukan bahwa dalam kacamata teori hukum, masyarakat tidak memiliki kepastian tenurial yang penuh untuk melindungi tanah-tanah komunal mereka di bawah aturan pertanahan yang ada. Hal serupa terjadi di dalam ruang perizinan pemanfaatan hutan yang ada. Dalam konteks kehutanan, setiap perizinan pengelolaan hutan oleh masyarakat tidak memiliki mekanisme keluhan yang singkat dan sederhana serta murah untuk menyelesaikan setiap masalah dan sengketa yang timbul. Masyarakat juga tidak memiliki ruang yang cukup untuk menentukan arah kebijakan pengelolaan hutan, begitu juga halnya dengan durasi hak yang terbatas. Sehingga dalam situasi demikian akan sulit memastikan bahwa hak atas karbon dalam kerangka REDD itu akan secara efektif dimiliki oleh masyarakat.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Warman K, Sardi I, Andiko and Galudra G. 2012. Studi Kebijakan Penguatan Tenurial Masyarakat Dalam Penguasaan Hutan. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Perkumpulan untuk Pembaruan Hukum yang Berbasiskan Masyarakat dan Ekologis (HuMa). 111 p. GRP 6 2695 BC 327 BC0327-12 Vegetable Crops Grown Between Strips of Arachis pintoi Agustin Mercado, Jr., Don Immanuel Edralin and Manuel Reyes Delia Catacutan, Agustin Mercado, Jr., Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Victor B. Ella, Victoria O.Espaldon, Agnes C. Rola, Manuel Palada, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Jean A. Saludadez, Anthony M. Penaso, Miriam R. Nguyen, Charmaine Pailagao, Isidra B. Bagares, Nat... 2012 Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Beijing, China Special Publication No. 6b 12 177-188 Lantapan, Bukidnon in Mindanao. Philippines is famous for its yearround vegetable production due to favorable climate and use of suitable technologies. Tomato, bell pepper, cabbage, Chinese cabbage and carrots, grown widely in Lantapan, were evaluated as to their growth and yield performance in live Mulch and drip irrigation. Arachis pintoi, a perennial legume, was used as live mulch. Drip irrigation uses a specially designed low-cost material that supplies water drip after drip to plants. Vegetable crops were transplanted 6 months after A. pintoi establishment. A. pintoi grew well on acid soils and has a potential to be used as live mulch in intensive vegetable production as it covers the soil with dense neat of stolons protecting soils from all forms of erosion. The growth of tomato, Chinese cabbage and carrots, however, were negatively affected by A. pintoi but bell pepper and cabbage growth were not. Yields of vegetable crops except bell pepper were also negatively affected by A. pintoi. Bell pepper, known to withstand water logging may have played an important role in this wet season. The use of live mulch in tomato, cabbage, Chinese cabbage and carrot production is not advisable during wet season but may be advantageous during dry season. Growing A. pintoi in bell pepper production is a good option as it did not affect its growth and yield. Proper management of A. pintoi may lessen, if not eliminate, the detrimental effect to crops during wet season. Live mulch, cover crop, Arachis pintoi, drip irrigation Philippines English Mercado, Jr. A, Edralin DI and Reyes M. 2012. Vegetable Crops Grown Between Strips of Arachis pintoi. In: Catacutan D, Mercado, Jr. A, Chiong-Javier ME, Ella VB, Espaldon VO, Rola AC, Palada M, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Saludadez JA, Penaso AM, Nguyen MR, Pailagao CP, Bagares IB, Alibuyog NR, Midmore D, Reyes M, Cajilig R, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines. Beijing, China. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 177-188. GRP 2 2694 BC 326 BC0326-12 Bridging the Gap between Central and Locally-Formulated Policies to Promote Smallholder Investments in Vegetable-Agroforestry: the case of Lantapan Municipality in southern Philippines Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on and Delia Catacutan Delia Catacutan, Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Victor B. Ella, Victoria O.Espaldon, Agnes C. Rola, Manuel Palada, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Jean A. Saludadez, Anthony M. Penaso, Miriam R. Nguyen, Charmaine Pailagao, Isidra B. Bagares, ... 2012 Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Beijing, China Special Publication No. 6b 18 367-384 The Philippines? policy environment is generally supportive to vegetable agroforestry (VAF), but the benefits to smallholders remain limited. National Ievel policies are often slow in addressing the diverse and immediate needs of smallholders local policy response is thus needed to offset this gap, At the local level, policy support is needed to improve the extension system especially in improving access to new technologies, establishing market linkages and providing infrastructure support. This paper presents the experience of Lantapan Municipality in initiating a pro-smallholder incentive-based policy, to stimulate smallholder investments in VAF. Policy instruments, vegetable agroforestry, incentive-based policy, smallholders Philippines English Duque-PiΓ±on C and Catacutan D. 2012. Bridging the Gap between Central and Locally-Formulated Policies to Promote Smallholder Investments in Vegetable-Agroforestry: the case of Lantapan Municipality in southern Philippines. In: Catacutan D, Mercado Jr. AR, Chiong-Javier ME, Ella VB, Espaldon VO, Rola AC, Palada M, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Saludadez JA, Penaso AM, Nguyen MR, Pailagao CP, Bagares IB, Alibuyog NR, Midmore D, Reyes M, Cajilig R, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines. Beijing, China. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 367-384. GRP 6 2693 BC 325 BC0325-12 Women Farmer and ?Angels of the Earth?: Piloting Vermicomposting in a Vegetable ?Agroforestry System Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Agustin Mercado, Jr. and Manuel Reyes Delia Catacutan, Agustin Mercado, Jr., Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Victor B. Ella, Victoria O.Espaldon, Agnes C. Rola, Manuel Palada, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Jean A. Saludadez, Anthony M. Penaso, Miriam R. Nguyen, Charmaine Pailagao, Isidra B. Bagares, Nat... 2012 Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Beijing, China Special Publication No. 6b 18 261-277 Women farmers, venuicomposting, sustainable technology, organic fertilizer Philippines English Chiong-Javier ME, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Mercado, Jr. A and Reyes M. 2012. Women Farmer and β€œAngels of the Earth”: Piloting Vermicomposting in a Vegetable –Agroforestry System. In: Catacutan D, Mercado, Jr. A, Chiong-Javier ME, Ella VB, Espaldon VO, Rola AC, Palada M, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Saludadez JA, Penaso AM, Nguyen MR, Pailagao CP, Bagares IB, Alibuyog NR, Midmore D, Reyes M, Cajilig R, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines. Beijing, China. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 261-277. GRP 2, GRP 6 2692 BC 324 BC0324-12 Selection of Vegetable Crops under Vegetable-Agroforestry System Manuel Palada, D. L. Wu, G.C. Luther, Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, M. Bhattarai, Agustin Mercado, Jr., M Reyes and Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on Delia Catacutan, Agustin Mercado, Jr., Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Victor B. Ella, Victoria O.Espaldon, Agnes C. Rola, Manuel Palada, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Jean A. Saludadez, Anthony M. Penaso, Miriam R. Nguyen, Charmaine Pailagao, Isidra B. Bagares, Nat... 2012 Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Beijing, China Special Publication No. 6b 18 113-130 Tree-crop interactions in agroforestry systems involving vegetable crops have not been studied extensively because previous research in agroforestry focused on agronomic arable field crops. A vegetable-agroforestry system was established at AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center to: 1) study tree-crop interactions in alley-cropping vegetable crops with tropical fruit trees in terms of competition and/or complementarity: 2) investigate the influence of tree crops on natural habitat and insect pest populations in vegetable alley-cropping systems; and 3) evaluate total productivity and economic re- turns from high value horticultural crops in an agroforestry system. Seedlings of 12 tropical fruit tree species: Anona reticulata, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Chrysophyllum caimito, Coffea arabica, Eugenia brasiliensis, Eugenia uniflora, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria caampechiana, Psvdium littorale, Rollinia mucosa, Svzygium samarangense, and Tamarindus indica were established in December 2005 at AVRDC's Organic Vegetable Research Plots. Vegetable crops were grown sequentially in alley beds between tree hedgerows 10 months after tree establishment. Monoculture cropping of vegetables was established for comparison. The trial was conducted using a randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications. Establishment and initial growth of trees varied according to species. Outstanding species for stand establishment and growth were A. heterophyllus, C. caimito, T. Indicus and A. reticulata. Marketable yields of vegetables varied with species over a period of 3 years and 4 sequential cropping seasons. During the first two seasons, marketable yield levels were not influenced by tree hedgerows, which were in the stage of being established. The effect of tree-crop competition in reducing yield was not apparent. As fruit trees became fully established and developed full canopies, the demand for soil moisture, nutrients and light increased, which resulted in significant yield reduction for sweett pepper (64%), tomato (47%), and Chinese cabbage (20%). Cucumber and eggplant were less affected by tree hedgerows, with yield reductions of I% and 11 %, respectively. Shading of vegetables by trees was considered a major factor in decreased yield. With time, yield loss from vegetable crops will be compensated by yield gains in fruit trees as some species were already at the reproductive stage. Incidence of insect pests and economic returns from vegetable production under hedgerow intercropping are presented in the report. Our results suggest that integration of high value vegetable crops during the early stage of tree establishment in agroforestry systems can provide quick economic returns which are of tremendous benefits to livelihoods of smallholder growers as the returns from trees can be obtained later. The early economic return from vegetables compliments the benefits from fruits leading to sustainable vegetable-agroforestry systems which will provide positive incentives for the resource-poor and smallholders in the tropics. Alley cropping, tree-crop interaction, tropical fruit trees, vegetable crops Philippines English Palada M, Wu DL, Luther G, Chiong-Javier ME, Bhattarai M, Mercado, Jr. A, Reyes M and Duque-PiΓ±on C. 2012. Selection of Vegetable Crops under Vegetable-Agroforestry System. In: Catacutan D, Mercado, Jr. A, Chiong-Javier ME, Ella VB, Espaldon VO, Rola AC, Palada M, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Saludadez JA, Penaso AM, Nguyen MR, Pailagao CP, Bagares IB, Alibuyog NR, Midmore D, Reyes M, Cajilig R, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines. Beijing, China. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 113-130. GRP 2, GRP 6 2691 BC 323 BC0323-12 Vegetable-Agroforestry (VAF) System: Understanding Vegetable- Tree Interaction as a Key to Successful Vegetable Farming in the Uplands of Southeast Asia Agustin Mercado, Jr., Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Manuel Palada and Manuel Reyes Delia Catacutan, Agustin Mercado, Jr., Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Victor B. Ella, Victoria O.Espaldon, Agnes C. Rola, Manuel Palada, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Jean A. Saludadez, Anthony M. Penaso, Miriam R. Nguyen, Charmaine Pailagao, Isidra B. Bagares, Nat... 2012 Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Beijing, China Special Publication No. 6b 34 79-112 Focus group discussions (FGD) were also conducted with VAF farmers on ways of integrating trees on vegetable farms. Furthermore, a field experiment was established to evaluate 30 different indigenous and commercial, tree, fruit, leafy, root and climbing vegetables planted in rows perpendicular to 6-year old Eucalyptus torelliana tree rows.
Most of the vegetable farmers interviewed (90%) were cultivating sloping land, and they used trees like hedgerows or farm boundaries or random plantings on-farm to control soil erosion, improve farm productivity and meet other household purposes. Vegetable-agroforestry farmers expressed difficulties during land preparation in areas close to the trees. They observed tree competition reflected in the yellowing of leaves and smaller size of plants, which they avoided by severely pruning the trees. On the other hand, they found darker soils, cooler temperature and reduced windspeed if they integrated trees on their farm. Under farmers' management, we found that the optimum tree rows spacing was 20-25 m apart, and tree species like Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus torelliana and Acacia mangium, were more suitable for VAF systems than Gmelina arborea and Maesopsis eminii. Trees pruned from 40-60% of their canopies provided better complementarity effects. Suit- able commercial vegetables were common cabbage, cauliflower, carrots and bell pepper. There was a positive relationship between net complementarity indices (NCi) and tree height and the amount of canopy left after tree pruning, but NCi was negatively related to canopy width. Vegetables grown on the cast or south side of tree rows yielded better than the opposite.
In researcher-managed experiments, fruit and root vegetables were more adapted than leafy vegetables for planting near the trees, with the exception of eggplants. Tree vegetables were more responsive at supplementarity zones, which was from 6 to 15 m from the tree line and had higher net complementarity indices (NCi). Among the commercial vegetables, tomato, carrots and Chinese cabbage had the highest percent increase in yield (PY) under tree-based systems. Leafy vegetables were Ammaranthus (TOT 2272), Jute (TOT 6667) and Basella (TOT 5274): climbing vegetables was yard-long bean (TVO 2141), eggplant (SOU-633) and Okra for fruit vegetables, and Malunggay (Moringa oliefera), Alekway (Abelmuchos manihot) and Katuray (Sesbania grandiflora) for indigenous vegetables.]]> Vegetable-tree interaction, successful farming, uplands, SE Asia Philippines English Mercado, Jr. A, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Palada M and Reyes M. 2012. Vegetable-Agroforestry (VAF) System: Understanding Vegetable- Tree Interaction as a Key to Successful Vegetable Farming in the Uplands of Southeast Asia. In: Catacutan D, Mercado, Jr. A, Chiong-Javier ME, Ella VB, Espaldon VO, Rola AC, Palada M, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Saludadez JA, Penaso AM, Nguyen MR, Pailagao CP, Bagares IB, Alibuyog NR, Midmore D, Reyes M, Cajilig R, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines. Beijing, China. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 79-112. GRP 2, GRP 6 2690 BC 322 BC0322-12 Tree and Vegetable Management under Vegetable-Agroforestry System Agustin Mercado, Jr., Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Manuel Reyes and Manuel Palada Delia Catacutan, Agustin Mercado, Jr., Ma. Elena Chiong-Javier, Victor B. Ella, Victoria O.Espaldon, Agnes C. Rola, Manuel Palada, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Jean A. Saludadez, Anthony M. Penaso, Miriam R. Nguyen, Charmaine Pailagao, Isidra B. Bagares, Nat... 2012 Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Beijing, China Special Publication No. 6b 16 131-145 In intensive vegetable production systems in the uplands, monoculture systems are not sustainable, but integrating trees is feasible and offers better prospects. Tree and vegetable management in the context of' Vegetable- Agroforestry (VAF) system was studied at Lantapan, Bukidnon, Philippines. The intent was to improve the net benefits of VAF through improved complementarity and reduced competition among components. This emphasized the integration of valuable trees into the system. This includes among others tree- vegetable matching, tree Silvicultural and vegetable crops agronomic manage- ments. Under Vegetable-Agroforestry system, vegetable yields can increase by up to 40%. This is due to the ameliorative effects of trees on the environment on associated vegetable crops. The Vegetable-Agroforestry system is arguably the most appropriate option for upper watersheds utilized for intensive vegetable production. It enhances the productivity and profitability of vegetable production, while reducing production risks and environmental hazards. Tree and vegetable management, complementarily, competition Philippines English Mercado, Jr. A, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Reyes M and Palada M. 2012. Tree and Vegetable Management under Vegetable-Agroforestry System. In: Catacutan D, Mercado, Jr. A, Chiong-Javier ME, Ella VB, Espaldon VO, Rola AC, Palada M, Duque-PiΓ±on C, Saludadez JA, Penaso AM, Nguyen MR, Pailagao CP, Bagares IB, Alibuyog NR, Midmore D, Reyes M, Cajilig R, Suthumchai W, Kunta K and Sombatpanit S,eds. Vegetable-Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines. Beijing, China. : World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC), Beijing, China and the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya. P. 131-145. GRP 2, GRP 6 2689 JA 435 JA0435-12 Auction Design for the Private Provision of Public Goods in Developing Countries: Lessons from Payments for Environmental Services in Malawi and Indonesia Oluyede C. Ajayi, Broke Kelsey Jack and Beria Leimona 2012 World Development Elsevier Ltd 1-11 Payments for environmental services programs use direct incentives to improve the environmental impacts of private land use decisions. An auction offers an approach to efficiently allocating contracts among least-cost landholders, which can improve the overall cost-effectiveness of the approach. However, experiences with auctions in developing country settings are limited. We compare the results of two case studies that use auctions to allocate payments for environmental service contracts in Indonesia and Malawi. While the settings and the contracts differ, regularities in auction design allow comparisons and general lessons about the application of auctions to payments for environmental services programs. payments for environmental services, cost-effectiveness, auction, land use, Malawi, Indonesia doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.12.007 Southeast Asia IN PRESS English Ajayi OC, Kelsey Jack B and Leimona B. 2012. Auction Design for the Private Provision of Public Goods in Developing Countries: Lessons from Payments for Environmental Services in Malawi and Indonesia. World Development. : P. 1-11. GRP 6 2688 JA 434 JA0434-12 Agroforestry Interactions in Rainfed Agriculture: Can Hedgerow Intercropping Systems Sustain Crop Yield on an Ultisol in Lampung (Indonesia)? Didik Suprayogo, Kurniatun Hairiah, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2010 AGRIVITA Brawijaya University 32 3 205-215 The productivity of rainfed agriculture land developed on Ultisols is limited by physical and chemical constraints. These problems can be solved and consistently high yields obtained only by the development of comprehensive manage-ment systems. In the 1980s, hedgerow inter-cropping was promoted initially for improving soil fertility and sustainability of crop production on nutrient-depleted soils. However the previous enthusiasm for hedgerow intercropping is unsupported by scientific evidence and its labour demand too high. The question remains, is there a window of opportunity where the biophysical principle of hedgerow intercropping is sound? Research to compare the long-term performance of crops and trees in hedgerow intercropping and monocluture cropping is needed. This research has been conducted at long-term field experiment station at the BMSF-Project, Lampung, Indone-sia. The experiment site had non-nitrogen-fixing peltophorum (PP), nitrogen-fixing gliricidia (GG) and alternate peltophorum and gliricidia (PG) hedgerow intercropping and maize / groundnut monoculture (C) treatments. We concluded that the net interactions related to soil fertility and competition for growth resources in peltophroum were positive for crop yield in PP and PG but negative for GG. Even so, the PP and PG sys-tems resulted in similar yields as monocropping; however, hedgerow intercropping considerably improved soil fertility attributes. Agroforestry, crop yield, ultisols, tropics, sustainable Southeast Asia English Suprayogo D, Hairiah K, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. 2010. Agroforestry Interactions in Rainfed Agriculture: Can Hedgerow Intercropping Systems Sustain Crop Yield on an Ultisol in Lampung (Indonesia)?. AGRIVITA. 32(3):P. 205-215. 2687 JA 433 JA0433-12 Impacts of rattan cane harvesting on vegetation structure and tree diversity of Conservation Forest in Buton, Indonesia Atiek Widayati and Bruce Carlisle 2012 Forest Ecology and Management Elsevier B.V. 266 2012 206-215 Lambusango Forest, Buton, Indonesia, is an example of the potential for conflict between forest conservation and long standing local extraction of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs), in this case rattan cane harvesting. This paper investigates the impacts of rattan harvesting on tree and understorey vegetation structure, species richness and diversity. Tree and understorey vegetation characteristics and soil and topographic variables were recorded in forest plots. Interviews with rattan harvesters recorded information on harvesting techniques and locations. The relationships between tree and understorey vegetation characteristics and soils, topography and rattan harvesting techniques were assessed with the multivariate ordination technique of Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Analysis of the relationships with rattan harvesting proximity and forest designation zone used Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVA). Tree species richness and diversity are primarily affected by slope gradient and altitude, while tree size is affected mainly by soil chemical factors. Only a small part of the variation in tree structure measures can be attributed to the impacts of rattan cane harvesting. Stronger adverse effects on understorey vegetation density, including tree saplings and seedlings, were found. This is thought to be a case of rattan harvesting exacerbating the effects of competition between rattan plants and other understorey vegetation. Longer term monitoring of forest characteristics could provide stronger understanding of the impacts. However, rattan harvesting appears to have little effect on forest structure and diversity in Lambusango Forest, suggesting that relatively small scale NTFP extraction does not necessarily conflict with forest conservation. Non-timber forest product, Forest conservation, Rattan cane harvesting, Forest structure, Buton Island Southeast Asia English Widayati A and Carlisle B. 2012. Impacts of rattan cane harvesting on vegetation structure and tree diversity of Conservation Forest in Buton, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management. 266(2012):P. 206-215. 2686 BK 152 BK0152-12 Burung-burung Agroforest di Sumatera Asep Ayat Ani Mardiastuti 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 112 978-979-3198-60-6 Agroforest merupakan salah satu tipe penggunaan lahan yang banyak diterapkan oleh masyarakat di Sumatera karena dianggap memiliki fungsi dalam mendukung kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat dari tanaman utamanya dan memiliki fungsi ekologi dalam menjaga kelestarian sumber daya air, kesuburan tanah, pengatur iklim dan habitat bagi keanekaragaman hayati.
Hasil penelitian di Sumatera menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 300 jenis burung ditemukan pada kawasan agroforest dan sekitarnya. Hal ini menjadi indikasi nyata bahwa kawasan agroforest di Sumatera mampu memberikan daya dukung sebagai habitat burung. Artinya, kawasan agroforest dapat menyediakan kebutuhan hidup seperti pakan dan tempat tinggal bagi berbagai jenis burung.
Buku ini dirancang untuk pegangan bagi masyarakat dan pemerhati keanekaragaman hayati agar dapat mengenali jenisjenis burung sehingga tertarik untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang kehidupan dan manfaatnya. Penulis berharap masyarakat dan para pemerhati keanekaragaman hayati dapat memberikan kontribusi pada pelestarian jenis-jenis burung sebagai indikator lingkungan dari aspek keanekaragaman hayati.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Ayat A. 2011. Burung-burung Agroforest di Sumatera. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 112 p. GRP 2 2685 PO 289 PO0289-12 Rice fish ? land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials ? In Vietnamese language Elisabeth Simelton, Hoang Thi Hieu, Dam Viet Bac, Nguyen Thi Hoa and Pham Thanh Loan 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change Response The objective of this research is to identify pathways towards multifunctional land-uses, in particular identify socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs associated with these transitions. Here we present the results for rice-fish cultivation ? a traditional way of organic agriculture and land use diversification.]]> Vietnam Vietnamese Simelton E, Hoang TH, Dam VB, Nguyen TH and Pham TL. Rice fish – land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials – In Vietnamese language. : Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change ResponseHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 2684 PO 288 PO0288-12 Rice fish ? land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials Elisabeth Simelton, Hoang Thi Hieu, Dam Viet Bac, Nguyen Thi Hoa and Pham Thanh Loan 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change Response The objective of this research is to identify pathways towards multifunctional land-uses, in particular identify socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs associated with these transitions. Here we present the results for rice-fish cultivation ? a traditional way of organic agriculture and land use diversification.]]> Vietnam English Simelton E, Hoang TH, Dam VB, Nguyen TH and Pham TL. Rice fish – land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials. : Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change ResponseHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 2683 LE 174 LE0174-12 Frequently asked questions and answers on payment for forest environmental services - Basis for designing locally appropriate mechanisms of payment for environmental services- In Vietnamese language Do Trong Hoan, Alba Saray-Teran, Dam Viet Bac and Hoang Minh Ha 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam Vietnamese Do Trong H, Saray-Teran A, Dam VB and Hoang MH. 2010. Frequently asked questions and answers on payment for forest environmental services - Basis for designing locally appropriate mechanisms of payment for environmental services- In Vietnamese language. [Leaflet].Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. GRP 6 2682 PB 36 PB0036-12 Farmers? tree nurseries in Vietnam: opportunities and constraints Hoang Minh Ha, James M Roshetko, Marc Dumas-Johansen, Nguyen Thi Hoa, Doan Duc Lan, Dinh Ngoc Lan and Ramni Jamnadass 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 12 Farmers? nursery can play an inportant rol in supporting government reforestration programs as well as the development of local agroforestry systems that enhance the livelihoods of farmers. They have the protential to be commercial enterprises that enhance the livelihood of farmer-operators. However a lack of access to quality gerplasm, technical support and markets limits the development and success of farmers? nursery. The policy brief has also shown the main way to overcome these constraints. Vietnam English Hoang MH, Roshetko JM, Dumas-Johansen M, Nguyen TH, Doan DL, Dinh NL and Jamnadass R. 2011. Farmers’ tree nurseries in Vietnam: opportunities and constraints. Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 12 p. GRP 6 2681 NL 50 NL0050-12 Agfor Sulawesi - Januari 2012 Lia Dahlia, James M Roshetko and Robert Finlayson 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Januari 2012 1-6 The Agroforestry and Forestry in Sulawesi: Linking Knowledge with Action (AgFor Sulawesi) project works with local communities, governments and non-government organizations to improve farmers' incomes through agroforestry and landscape-management systems. Agroforestry is a combination of agriculture and forestry: trees that farmers want are grown on their farms or community land, often mixed with other crops and livestock. When these agroforests grow old they often look more like natural forests than tree farms because they are usually a mix of different types of trees. Experience has shown that agroforests can improve farmers' incomes and help protect natural forests. AgFor Sulawesi plans to solve several problems in order to improve people's lives and help protect the environment. Southeast Asia Indonesian - English Dahlia L, Roshetko JM and Finlayson R. 2012. Agfor Sulawesi - Januari 2012. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1 2680 BK 151 BK0151-12 Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam ? In Vietnamese language Neil Powell, Asa Gerger Swartling and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 263 One of the major coclusions of this book is that owing to the gaps and inefficiencies in present rural development policies, stakeholders can either completely bypass many pollicies or adapt them in such a way that they are better aligned to their direct needs, Cast in a negative light, this outcome could be viewed as a problem in terms policy of compliance. Findings from the different cases suggest, however, that this trend can instead be viewed as a means to pave the way for a precess that has already begum ? power sharing and negotiation between the state, the commercial sector and civil society, This conclusion has been taken on board when formulating the PEARL concet, in which Sweden can share its lessons learned on co-governance on a level playing field. Vietnam Vietnamese 2011. Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam – In Vietnamese language. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 263 p. 2679 BK 150 BK0150-12 Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam Neil Powell, Asa Gerger Swartling and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Hanoi, Vietnam 167 One of the major coclusions of this book is that owing to the gaps and inefficiencies in present rural development policies, stakeholders can either completely bypass many pollicies or adapt them in such a way that they are better aligned to their direct needs, Cast in a negative light, this outcome could be viewed as a problem in terms policy of compliance. Findings from the different cases suggest, however, that this trend can instead be viewed as a means to pave the way for a precess that has already begum ? power sharing and negotiation between the state, the commercial sector and civil society, This conclusion has been taken on board when formulating the PEARL concet, in which Sweden can share its lessons learned on co-governance on a level playing field. Vietnam English 2011. Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 167 p. 2678 TD 167 TD0167-12 Payments for environmental services (PES) from tourism: A realistic incentive to improve local livelihoods and sustain forest landscapes in Viet Nam?s northern highlands Kira de Groot 2011 Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, The Netherlands 113 Department of Environmental Sciences Msc Vietnam English de Groot K. 2011. Payments for environmental services (PES) from tourism: A realistic incentive to improve local livelihoods and sustain forest landscapes in Viet Nam’s northern highlands. Wageningen, The Netherlands. : Wageningen University and Research Centre. 113 p. GRP 6 2677 JA 432 JA0432-12 Benefit distribution across scales to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Vietnam Hoang Minh Ha, Do Trong Hoan, Minh Thoa Pham, Meine van Noordwijk and Peter A Minang 2012 Journal of Land Use Policy Elsevier Ltd 1-15 Research questions were how to incorporate international, national and local stakeholders? investments into any distribution scheme; and how to sustain and manage an efficient, effective and equitable funding scheme for environmental services, including REDD+ revenues. Multiple data collection and analytical methods (including participatory approaches) were used to answer both research questions. Additionally, for the second question, we employed cost-benefit, opportunity cost and economic analyses.
Three key concepts formed the research frame for this paper: (1) benefit-distribution systems; (2) reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus conservation (REDD+); and (3) the broader concept of payments or rewards for ecosystem services; as well as lessons learned from existing, similar schemes.
This results shows that an appropriate benefit-sharing system for REDD+ revenues can be developed in such a way that meets international regulations as well as national and sub-national circumstances, particularly for the environmental services? providers who directly protect forests. Vietnam?s payments for forest environmental services? and integrated conservation schemes (where conservation and rural development are integrated) serve as a base for the development of a REDD+ benefit-distribution system.
We discuss ways of bundling such schemes with REDD+ ?service? payments and income streams from forestry and agroforestry ?goods? to provide short-term food- security/economic return and long-term environmental benefits. This combination is expected to provide sustainable incentives, but further effort is needed in the use of participatory methods and a ?bottom-up? approach to provide a strong base for an effective and equitable REDD+ mechanism at landscape level.
Experience drawn from Vietnam, in general, and in Bac Kan, in particular, can be replicated and directly contribute to reducing carbon emissions globally.]]> REDD+, Benefit sharing 16 system, Payment for environmental services, Equity, Transparency, Accountability, Effectiveness, Watershed management, Participatory Vietnam IN PRESS English Hoang MH, Do Trong H, Pham MT, van Noordwijk M and Minang PA. 2011. Benefit distribution across scales to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Vietnam. Journal of Land Use Policy. : P. 1-15. GRP 6 2676 JA 431 JA0431-12 Soil map classified by the soil classification system of the FAO-UNESCO Dam Xuan Van, Dam Viet Bac and Le Thi Thanh Van 2011 Journal of science and technology Thai Nguyen University 1-5 Soil map of Vo Nhai district are oriented establishments to offer appropriately land use for each land unit that using of advantages as well as troubleshoot limitations of each land unit, and propose the suitable solution in the soil reform. Vietnam Vietnamese Dam XV, Dam VB and Le TT. 2011. Soil map classified by the soil classification system of the FAO-UNESCO. Journal of science and technology. : P. 1-5. 2675 JA 430 JA0430-12 Driving forces of land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005) Dam Viet Bac and Dam Xuan Van 2011 Journal of science and technology Thai Nguyen University 1-14 The study was conducted at the Ngoc Phai Commune, Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. The aimed to determine land-use changes (LUCs) and their driving forces for the last 15 years (1990-2005) of Doi Moi (renovation) era in the mountainous region of northern Vietnam. The proximate (direct) driving forces of land-use change include wood extraction and slash-and-burn, shift in agricultural expansion, cattle ranching, demographic factors, biological factors (soil degradation) and physical factors (slope, elevation and distance from location of LUCs to the main road). In contrast, the underlying (indirect) driving forces of LUCs were Land Allocation Program 1992-1997, Five Million-Hectare Forest Restoration Program 1998-2010, Land Law 1993, Market-driven and Financial Aids in Forest Development. During the first period (1990-1998), the implementation of the forest allocation program became in allocated forest areas. Unfortunately, high rate of forest disturbance happened in the unallocated areas. During second period (1998-2005), after implementation of the land allocation program, market-driven and technological change created different effects on both gain of forest area and loss of forest areas. This period marked a strong economic transformation on agricultural production activities (shift in agricultural sector) and supports from government?s program. However, the forest protection and management seemed to be less effective compared to the first period, during land allocation implementation. driving forces, land use change, mountainous region, northern Vietnam Vietnam English Dam VB and Dam XV. 2011. Driving forces of land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005). Journal of science and technology. : P. 1-14. GRP 6 2674 JA 429 JA0429-12 Forest land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005) Dam Viet Bac and Dam Xuan Van 2011 Journal of science and technology Thai Nguyen University 1-6 The study was conducted at the Ngoc Phai Commune, Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. The aimed to determine land-use changes (LUCs) for the last 15 years (1990-2005) of Doi Moi (renovation) era in the mountainous region of northern Vietnam. For spatial data, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was applied as a tool for determining LUCs. Three land-use maps (1990, 1998 and 2005) were overlaid and grouped into two intervals (1990-1998 and 1998-2005). Several thematic maps were created such as slope, elevation, drainage and road maps. Moreover, the study site was divided into 204-grid cells with 500 m x 500 m/cell or 25 ha/cell to identify and quantity the area and location of the land-use changes associated with the grid cell level. For the period 1990-1998, the total area of forest degradation was 109.31 ha. This occurred at 15°-35° slope, 500-700 masl and at a distance of 500-1000m from location of LUCs to the main road. Forest restoration for the same time period was 108.30 ha mainly at 15°-35° slope, 400-700 mal and at a distance of 100-250 m followed by 250-500 m and 500-750 m. For the period 1998-2005, forest degradation had a total area of 625.47 ha mainly at 15°-35°slope, 400-600 masl and at a distance of 250-500 m followed by 500-750 m and 750 ? 1000 m. Forest restoration for the same time period was 657.94 ha mainly at 15°-35° slope, 400-700 mal and at a distance of 250-500 m followed by 500-750 m and 750-1000 m. Vietnam English Dam VB and Dam XV. 2011. Forest land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005). Journal of science and technology. : P. 1-6. GRP 6 2673 MA 78 MA0078-12 Strategi usaha tani menghadapi fluktuasi harga Rudi Hilmanto and Subekti Rahayu 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 13-15 Harga komoditi pertanian umumnya menurun pada musim panen raya, sehingga petani rentan mengalami kerugian. Rendahnya harga jual membuat petani berhadapan dengan pilihan sulit, yaitu antara menjual komoditi tetapi rugi karena harus mengeluarkan biaya pemanenan dan transportasi atau membiarkan komoditi tidak dipanen. Di sisi lain, petani harus memiliki uang tunai untuk modal usaha tani pada musim tanam berikutnya dan juga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari. Sebaliknya, pada saat tertentu harga komoditi bisa meningkat, karena barang yang tersedia hanya sedikit. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2672 MA 77 MA0077-12 Monitoring Cadangan Karbon oleh Masyarakat: Uji Coba di Propinsi Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia dan Nghe An, Vietnam Subekti Rahayu, Michael Poulsen, Yuyun Kurniawan and Hultera 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 10-12 Monitoring cadangan karbon merupakan salah satu tahapan yang harus dilakukan ketika mekanisme pengurangan emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan nantinya diterapkan. Hasil dari monitoring ini harus bisa dilaporkan dan diverifikasi dengan menunjukkan tingkat akurasi dari pengukurannya, baik dalam skala plot maupun dalam skala bentang lahan. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2671 MA 76 MA0076-12 Bibit karet: penyokong kehidupan rumah tangga Ibu Sumariah Ratna Akiefnawati 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 8-9 Melalui usaha pengembangan bibit karet tersebut, keluarga Ibu Sumariah mendapat perhatian dan kunjungan dari masyarakat, baik nasional maupun internasional. Petani-petani karet dari Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam (NAD), Sumatra Barat, Riau dan Lampung datang untuk belajar penangkaran bibit karet unggul. Semua pengunjung merasa puas dengan penjelasan mengenai teori dan praktek membuat pembibitan dengan cara okulasi. Melihat kesuksesan tersebut, para petani pengunjung berniat mengikuti jejak usaha keluarga ini. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2670 MA 75 MA0075-12 Bensin Aren: Mungkinkah Menjadi Sumber Bahan Bakar Alternatif? Endri Martini and James M Roshetko 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 4 3 5-7 Bensin yang saat ini kita gunakan merupakan hasil tambang dan berasal dari fosil yang sudah berproses ribuan tahun lamanya sehingga membentuk minyak bumi. Seperti barang tambang lainnya, minyak bumi merupakan sumberdaya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui. Oleh karena itu, jumlahnya semakin berkurang sehingga harganya semakin mahal. Semakin mahal dan berfluktuasinya harga minyak mentah dunia menyebabkan banyak pihak mencari alternatif bahan bakar lain dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar fosil seperti minyak bumi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2669 MA 74 MA0074-12 Menanam aren bukan mitos lagi Max Harry Kaunang and Endri Martini 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 3-4 Aren dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai sumber bahan baku gula, sapu lidi, ijuk, kolang-kaling, sagu dan minuman sudah sejak ratusan tahun yang lalu. Kontribusi aren bagi penghidupan masyarakat di Indonesiapun cukup nyata. Akan tetapi, seiring dengan bertambahnya penduduk dan semakin banyaknya alternatif sumber bahan baku gula selain aren, menyebabkan ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap pohon aren menurun. Pohonpohon aren yang sudah tuapun tidak diremajakan, sehingga mati dengan sendirinya. Hal ini mengakibatkan penurunan jumlah pohon aren di beberapa daerah. Jika dibiarkan terus-menerus, maka masyarakat yang menggantungkan hidupnya pada aren akan kehilangan penghidupan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan program penanaman aren terutama di daerah-daerah sentra aren. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2668 NL 49 NL0049-12 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 Max Harry Kaunang, Endri Martini, James M Roshetko, Ratna Akiefnawati, Subekti Rahayu, Michael Poulsen, Yuyun Kurniawan, Hultera and Rudi Hilmanto 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 4 3 1-16 Diawali dengan kisah masyarakat yang memanfaatkan aren sebagai bahan baku untuk gula, sapu lidi, ijuk, kolang kaling juga sebagai minuman segar. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ini, masyarakat tergerak untuk mulai menanam aren, meskipun masih dianggap tabu atau pamali. Mengapa demikian?
Selain pemanfaatan bahan baku di atas, aren juga berpeluang menjadi sumber bahan bakar alternatif. Meskipun masih menjadi wacana, namun pengembangan aren menjadi bensin merupakan suatu peluang.
Tidak hanya aren, bibit karetpun menjadi sumber daya alam yang mampu memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga. Dari usaha pembibitan karet, seorang ibu di Jambi berhasil menyekolahkan dua orang anaknya hingga lulus perguruan tinggi.
Meskipun sumberdaya alam merupakan modal dasar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga, namun harus dikelola dengan bijaksana agar dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan. Salah satu upaya pengelolaan sumber daya adalah dengan mengurangi emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan. Kegiatan ini tidak hanya dilakukan oleh para peneliti, tetapi mengikutsertakan masyarakat dalam pemantauan sumber daya alam merupakan salah satu cara untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran akan pentingnya pengelolaan yang baik. Pelatihan pengukuran karbon di kalangan masyarakat menjadi langkah awal pelibatan masyarakat dalam pemantauan pengelolaan sumber daya alam.
Tentunya, kesuksesan petani dalam mengelola sumber daya alam juga dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan pemerintah dan strategi petani itu sendiri dalam menghadapi fluktuasi harga komoditas.
]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Kaunang MH, Martini E, Roshetko JM, Akiefnawati R, Rahayu S, Poulsen M, Kurniawan Y, Hultera and Hilmanto R. 2011. Kiprah Agroforestri 10. In: Rahayu S and Tarigan J,eds. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2666 BL 40 BL0040-12 LUWES: Land use planning for Low Emission Development Strategy Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Gamma Galudra, Putra Agung and Feri Johana 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 47 978-979-3198-58-3 Land Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategy (LUWES) is a platform for developing a multiple stakeholder decision-making process to establish land use plans for sustainable development, which can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-based activity while simultaneously maintaining economic growth. It can simulate emissions reduction scenarios within specific zones of a landscape, or across an entire landscape, in order to produce ex ante emissions reduction and opportunity cost forecasts. It also recognizes the impact of land use allocation policies and distribution on tenure and livelihood. LUWES can accommodate the integration process between multiple modalities of land-based emission reductions (such as REDD+; Locally Appropriate Mitigation Action (LAMA); and the voluntary carbon market) at the planning stage across a common landscape. Draft Southeast Asia English 0 Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Galudra G, Agung P and Johana F. LUWES: Land use planning for Low Emission Development Strategy. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 47 p. 2665 JA 428 JA0428-12 An Assessment of Potential Benefits to Smallholders of REDD+ Components in the Philippines Rodel D. Lasco, Florencia B Pulhin, Leonida Bugayong and Marlo Mendoza 2011 Annals of Tropical Research Visayas State University 33 1 31–48 Many sectors in the Philippines are looking at the potential of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation-plus (REDD+) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to help finance forest protection and rehabilitation in the country. However, one major problem is that there is little information on the potential benefits the country can expect under REDD+. Specifically, it is not known how each component activities of REDD+ can benefit smallholder farmers. Thus, this paper assesses the potential benefits of activities under REDD+ to smallholder farmers in the country. The key question is what the potential of REDD+ in the Philippines is for improving the sequestration potential of the forest sector and to serve as a form of supplemental livelihood for rural forest dwellers? The main approach of the paper is to summarize what is known about: the historical pattern of deforestation and degradation, the driving forces behind them, communitybased forest management (CBFM), tenure and rights, and to analyze the implications of Copenhagen and Cancun meetings for the Philippines. The main finding of the study is that depending on which REDD+ activity is implemented, smallholder farmers under CBFM areas would have varying roles and potential benefits. Smallholder farmers will benefit the most from avoiding forest degradation and enhancing of forest stocks activities because these activities pose the highest potential carbon credits. Due to the rising total forest cover of the country, very few carbon credits are expected from avoiding deforestation. This implies that government policies and programs could focus on preparing local communities and institutions for activities that decrease forest degradation and enhance carbon stocks. In addition, there are many uncertainties and information gaps remaining. For example, the rate of biomass degradation in Philippines forests and the drivers of forest degradation are still unknown. The ability of government agencies to implement REDD+ is still inadequate. A strong capacity building program is therefore essential. climate change mitigation, REDD, forest conservation, climate policy Philippines English Lasco RD, Pulhin FB, Bugayong L and Mendoza M. 2011. An Assessment of Potential Benefits to Smallholders of REDD+ Components in the Philippines. Annals of Tropical Research. 33(1):P. 31–48. GRP 5 2664 JA 427 JA0427-11 Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, S. Suyanto, Idris Sardi, Ujjwal P. Pradhan and Delia Catacutan 2011 International Forestry Review The Commonwealth Forestry Association 13 4 431-441 In the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, expectations of payments for reducing carbon emissions shape the discourse over natural resource management as a means of influencing policy and exercising power. Different types of actors have their own choice of argument and interpretation of facts, rules and norms over resource use or conservation. This article examines the discursive strategies used by contestants in the struggle over property rights in a failed development project (?ex-Mega Rice Area?) in Central Kalimantan and traces their changes and developments in the justification for policy influence in the face of REDD++ implementation. Shifting national policy priorities have affected the distribution of power that shapes the practice and use of forest peatland. The case study highlights the historical baggage of perceived injustice between state and local communities and the contest between national and provincial government authorities that complicates the debate on current efforts to mitigate climate change by emission reduction. discourse, decentralization, REDD, land tenure, carbon rights Southeast Asia English 0 Galudra G, van Noordwijk M, Suyanto S, Sardi I, Pradhan UP and Catacutan D. 2011. Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Forestry Review. 13(4):P. 431-441. 2663 JA 426 JA0426-11 Analisis ekonomi sistem wanatani berbasis karet rakyat di Kalimantan Barat: implikasi bagi pengembangan karet Yuliana Cahya Wulan, Abi Ismarrahman, Suseno Budidarsono and Laxman Joshi 2010 Warta Perkaretan Pusat Penelitian Karet 29 1 44-56 Analisis neraca usaha tani merupakan alat untuk memahami kinerja ekonomi dari suatu kegiatan pertanian, utamanya digunakan untuk menilai dampak dari intervensi teknologi, perubahan harga dan kebijakan. Analisis tersebut membantu memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan dari beragam kegiatan pertanian. Analisis usaha tani yang disajikan dalam makalah ini menggunakan perangkat lunak Olympe, yaitu perangkat lunak pemodelan usaha tani yang dikembangkan oleh Institut National ded la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) dan Mediterranean Agronomic Institite of Montpellier (IAMM). Sebagai salah satu perangkat lunak pemodelan sistem usaha tani, olympe merupakan alat bantu yang cukup efisien dalam memberikan gambaran yang menyeluruh mengenai kondisi petani dan mengaitkannya dengan inovasi dan praktik teknis. Serangkaian analisis dapat dilakukan termasuk dampak ekonomis dari pemilihan suatu teknik, pengaruh ketidakteraturan iklim ataupun kondisi ekonomi, dan dampak lingkungan dari penggunaan lahan. Teknologi sistem wanatani berbasis karet (RAS) di Sanggau, Kalimantan barat, dikembangkan untuk diadaptasi oleh petani kecil yang modalnya terbatas. Hasil penelitian dan kajian menggunakan Olympe menunjukkan bahwa walaupun RAS membutuhkan modal yang lebih besar, profitabilitas lahan dan penerimaan petani (return to labor) memiliki nilai yang lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan sistem karet tradisional petani. Penerimaan petani pada RAS bisa lebih tinggi dari penerimaan petani pada sistem usaha tani karet monokultur yang biasanya dilakukan secara intensif. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa teknologi RAS memiliki kelebihan dari segi ekonomi dan lingkungan dibandingkan sistem budidaya karet monokultur dan kelapa sawit monokultur. kinerja sistem usaha tani, neraca usaha tani, profitabilitas lahan, penerimaan petani, sistem wanatani berbasis karet (RAS), Kalimantan Barat Southeast Asia Indonesian Wulan YC, Ismarrahman A, Budidarsono S and Joshi L. 2010. Analisis ekonomi sistem wanatani berbasis karet rakyat di Kalimantan Barat: implikasi bagi pengembangan karet. Warta Perkaretan. 29(1):P. 44-56. 2662 JA 425 JA0425-11 Agrobiodiversity pada sistem wanatani berbasis karet klonal Janudianto, Subekti Rahayu, Budi, Laxman Joshi and Diah Wulandari 2010 Warta Perkaretan Pusat Penelitian Karet 29 1 7-14 agroforest karet. Agroforest karet memiliki nilai lebih dari sisi keanekaragaman jenis tanaman (agrobiodiversity), karena tingginya keragaman spesies tanaman selain karet. Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS), adalah teknologi yang mengintroduksikan bahan tanam karet klonal ke dalam agroforest karet. Teknologi RAS mampu mengakomodasi dan memberikan keleluasaan kepada petani untuk memperkaya kebunnya dengan memilih tanaman sela yang tumbuh dan ditanam di antara karet. RAS 1, salah satu tipe dari teknologi RAS yang setara dengan hutan karet rakyat dengan pengelolaan yang minimal dan penggunaan karet klonal terbukti mampu mempertahankan keanekaragaman jenis tanaman bila dibandingkan dengan monokultur. Perkayaan jenis tanaman di dalam sistem RAS sangat penting artinya bagi petani karena mampu memberikan nilai lebih dalam memnuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sehari-hari. Dilihat dari sisi agrobiodiversity, perkayaan jenis tanaman ini sangat penting perannya dalam menjaga kelestarian species-species tanaman tertentu.]]> Hevea brasiliensis, agroforest karet, teknologi RAS, perkayaan jenis tanaman, agrobiodiversity]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Agrobiodiversity pada sistem wanatani berbasis karet klonal. Warta Perkaretan. 29(1):P. 7-14.]]> 2661 RP 278 RP0278-11 Towards a sustainable Southeast Asia: transforming lives and landscapes: highlights of 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Program 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 17
In 2010, we continued to find innovative methods to bring to light issues of critical importance to poor farmers, development agencies, governments and donors.

We have strategically focussed on global issues with local impact across the Southeast Asian region, ensuring that sustainability is at the forefront of all we do. With programs reaching across Asia Highlights World Agroforestry Centre Southeast Asia Program 2010 Ujjwal Pradhan, Regional Coordinator from Tibet to the Philippines and from the DPR Korea to Indonesia, and encompassing a range of activities from REDD to the red ape, from farmers' field schools to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Centre's scope is far-reaching and focussed on linking science with sustainability on the ground.]]> Southeast Asia English World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Program. Towards a sustainable Southeast Asia: transforming lives and landscapes: highlights of 2010. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 17 p. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2660 WP 156 WP0156-11 Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal: Kalahan, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines Grace B.Villamor, Nelson Pampolina, Reginald Forcadilla, Nonoy Bugtong, Jerome Alano, Delbert Rice, Tina Omas, Reymar Castillo and Dennis Pulan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper nr 106 87
There were several key results of the appraisal.
? Land-use types and farming practices. The majority of Ikalahan are swidden farmers practising traditional farming (for example, pang-omis, which involves integrating tree seedlings of species such as Alnus in the swidden farms). Five major land-use and land-cover types were identified and assessed, that is, agriculture, agroforest, grassland, reforestation and secondary forests.
? Plot-level carbon stocks. The estimated carbon stock of land-use systems in the KFR ranged 0.61?77.86 Mg/ha for aboveground carbon; and 21.8?67.4 Mg/ha for belowground. Total (above- and belowground) carbon stock was estimated to range 54.31?151.13 Mg/ha. These results are low compared to other carbon assessments conducted in the country.
? Land-use and land-cover changes. Land-use and land-cover changes within KFR between 1981 and 2001 were assessed. A decrease in forest, pine and agriculture occurred while there was an increase in old pine and reforestation (for example, mahogany). Carbon values from monitoring plots in 1994 and 2003 were used to extrapolate the land-cover types of the 1981 and 2001 maps, respectively. Based on the results, total carbon stock was approximately 375.8 Gg in 1994 and 452.1 Gg in 2003, that is, a 21% increase in 12 years.
? Carbon emissions. From the land-cover changes, we estimated that the KFR sequestered carbon annually at an average of 0.5 Gg and that 1.4 Gg of carbon was emitted each year over the period 1989 to 2001.
? The Kalahan Educational Foundation is the major stakeholder in the KFR. It has established its own rules and regulations related to natural resources development and has supported traditional farming practices and management strategies (for example, their ?forest improvement technology?) to enhance the carbon stock within the KFR. Currently, the Foundation is exploring the Clean Development Mechanism market. Future options and their implications for the KFR are included in the paper.]]> carbon stock assessment, farming practices, Ikalahan Ancestral Domain, land-use change Southeast Asia English Villamor GB, Pampolina N, Forcadilla R, Bugtong N, Alano J, Rice D, Omas T, Castillo R and Pulan D. 2010. Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal: Kalahan, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. Working paper nr 106Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 87 p. GRP 6 2659 WP 155 WP0155-11 Improving smallholders? rubber quality in Lubuk Beringin, Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia: an initial analysis of the financial and social benefits Beria Leimona, Ratna Akiefnawati, Rachman Pasha and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper nr 105 11 toke, who mostly are not transparent about the real value of dry rubber content and the market price.

Our hypothesis was that by providing incentives to ?jungle rubber? farmers they would be willing to conserve their rubber-tree gardens, delay or obviating their conversion to other land uses that provide less environmental services, such as monoculture rubber and oil palm.

This report describes the different procedures employed in harvesting, post-harvesting and marketing in traditional and improved production systems. It highlights changes in the ratio of revenue and costs that were borne by farmers, through the deployment of technical innovations and collective action.

Our results showed that improving rubber quality could increase farmers? incomes from agroforestry systems when the dry rubber content (DRC) of their rubber slabs was more than 70% and they sold to agents who could transparently advise on the DRC and fairly determine the price according to the DRC level. When the DRC was lower than 70% and the price at minimum or average levels, selling rubber to toke was more profitable compared to selling direct to the factory.

The activities that improved the rubber quality, which were coordinated by the World Agroforestry Centre and partners, also increased farmers? knowledge and skills. These included practical skills to enhance their livelihoods as well as the capability to organize collective action, which, in the end was able to increase the efficiency of their smallholding rubber businesses. Moreover, neighbouring villages considered these activities useful and profitable, indicating a potential for expansion.

Raising awareness about the ecological importance of rubber agroforestry was constantly needed in this area since there was no formal agreement that only farmers practising ?jungle rubber? agroforestry could enjoy access to innovative technologies and sell direct to factories. From the perspective of an environmental friendly rubber business, it is essential for rubber industries to recognise the environmental and economic value of rubber slabs coming from jungle rubber so that farmers are encouraged to maintain this ecosystem.]]> rubber agroforestry, improving rubber quality, financial and social benefit analysis Southeast Asia English Leimona B, Akiefnawati R, Pasha R and Suyanto S. 2010. Improving smallholders’ rubber quality in Lubuk Beringin, Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia: an initial analysis of the financial and social benefits. Working Paper nr 105Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 11 p. GRP 2, GRP 6 2658 WP 154 WP0154-11 Komoditisasi atau koinvestasi jasa lingkungan? Skema Imbal Jasa Lingkungan Program Peduli Sungai di DAS Way Besai, Lampung, Indonesia Rachman Pasha, Tonni Asmawan, Beria Leimona, Erik Setiawan and Chandra Irawadi Wijaya 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ICRAF Working paper nr 104 32
Hasil akhir program menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat mampu menjalankan isi kontrak kesepakatan dengan baik dengan persentase keberhasilan kegiatan sebesar 86 %. Hasil analisis perubahan konsentrasi sedimen menunjukkan penurunan sebesar 20% yang dilihat dari perbandingan antara nilai slope baseline awal sebesar 299.08 dengan nilai slope pada akhir tahun sebesar 239.27. Dengan hasil tersebut maka sebenarnya masyarakat tidak berhasil mencapai target penurunan sedimentasi sebesar 30% untuk mendapatkan kompensasi/penghargaan berupa mikrohidro yang dijanjikan. Namun demikian, pihak PT.PLN-SBDL sangat menghargai upaya masyarakat untuk menurunkan konsentrasi sedimen di sungai Air Ringkih sehingga memutuskan untuk tetap memberikan mikrohidro. Sikap PT.PLN-SBDL ini memberikan dampak yang besar pada peningkatan peran masyarakat untuk menjaga lingkungannya terutama daerah aliran sungai. Hal inilah yang menjadi tujuan utama dari suatu mekanisme imbal jasa lingkungan. Masyarakat di daerah hulu tetap melanjutkan pengelolaan lahan mereka dengan menerapkan teknik konservasi tanah dan air sehingga sumberdaya alam tetap terjaga dan penurunan laju sedimentasi bisa tercapai.

Contoh kasus Program Peduli Sungai tersebut menunjukkan terjadinya pergeseran paradigma IJL, yaitu dari paradigma ?komoditisasi jasa lingkungan? yang berfokus pada pasar atau jual beli jasa lingkungan menjadi paradigma ?koinvestasi dalam pelestarian lansekap? yang berfokus pada investasi bersama dalam menjaga kelestarian DAS. Secara praktis, ?koinvestasi? dalam implementasi IJL mendorong partisipasi seluruh pemangku kepentingan, termasuk masyarakat hulu dan hilir, pemerintah dan pihak swasta, untuk mempertimbangkan efisiensi dan kesetaraan, membangun kepercayaan parapihak, mengutamakan transparansi dan kebersamaan dalam mengelola DAS secara berkelanjutan]]> pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai, pendekatan partisipatif, program peduli sungai, pembayaran jasa lingkungan, koinvestasi pelestarian lansekap Southeast Asia Indonesian Pasha R, Asmawan T, Leimona B, Setiawan E and Wijaya CI. 2010. Komoditisasi atau koinvestasi jasa lingkungan? Skema Imbal Jasa Lingkungan Program Peduli Sungai di DAS Way Besai, Lampung, Indonesia. ICRAF Working paper nr 104Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 32 p. GRP 6 2657 JA 424 JA0424-11 Boundary work for sustainable development: Natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) William C. Clark, Thomas P Tomich, Meine van Noordwijk, David Guston, Delia Catacutan, Nancy M. Dickson and Elizabeth McNie 2011 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) The National Academy of Sciences of the USA Previous research on the determinants of effectiveness in knowledge systems seeking to support sustainable development has highlighted the importance of ?boundary work? through which research communities organize their relations with new science, other sources of knowledge, and the worlds of action and policymaking. A growing body of scholarship postulates specific attributes of boundary work that promote used and useful research. These propositions, however, are largely based on the experience of a few industrialized countries. We report here on an effort to evaluate their relevance for efforts to harness science in support of sustainability in the developing world. We carried out a multicountry comparative analysis of natural resource management programs conducted under the auspices of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. We discovered six distinctive kinds of boundary work contributing to the successes of those programs?a greater variety than has been documented in previous studies. We argue that these different kinds of boundary work can be understood as a dual response to the different uses for which the results of specific research programs are intended, and the different sources of knowledge drawn on by those programs. We show that these distinctive kinds of boundary work require distinctive strategies to organize them effectively. Especially important are arrangements regarding participation of stakeholders, accountability in governance, and the use of ?boundary objects.? We conclude that improving the ability of research programs to produce useful knowledge for sustainable development will require both greater and differentiated support for multiple forms of boundary work. doi/10.1073/pnas.0900231108 Southeast Asia English Clark WC, Tomich TP, van Noordwijk M, Guston D, Catacutan D, Dickson NM and McNie E. 2011. Boundary work for sustainable development: Natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). : P. . 2656 RP 277 RP0277-11 Recognising biodiversity in rubber plantations Hesti L. Tata, Elok Mulyoutami, Zuraidah Said, Harti Ningsih, Asep Ayat and Pandam Nugroho Prasetyo Hesti L. Tata 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 95
Deforestation and transformation of forest cover to other land uses results in a decline in biodiversity. Our study focused on a biodiversity survey on land-cover change in the Dolok Merangir and Aek Tarum rubber plantation areas over the period 1970 to 2010, and the diversity and species composition of vegetation in the rubber plantations compared with rubber smallholder and forest areas surrounding the plantations. Animal diversity studies of birds and bats that play important roles in the ecosystem as pollinators, seed dispersal agents and biological controllers were also undertaken in those three habitats at two sites.

Furthermore, humans as an integral component in the ecosystems play the most important role with a direct influence over land-cover change. The perceptions of local people and their understanding of local activities and their effects on biodiversity were also studied in the research. The overall objective of the research was to assess biodiversity data from the study sites and to make recommendations on how to improve biodiversity in the plantations on the Bridgestone Sumatra Rubber Estate (PT BSRE).]]> Bridgestone report Southeast Asia English Tata HL, Mulyoutami E, Said Z, Ningsih H, Ayat A and Prasetyo PN. Recognising biodiversity in rubber plantations. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 95 p. GRP 6 2655 PB 35 PB0035-11 Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Provinsi Jambi Andree Ekadinata, Putra Agung, Feri Johana, Gamma Galudra, A Palloge, G Usman and N Aini 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No. 18 6 Tanjung Jabung Barat (Tanjabar) adalah salah satu kabupaten di propinsi Jambi yang memiliki tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca, akibat perubahan penggunaan lahan, yang cukup tinggi dibandingkan kabupaten lain di Propinsi Jambi. Pada tahun 2005-2009, emisi rata-rata di kabupaten ini mencapai 9,66 ton CO2,/(ha.thn). Penyebab utama emisi gas rumah kaca di kabupaten ini adalah konversi hutan bekas tebangan menjadi karet dan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Kebijakan pembangunan di tingkat nasional juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap laju emisi gas rumah kaca,misalnya saja percepatan pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI) yang pada kenyataan merupakan bentuk pemanfaatan lahan dominan di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Southeast Asia Indonesian Ekadinata A, Agung P, Johana F, Galudra G, Palloge A, Usman G and Aini N. 2011. Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Provinsi Jambi. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2654 PB 34 PB0034-11 Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Merangin Provinsi Jambi Feri Johana, Putra Agung, Gamma Galudra, Andree Ekadinata, D Fadila, S Bahri and Erwinsyah 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 17 6 Merangin adalah salah satu kabupaten di Provinsi Jambi dengan luas wilayah 7,679 km atau sekitar 15% dari luas wilayah provinsi (BPS Merangin, 2009). Merangin memiliki tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca akibat perubahan penggunaan lahan cukup tinggi dibandingkan kabupaten lain di Propinsi Jambi. Pada tahun 2005-2010, emisi rata-rata di kabupaten ini mencapai 16,62 ton CO2 eq./(ha.th). Penyebab utama emisi gas rumah kaca di kabupaten ini adalah penurunan kualitas hutan dari hutan primer menjadi hutansekunder, hutan sekunder kerapatan tnggi menjadi hutan sekunder kerapatan rendah dan karet campur. Southeast Asia Indonesian Johana F, Agung P, Galudra G, Ekadinata A, Fadila D, Bahri S and Erwinsyah . 2011. Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Merangin Provinsi Jambi. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2653 PB 33 PB0033-11 Recognizing traditional tree tenure as part of conservation and REDD+ strategy: Feasibility study for a buffer zone between a wildlife reserve and the Lamandau river in Indonesia's REDD+ Pilot Province Janudianto, Elok Mulyoutami, Laxman Joshi, D. Andrew Wardell and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB Policy Brief No. 22 4 Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD ) should focus on places where such emissions occur. Protected Areas (PAs) are, in theory, protected and hence, should have no emissions associated with land use/land cover change. In practice protection is incomplete. Can PAs + be included in REDD schemes? Can 'paper parks' be included that exist on paper rather than in reality? How concrete should threats be before we call carbon (C) protection 'additional'? The dilemma may be more manageable if + protected areas are included in a broader landscape approach to REDD . + Some REDD project proponents currently focus on 'buffer zones' where protection is incomplete, but biodiversity co-benefits of additional C + protection can be large. The results of a REDD feasibility appraisal in an area surrounding the Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve in Central + Kalimantan, Indonesia's REDD pilot province illustrate the challenges of finding synergies between sustaining livelihoods for local communities, protecting orangutans and globally appropriate mitigation actions. Southeast Asia English 0 Janudianto, Mulyoutami E, Joshi L, Wardell DA and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Recognizing traditional tree tenure as part of conservation and REDD+ strategy: Feasibility study for a buffer zone between a wildlife reserve and the Lamandau river in Indonesia's REDD+ Pilot Province. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. GRP 2, GRP 5, GRP 6 2652 MN 51 MN0051-11 Pengukuran Cadangan Karbon Tanah Gambut. Petunjuk Praktis. Fahmuddin Agus, Kurniatun Hairiah and Anny Mulyani 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 58 978-979-3198-57-6 Lahan gambut merupakan penyimpan karbon dalam jumlah sangat besar. Karbon yang terkandung di dalam tanah gambut bersifat tidak stabil. Dalam keadaan hutan alam karbon tersebut bertahan dalam bentuk bahan organik, namun apabila hutan gambut dibuka dan didrainase maka karbon yang disimpannya akan mudah terdekomposisi dan menghasilkan CO2; salah satu gas rumah kaca terpenting. Selain itu drainase lahan gambut yang berlebihan menyebkan lahan gambut rentan terhadap kebakaran. Proses dekomposisi, konsolidasi (pemadatan) dan kebakaran meyebabkan gambut akan mengalami penyusutan (subsidence) dan kehilangan berbagai fungsinya dalam menyangga lahan sekitarnya dari kebanjiran dan kekeringan. Southeast Asia Indonesian Agus F, Hairiah K and Mulyani A. 2011. Pengukuran Cadangan Karbon Tanah Gambut. Petunjuk Praktis.. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 58 p. GRP 5 2651 PP 308 PP0308-11 Cadangan karbon sebagai penyedia jasa lingkungan dan sumber pendapatan masyarakat Hesti L. Tata, Ni'matul Khasanah and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 Prosiding Seminar Nasional: Harmonisasi kawasan konservasi sebagai penghela ekonomi kehutanan berbasis taman nasional Pusat Riset Perubahan Iklim, Unicersitas Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia 2011-03-23 00:00:00 93-106 Alam Indonesia yang kaya memberikan sumbangan yang besar bagi kehidupan. Berbagai sumber daya alam, baik berupa materi dan jasa, dimanfaatkan bagi kelangsungan hidup manusia. Oleh karena itu, kelangsungan hidup manusia sangat tergantung akan kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati. Dalam suatu ekosistem terjadi interaksi yang kompleks antara pojon, binatang, komuniats mikroorganisme dan benda tak hidup sebagai sebuah unit, serta manusia menjadi bagian integral di dalamnya. Southeast Asia Indonesian Tata HL, Khasanah N and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Cadangan karbon sebagai penyedia jasa lingkungan dan sumber pendapatan masyarakat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional: Harmonisasi kawasan konservasi sebagai penghela ekonomi kehutanan berbasis taman nasional. Jakarta, Indonesia. Pusat Riset Perubahan Iklim, Unicersitas Indonesia. GRP 5, GRP 6 2650 BC 321 BC0321-11 Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as sources of environmental services Beria Leimona, Meine van Noordwijk, Laxman Joshi, Delia Catacutan, Thomas Yatich, Johannes Dietz, Hosea Mwangi, John Mwangi Gathenya, Catherine Muthuri, Fergus Sinclair, Sanjeeb Bhattarai, Leah Onyango, S. Suyanto, Antoine Kalinganire, Qureish Noordin... Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 44 79-121 In this final section we will discuss the interrelationships among people, trees and local climate (the inner circle of the diagram), and all the surrounding issues at national and international levels, and then relate our current understanding and knowledge of these interrelations to opportunities for action. We pick up the thread from Chapter D and return to the issue of multifunctionality of landscapes and the way human drivers and institutions that influence the landscape can themselves be modified. ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Southeast Asia English Leimona B, van Noordwijk M, Joshi L, Catacutan D, Yatich T, Dietz J, Mwangi H, Gathenya JM, Muthuri C, Sinclair F, Bhattarai S, Onyango L, Suyanto S, Kalinganire A, Noordin Q, Bayala J, Gebrekirstos A, Tscherning K and Duque-PiΓ±on C. 2011. Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as sources of environmental services. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 79-121. 2649 BC 320 BC0320-11 Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change Ramni Jamnadass, Aster Gebrekirstos, Henry Neufeldt, Catherine Muthuri, Ian Dawson, Roeland Kindt, Ylva Nyberg, Johannes Dietz, Jules Bayala, Shem Kuyah, Chin K Ong, Carmen Sotelo Montes, John Weber, Kurniatun Hairiah and Meine van Noordwijk Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 16 63-77 In this section we provide a more in-depth look at the role trees play in the provision of goods and services in multifunctional landscapes. Tree growth is, however, vulnerable to climate variability, depending on the physiological properties of the tree and characteristics of the site. A further quantification of climate variability and climate change is needed to advise on what types of trees can be grown where, to be ready for the likely local climate-change during their lifetime. This leads to a discussion of the two-way relationship between climate change adaptation and rewards for environmental services in multifunctional landscapes as a way to reduce vulnerability to climate change. ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Head Quarters English Jamnadass R, Gebrekirstos A, Neufeldt H, Muthuri C, Dawson I, Kindt R, Nyberg Y, Dietz J, Bayala J, Kuyah S, Ong CK, Montes C, Weber J, Hairiah K and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 63-77. 2648 BC 319 BC0319-11 Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes Meine van Noordwijk, Leah Onyango, Antoine Kalinganire, Laxman Joshi, Hoang Minh Ha, Nestry Ndichu and Ramni Jamnadass Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 26 37-61 The main argument in this section is that changing (or 'transforming') landscapes and lives are mutually dependent on each other, as they are closely linked in time and space. Within the landscape continuum, the roles of landscape elements in supplying goods and services to local livelihoods, however, shift with the stage of development and substitution of traded and imported goods and services for those provided locally and potentially used as sources of income. ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Head Quarters English van Noordwijk M, Onyango L, Kalinganire A, Joshi L, Hoang MH, Ndichu N and Jamnadass R. 2011. Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 37-61. 2647 BC 318 BC0318-11 Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options Henry Neufeldt, Isabel van de Sand, Johannes Dietz, Hoang Minh Ha, Thomas Yatich, Rodel D. Lasco and Meine van Noordwijk Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 22 15-35 This section introduces some basic concepts surrounding the climate system, climate change and climate variability. We will provide some insights into the challenges of climate modelling and what the inherent uncertainty really means for us, before exploring the way adaptation has so far been discussed and institutionalised ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Head Quarters English Neufeldt H, van de Sand I, Dietz J, Hoang MH, Yatich T, Lasco RD and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 15-35. 2646 JA 423 JA0423-11 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) for livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the orangutan habitat of Batang Toru, North Sumatra, Indonesia: mixed prospects for domestication Endri Martini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Arif Rahmanulloh, Elok Mulyoutami, Laxman Joshi and Suseno Budidarsono 2011 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 1-17 Domestication of desirable forest resources in agroforestry is expected to contribute to community based forest conservation efforts, but there may be an optimum level of domestication in this respect. Aren or sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) is a multipurpose tree that provides livelihoods for local people and food for other biota in the landscape. However, its domestication is still limited in many places, such as in Batang Toru Forest Block, an area of high conservation value, including habitat for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Options for aren management were prioritized as part of a landscapescale conservation study by comparing domestication levels in the area. Data on economic indicators and ecological knowledge were gathered through interviews with key farmers, focus groups and transect walks. Four representative villages were selected for the study, that is, (i) two villages with no domestication of aren; and (ii) two villages with aren cultivation in rubber-based land-use systems. Costbenefit analyses suggested that in a rich biodiversity area, such as Batang Toru, although aren was one of the sources of local livelihoods, additional investment for domestication beyond cultivation was not an option considered by farmers. Farmers still perceived wildlife as an efficient mode of aren regeneration, supported by the coexistence of people and other biota in the area. It appears the value of aren for local people?s livelihoods and conservation can be enhanced by increasing its stocking density. There is also scope for improving market access and share of end-user value received by farmers. Natural regeneration, Enrichment, Planting, Aren DOI 10.1007/s10457-011-9441-0 Southeast Asia English 0 Martini E, Roshetko JM, van Noordwijk M, Rahmanulloh A, Mulyoutami E, Joshi L and Budidarsono S. 2011. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) for livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the orangutan habitat of Batang Toru, North Sumatra, Indonesia: mixed prospects for domestication. Agroforestry Systems. : P. 1-17. GRP 1, GRP 3 2645 MN 50 MN0050-11 Measuring Carbon Stocks Across Land Use Systems: A Manual Kurniatun Hairiah, Sonya Dewi, Fahmuddin Agus, Sandra J.Velarde, Andree Ekadinata, Subekti Rahayu and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 154 978-979-3198-55-2 Carbon stocks of forests, agroforestry systems and other land uses have become of interest to many stakeholders in the global debate on greenhouse gas emissions and efforts to reduce such emissions. This manual evolved from efforts in the early 1990s when the Alternative to Slash and Burn (ASB) program started efforts to collect consistent data across the humid tropics. The Manual is consistent with the Good Practice Guideline (GPG) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that is to be used for national accounting of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions. The first part discusses reasons for measurement of carbon stocks across land use systems, at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Part 2 proved a 7-step rapid carbon appraisal process (RaCSA), combining analysis of remote sensing imagery and a nested-design for sampling trees, understorey, litter and other necromass, roots and soil organic matter. Allometric relationships between tree dimater and total biomass are discussed in relation to wood density. A case study describes all steps for the Kali Konto watershed in East Java (Indonesia) Southeast Asia English 0 Hairiah K, Dewi S, Agus F, Velarde SJ, Ekadinata A, Rahayu S and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Measuring Carbon Stocks Across Land Use Systems: A Manual. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 154 p. GRP 5 2644 BL 39 BL0039-11 Perubahan Pola Perladangan: Pergeseran persepsi mengenai para peladang di Indonesia Elok Mulyoutami, Meine van Noordwijk, Niken Sakuntaladewi and Fahmuddin Agus 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 101 978-979-3198-54-5 Alternatives to Slash and Burn? atau ASB yang dilakukan lima belas tahun lampau, menunjukkan ?tebas dan bakar? sebagai metoda pembersihan lahan tidak hanya dilakukan masyarakat peladang namun juga oleh para transmigran, perkebunan skala besar serta dalam industri kayu. Aktivitas tebas dan bakar tidaklah selalu dikonotasikan sebagai perladangan berpindah tradisional. Program ASB pun kemudian berkembang menjadi studi perubahan penggunaan lahan yang komprehensif, serta tetap memperhatikan konsekuensi sosial, lingkungan dan ekonomi. ASB melakukan analisis ?trade off? untuk menyelaraskan lingkungan dengan program pembangunan.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Mulyoutami E, van Noordwijk M, Sakuntaladewi N and Agus F. Perubahan Pola Perladangan: Pergeseran persepsi mengenai para peladang di Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 101 p. GRP 5, GRP 6 2643 JA 422 JA0422-11 China?s new forests aren?t as green as they seem Xu Jianchu 2011 Nature Nature Publishing Group 477 371 Earlier this month, President Hu Jintao pledged that China would do even more. He told a meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in Beijing that the nation would increase its total area of forest by 40 million hectares over the next decade. China, he said, is ready to make new contributions to green, sustainable growth.]]> China English Xu Jianchu. 2011. China’s new forests aren’t as green as they seem. Nature. 477: P. 371. 2642 MA 73 MA0073-11 An ecomonic-ecological mosaic Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 10 Southeast Asia English 2641 MA 72 MA0072-11 Climate smart rural development Rodel D. Lasco 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 8-9 Southeast Asia English 2640 MA 71 MA0071-11 Agroforestry around ASEAN TUL-SEA Project 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 6-7 Southeast Asia English 2639 MA 70 MA0070-11 Agroforetsry: A new green buzzword? Yuli Ismartono 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 5 Southeast Asia English 2638 JA 420 JA0420-11 Influence of coastal vegetation on the 2004 tsunami wave impact in west Aceh Juan Carlos Laso Bayas, Carsten Marohn, Gerd Dercon, Sonya Dewi, Hans Peter Piepho, Laxman Joshi, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2011 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 18612 - 18617 In a tsunami event human casualties and infrastructure damage are determined predominantly by seaquake intensity and offshore properties. On land, wave energy is attenuated by gravitation (elevation) and friction (land cover). Tree belts have been promoted as ?bioshields? against wave impact. However, given the lack of quantitative evidence of their performance in such extreme events, tree belts have been criticized for creating a false sense of security. This study used 180 transects perpendicular to over 100 km on the west coast of Aceh, Indonesia to analyze the influence of coastal vegetation, particularly cultivated trees, on the impact of the 2004 tsunami. Satellite imagery; land cover maps; land use characteristics; stem diameter, height, and planting density; and a literature review were used to develop a land cover roughness coefficient accounting for the resistance offered by different land uses to the wave advance. Applying a spatial generalized linear mixed model, we found that while distance to coast was the dominant determinant of impact (casualties and infrastructure damage), the existing coastal vegetation in front of settlements also significantly reduced casualties by an average of 5%. In contrast, dense vegetation behind villages endangered human lives and increased structural damage. Debris carried by the backwash may have contributed to these dissimilar effects of land cover. For sustainable and effective coastal risk management, location of settlements is essential, while the protective potential of coastal vegetation, as determined by its spatial arrangement, should be regarded as an important livelihood provider rather than just as a bioshield. glimmix, tsunami mitigation, vegetation effects, food security Southeast Asia English 0 Bayas JC, Marohn C, Dercon G, Dewi S, Piepho HP, Joshi L, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. 2011. Influence of coastal vegetation on the 2004 tsunami wave impact in west Aceh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. : P. 18612 - 18617. 2637 BK 149 BK0149-11 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 133 978-979-3198-56-9 This book focuses on the relationship between climate-change adaptation, rural development and the roles of trees and agroforestry. Rewards' schemes for environmental services (RES) in multifunctional landscapes, which provide incentives for maintaining or restoring multifunctionality, will contribute to a likely reduction in vulnerability to climate change. Rewards may well be an efficient and fair way of investing international funds in climate-change adaptation. The voluntary, conditional and pro-poor aspects of RES will also help to bring the voice of grassroots stakeholders into international and national decision-making processes on how to deal with climate change. That can ensure realism and efficiency in climate-change adaptation, which is yet another strand to be integrated in rural development programs. The argument for such an approach is built on the underlying concepts of climate change, rural livelihoods and multifunctionality of landscapes, as well as the specific roles of trees and farmers as providers of environmental services in agricultural landscapes. However, trees themselves are vulnerable to climate change and co-adaptation is needed and is possible.
The emerging experience and findings of on-going action research in Asian and African countries on climate change, agroforestry and rewards or payments for environmental services (RES/PES) are introduced in the book to highlight these arguments. The experience that RES/PES can create effective, efficient and fair incentives for enhancement of the environment is used to explore how climate-change adaptation funds could be channelled to support local initiatives, within realistic, conditional, voluntary and pro-poor incentive mechanisms.
Priority areas for action and hypotheses for further research are identified, involving the roles of trees in modifying micro- and mesoclimates, refining the operational rules for use of climatechange adaptation funds, institutional expansion of the (already tested) rapid appraisal methods that acknowledge multiple knowledge systems and perceptions, analysing the risks to local livelihoods in ecological and environmental economics frameworks posed by climate change and trade globalisation and new approaches to integrate the space-time dynamics of landscape functions in socio-ecological-political-economy systems.]]> Head Quarters English 0 2011. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). 133 p. GRP 6 2636 JA 419 JA0419-11 Memahami konflik tenurial melalui pendekatan sejarah: Studi kasus di Lebak, Banten Gamma Galudra 2012 Jurnal Keadilan Center for Law and Justice Studies 6 1 58-66 Konflik tenurial yang terjadi di berbagai daerah khususnya yang berkaitan dengan tanah dan hutan terjadi akibat adanya perubahan kebijakan pemerintah dari waktu ke waktu. Hal ini perlu menjadi perhatian kita bersama karena pada dasarnya masyarakat daerah memerlukan kepastian hukum tentang tanah dan hutan. Hal ini dikarenakan tanah dan harta kita adalah bagian dari hidup rakyat banyak di daerah Southeast Asia Indonesian Galudra G. 2012. Memahami konflik tenurial melalui pendekatan sejarah: Studi kasus di Lebak, Banten. Jurnal Keadilan. 6(1):P. 58-66. 2632 TD 166 TD0166-11 Fairly efficient and efficiently fair: success factors and constraints in payment and reward for environmental schemes in Asia Beria Leimona 2011 Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, the Netherlands 176 Research School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment PhD Payment for environmental service (PES) is strictly defined as a market-based environmental policy instrument to achieve environmental protection in the most efficient way. However, an increasing body of literature shows that the prescriptive conceptualization of PES cannot be easily generalized and implemented in practice and the commodification of ecosystem services is problematic. To investigate the underlying causes, this PhD study combines a quantitative and qualitative research approach using case studies in Indonesia, the Philippines and Nepal. The empirical observations on emerging PES-mechanisms in the Asian case studies show that interdependency of fairness and efficiency should be the main consideration in designing and implementing a PES scheme in developing countries. Neither fairness nor efficiency alone should be the primary aim but an intermediate PES that is ?fairly efficient and efficiently fair? may bridge the gap between PES theory and the practical implementation of PES to increase ES provision and improve livelihoods. Southeast Asia English Leimona B. 2011. Fairly efficient and efficiently fair: success factors and constraints in payment and reward for environmental schemes in Asia. Wageningen, the Netherlands. : Wageningen University and Research. 176 p. 2631 PB 32 PB0032-11 Meso Debate: Linking Macro Debate with Micro Debate to Develop REDD Martua T Sirait and Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 16 4 This brief describes the process in developing the agenda for regional strategy on climate change. The brief focuses on discussion on regional responsibilities and steps need to be taken in agriculture and forestry sectors to support national commitment to reduce emission by 26%. Although issues on REDD incentives and carbon markets are important, we do include it in this brief. Southeast Asia English Sirait MT and Agung P. 2011. Meso Debate: Linking Macro Debate with Micro Debate to Develop REDD. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 5, GRP 6, POLAN 2630 PB 31 PB0031-11 Towards recognition of ?Hutan Nagari? in ?Nagari Salingka Danau Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 15 4 Singkarak Lake is located in West Sumatra, Indonesia and Nagari Salingka Danau Singkarak refers to all the Nagari (equivalent to district) surrounding Singkarak Lake. The lake has many function and is has an important source of livelihood for the community in the area such as fish farming, agricultural activities and ecotourism that adhere to local culture and religion. Southeast Asia English Agung P. 2011. Towards recognition of β€˜Hutan Nagari’ in β€˜Nagari Salingka Danau. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2629 PB 30 PB0030-11 Spatial planning and distribution of benefits of forest resources in Tanjung Jabung Barat: an opinion Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 14 4 Having a good Regional Spatial Land-use Planning (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah = RTRW) maybe the only opportunity to achieve low (carbon) emission development. Institutionally, as a formal ?rule of the game? in providing guidance to regional development, RTRW is very often weak and failed due to the processes involved in its birth. RTRW is not just a legal document to legalized utilization and allocation of natural resources. It depicts, more importantly, rights and access to different component of natural resources. This brief contains opinion of the writer to first identify and understand issues on distribution of natural resources benefits depicted in RTRW of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. Theory of Access was used as a framework to map out allocation and distribution of benefits of land and forest resource to achieve low-carbon-emission development. Southeast Asia English Agung P. 2011. Spatial planning and distribution of benefits of forest resources in Tanjung Jabung Barat: an opinion. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2628 PB 29 PB0029-11 Co-existence of people and orangutan in Sumatra. Stabilising gradients for landscape multifunctionality Hesti L. Tata, Atiek Widayati, Elok Mulyoutami and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ASB Policy Brief no. 20 6 Multifunctional landscapes and species-rich agroforests can support biodiversity conservation. Command- and-control conservation approaches tend to create sharp distinctions between protected areas and surrounding agriculture. Can a village?agroforest?forest landscape gradient be stable? Or is it part of a continuous process of forest conversion that in the end will leave hardly any conservation values intact? The landscape of Batang Toru, Sumatra offers a case study. It is home to a genetically unique Sumatran orangutan population and to people of diverse backgrounds. It provides insight into the types of government policy and market-based instruments that are needed to stabilise the existing gradient. Southeast Asia English 0 Tata HL, Widayati A, Mulyoutami E and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Co-existence of people and orangutan in Sumatra. Stabilising gradients for landscape multifunctionality. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2627 JA 418 JA0418-11 Optimum pruning intensity for reducing crop suppression in a Gmelina?maize smallholder agroforestry system in Claveria, Philippines Manuel Bertomeu, James M Roshetko and Subekti Rahayu 2011 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V 1-14 Gmelina (Gmelina arborea R.Br.) trees planted at 1 9 10 m with maize intercropped in the 10 m-wide alleys between lines of trees. Pruning levels consisted of retaining a live crown ratio of 60?70% (T1), 40?50% (T2); 30?40% (T3) and of 20?30% (T4). At the end of the experiment, the total maize grain yield was highest under the high pruning intensity (T4) (18.06 t ha-1) and lowest under T1 (14.48 t ha-1). Maize grain yield under the pruning regime T2 and T3 were 16.08 and 17.21 t ha-1, respectively. Mean annual increment (MAI) in tree diameter was greater (5.0 cm year-1) under T1 than those at T4 (4.1 cm year-1). Pruning regimes T2 and T3 resulted in a MAI of 4.7 and 4.5 cm year-1, respectively. Financial analysis showed that maize-tree systems under T4 were more profitable than under T1 as long as the reduction of the average dbh at harvest were not greater than 1 cm. Pruning trees intensively also generated greater returns from labour than moderate pruning, as the greater maize grain yields under T4 compensated for the cost of pruning and the lower timber yield. In the context of resource-poor farmers, intensive branch pruning was a practice that prolonged the period of profitable intercropping and was compatible with commercial timber production.]]> Gmelina arborea]]> DOI 10.1007/s10457-011-9435-y Southeast Asia English Gmelina–maize smallholder agroforestry system in Claveria, Philippines. Agroforestry Systems. : P. 1-14.]]> GRP 2, GRP 3, TAMMU 2626 MA 69 MA0069-11 Kunjungan Staf Ahli Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Ke Lokasi RUPES di Nagari Paninggahan, Sumatera Barat Juprial 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 15 Kepala Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Sumatera Barat, Ir. Hendri Octavia, MSi., mengemukakan apresiasinya, ?Kegiatan ini kalau bisa tidak hanya dilaksanakan di Singkarak dan Palupuh saja. Saya berharap ini juga bisa dilaksanakan di kabupaten lain di Sumatera Barat, dan saya siap mendukung penuh kegiatan ini. Kegiatan seperti ini merupakan aplikasi nyata yang selama ini saya inginkan?. Ibu Yetti juga meminta agar para petani dapat menjalankan kegiatan ini dengan serius, karena jika ini berhasil akan membawa dampak baik bagi kesejahteraan petani di masa depan dan juga bermanfaat langsung terhadap lingkungan. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2625 MA 68 MA0068-11 Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah dan Distribusi Manfaat Sumberdaya Hutan Putra Agung 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 13-14 Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) merupakan salah satu atau bahkan satu-satunya peluang untuk mencapai pembangunan rendah emisi. Sebagai suatu institusi (rule of game), RTRW tidak terlepas dari permasalahan mendasar yang melandasi proses pembentukannya. Hal inilah yang membuat RTRW sebagai suatu dokumen legal sering kali gagal menjadi acuan pembangunan daerah. RTRW tidak hanya sebatas ijin dan legalisasi pemanfaatan dan pembagian ruang atas sumberdaya alam (SDA) namun lebih dari itu karena pada setiap SDA melekat manfaat yang berbeda-beda. Tulisan ini merupakan opini penulis sebagai suatu identifikasi awal dalam memahami proses penyusunan atau revisi RTRW Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat (Tanjabar). Cara pandang Teori Akses digunakan untuk menguraikan alokasi dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan dan lahan untuk menuju pembangunan rendah emisi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2624 MA 67 MA0067-11 Cerita sukses seorang guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Lubuk Beringin Ratna Akiefnawati 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 11-12 Cerita keberhasilan perjuangan H. Balkani tersebut disampaikan dalam acara Lokakarya Dinamika Perubahan dan Penggunaan Kawasan Kelola Rakyat yang diselenggarakan oleh ICRAF bekerjasama dengan KKI-WARSI dengan PT. BSRE, LEI, serta Bappeda Bungo. Pak Haji menyebutkan bahwa sejak Juni 2010 hingga Februari 2011, bokar yang telah dijual ke PT. BSRE mencapai 110 ton dengan keuntungan kotor sebesar Rp 2.150.084.938,-. Sebagian keuntungan disisihkannya untuk membeli 1 unit truk yang dapat mengangkut dan mengirim hasil olah karet ke lokasi pabrik PT. BSRE di Sumatera Utara. Perdagangan langsung dan pengiriman ke PT. BSRE pun semakin lancar setiap minggu. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2623 MA 66 MA0066-11 Creating Shared Value (CSV): konsep baru dalam dunia usaha Hesti L. Tata 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 9-10 Southeast Asia Indonesian 2622 MA 65 MA0065-11 Agroforestri Karet: Kawasan alternatif pelestarian jenis-jenis burung Asep Ayat 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 6-8 Di balik rimbunnya agroforestri karet, tidak hanya pemilik kebun saja yang dapat menikmati hasil getah karet, tetapi berbagai jenis burungpun memperoleh manfaat dari sistem ini. Tercatat sekitar 46 jenis burung ditemukan pada agroforest karet yang diamati di Kabupaten Simalungun, Sumatera Utara. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2621 MA 64 MA0064-11 Mengembalikan Kejayaan Jelutung di Hutan Gambut Dri Handoyo 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 3-5 Kemana jelutung-jelutung tersebut menghilang? Jelutung, tanaman bergetah yang menjadi sumber bahan baku untuk permen karet, pernah menjadi hasil hutan non kayu yang cukup penting bagi sebagian masyarakat di Tanjung Jabung Barat. Tanaman ini pernah menjadi sumber penghidupan masyarakat pada sekitar tahun 1990, namun secara perlahan berangsur menghilang tak berjejak. Tulisan ini merupakan gambaran perjuangan Dinas Kehutanan Tanjung Jabung Barat dalam upaya mengembalikan lagi kejayaan jelutung. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2620 NL 48 NL0048-11 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Dri Handoyo, Asep Ayat, Hesti L. Tata, Ratna Akiefnawati, Putra Agung and Juprial 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 4 2 1-16
Selanjutnya kita beranjak ke Simalungun, Sumatera Utara, daerah yang mulai terancam berkurang tutupan hutannya, juga kehidupan burung yang merupakan satwa yg terpengaruh oleh perubahan alam. Hilangnya pohon hutan dan tumbuhan semak membuat sulit burung-burung untuk bersarang dan berlindung. Burung-burung tersebut berjuang harus bertahan hidup dan berkembang biak, sehingga kita masih dapat menikmati suara dan keindahan bulunya.

Menciptakan manfaat bersama, tentunya hal ini yang diharapkan oleh semua umat manusia di dunia. Sebuah konsep dalam dunia usaha juga kami sajikan disini.

Masih tentang manfaat...., sumberdaya alam hutan mempunyai manfaat bagi kehidupan manusia. Namun bagaimana cara mendistribusikannya dengan baik di berbagai sektor pertanian, perkebunan dan kehutanan menuju rendah emisi? Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) merupakan peluang untuk mencapai pembangunan tersebut.

Sebuah kisah menarik lainnya datang dari Pak Haji Balkaini, seorang guru SDN Lubuk Beringin, yang menyimpan cita-cita tinggi untuk menyekolahkan anak-anaknya ke perguruan tinggi kelak. Ikuti kisah Pak Haji yang juga menjadi seorang penyadap karet yang sukses.

Sebagai penutup, kami menyuguhkan liputan khusus dari Nagari Paninggahan, Sumatera Barat. Kunjungan Staf Ahli Menteri Kehutanan ke Danau Singkarak, yang merupakan pilot model imbal jasa lingkungan berbasis karbon agar dapat diterapkan di lokasi lain di Indonesia. Sebuah kunci kesuksesan adalah menciptakan sebuah upaya bersama yang melibatkan masyarakat yang aktif dan berperan penting dalam pembangunan daerahnya.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Handoyo D, Ayat A, Tata HL, Akiefnawati R, Agung P and Juprial . 2011. Kiprah Agroforestri 9. In: Rahayu S, Tarigan J and Mulyoutami E,eds. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2619 TD 165 TD0165-11 Keanekaragaman jenis burung di habitat agroforestri dan hutan primer di dalam kawasan Sibulan-bulan, Batang Toru, Sumatera Utara Jihad 2009 Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Negeri Jakarta Jakarta, Indonesia 62 Program Studi Biologi S1 Transect) dan Daftar 20 Mackinnon. 146 jenis dengan total 1036 individu burung teramati, di habitat agroforestri sebanyak 76 jenis burung dan hutan primer sebanyak 127 jenis. Sebanyak 30 jenis burung yang teramati pada kedua habitat merupakan jenis burung yang terancam punah secara global. Keanekaragaman jenis burung pada agroforestri sebesar 4.04 dan pada hutan primer sebesar 4.60. dengan kesamaan sebesar 0.56. Hal ini disebabkan karena ekosistem hutan primer yang lebih kompleks, dengan sumber pakan yang beragam, keragaman vegetasi yang tinggi, stratifikasi vegetasi yang lebih beragam serta mikrohabitat yang lebih beragam dibandingkan dengan agroforestri. Kesamaan jenis burung pada habitat agroforestri dan hutan disebabkan karena perkembangan agroforestri yang semakin mirip dengan hutan sekunder dan banyak jenis vegetasi pada agroforestri yang mirip dengan hutan primer. Hasil di atas menunjukkan keanekaragaman jenis burung pada agroforestri dan hutan primer cukup tinggi, dengan keanekaragaman jenis burung pada hutan primer lebih tinggi dibandingkan habitat agroforestri, sehingga diperlukan usaha dari masyarakat sekitar dan pihak terkait untuk dapat menjaga habitat agroforestri dan hutan primer.]]> Agroforestri, hutan primer, keanekaragaman jenis burung, Sibulan-bulan Southeast Asia Indonesian Jihad. 2009. Keanekaragaman jenis burung di habitat agroforestri dan hutan primer di dalam kawasan Sibulan-bulan, Batang Toru, Sumatera Utara. Jakarta, Indonesia. : Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Negeri Jakarta. 62 p. GRP 6, TULSEA 2618 TD 164 TD0164-11 Nilai insentif karbon hutan rakyat kemenyan berbasis voluntary carbon market di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Bambang Setyo Antoko 2011 Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor, Indonesia 99 Program Studi Ilmu Pengelolaan Hutan S3 purposive) berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan pada model agroforestri yang dilaksanakan dan dikembangkan oleh petani HRK di Kab. Taput. Jumlah plot pengukuran karbon yang diambil secara keseluruhan adalah 30 plot. Selain itu dilakukan juga pengumpulan data sosial ekonomi melalui panduan kuesioner yaitu sebanyak 40 orang responden yang dilakukan secara disengaja (purposive) dimana responden merupakan petani kemenyan pada kedua model agroforestri tersebut. Tahapan penilaian kelayakan ekonomi dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai kelayakan hutan rakyat tanpa dan dengan mekanisme karbon. Beberapa parameter yang digunakan dalam hal ini adalah Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) dan Internal Rate of Return (IRR).]]> Voluntary Carbon Market, agroforestri]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian voluntary carbon market di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Bogor, Indonesia. : Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. 99 p.]]> GRP 6, TULSEA 2617 WP 153 WP0153-11 Performance of Three Rambutan Varieties (Nephelium lappaceum L.) on Various Nursery Media Khalilal Mitras, James M Roshetko, Sabaruddin and Nurhayati 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ICRAF Working Paper no 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP11232.PDF 10 Nephelium lappaceum L.) was evaluated on three different nursery media at the agricultural experimental station of Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh. The seed of rambutan varieties glu, nona and binjai were collected from a community plantation in Padang Tiji district. The nursery medium tested included a farmer-made compost and two researcher-made composts. The experimental design used was a factorial Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) 3 varieties x 3 nursery media, replicated three times. The growth parameters measured were seedling height (cm), stem diameter (mm), leaf area (cm2), fresh weight of seedlings (g), dried weight of seedlings (g), root length (cm), root number, and root weight (g). Measurements were madeat 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting. Analysis of variance and honestly significant difference tests were used to analyze the growth data. Results show that variety glu had greater diameter growth and dry weight than other varieties; supporting local beliefs and practice that variety glu is a better rootstock. Additionally, the farmer compost promoted significantly better root growth compared to the other composts.]]> vegetative propagation, farmer propagation practices, rootstock quality, post-disaster and post-conflict land rehabilitation Southeast Asia English Nephelium lappaceum L.) on Various Nursery Media. ICRAF Working Paper no 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP11232.PDFBogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 10 p.]]> GRP 1, TAMMU 2616 TD 163 TD0163-11 Kajian cadangan karbon pada lahan gambut tropika yang didrainase untuk tanaman tahunan Maswar 2010 Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor, Indonesia 165 Program Studi Ilmu Tanah S3 Ekosistem gambut berperan sangat penting dalam skala global, baik dari aspek ekologis, sosial maupun perekonomian masyarakat. Disisi lain, ekosistem gambut adalah unik, rapuh dan memiliki sifat tidak dapat diperbaharui. Proses pembentukannya memerlukan waktu ribuan tahun, dan bila terjadi kerusakan, sangat sulit untuk diperbaiki atau bahkan mungkin tidak bisa pulih sama sekali. Luas lahan gambut dunia sekitar 3% dari luas permukaan bumi yakni sekitar 400 juta hektar, namun menyimpan karbon sangat besar yang diperkirakan sebanyak 550 Giga ton, atau setara dengan 75% dari seluruh karbon di atmosfer. Khusus untuk Indonesia yang mewakili daerah gambut tropika, memiliki luas lahan gambut sekitar 265.500 km2, menyimpan cadangan karbon sekitar 54.016 Mega ton. Mengingat cadangan karbon yang besar pada lahan gambut sedangkan ekosistemnya sangat rapuh, maka apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik akan menyebabkan kehilangan karbon yang banyak, terutama dalam bentuk gas metan (CH4) dan karbon dioksida (CO2) ke atmosfer, sehingga akan semakin meningkatkan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK). Tanaman tahunan, konservasi, cadangan C, kehilangan C, drainase, gambut Southeast Asia Indonesian Maswar M. 2010. Kajian cadangan karbon pada lahan gambut tropika yang didrainase untuk tanaman tahunan. Bogor, Indonesia. : Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. 165 p. 2615 RP 276 RP0276-11 Climate in Asia and the Pacific: A Synthesis of APN Activities Michael J Manton, Lance Heath, James Salinger and Linda Anne Stevenson 2011 Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) Japan 78 The adverse effects of climate change and natural climate variability pose a significant threat to humanity, with the poorest communities being the most vulnerable. Scientific understanding of our climate is advancing at a significant rate, with new information emerging about the likely impacts of climate change, the options to adapt to these changes, and new approaches to mitigation. Rodel lasco is one of contributor author Philippines English 0 Climate in Asia and the Pacific: A Synthesis of APN Activities. Japan. : Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN). 2011. 78 p. GRP 5 2614 RP 275 RP0275-11 Orangutan dan Ekonomi Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari di Sumatera Serge Wich 2011 UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal Norway 83 Studi ini mengeksplorasi peluang pada jalur yang lebih lestari untuk pembangunan dan mengupayakan rekonsiliasi antara hutan dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati dengan kemajuan ekonomi. Fokusnya pada dua lokasi percobaan di Pulau Sumatera, yaitu rawa Tripa dan hutan pegunungan Batang Toru, keduanya merupakan tempat populasi orangutan yang signifikan. Penilaian itu menghitung perbandingan nilai ekonomi antara bentuk tata guna lahan yang tidak lestari dan tataguna lahan yang lestari, serta melihat peran pengurangan emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi (REDD) dan skema pembayaran jasa ekosistem (PES) yang lebih luas dalam mencapai tujuan konservasi dan pembangunan secara seimbang. Southeast Asia Indonesian Orangutan dan Ekonomi Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari di Sumatera. Norway. : UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal. 2011. 83 p. 2613 RP 274 RP0274-11 Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra Serge Wich 2011 UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal Norway 83 This study explores opportunities for a more sustainable pathway to development and looks for reconciliation between forest and biodiversity conservation and economic progress. It focuses on two pilot sites on the island of Sumatra, namely Tripa swamp and the mountain forests of Batang Toru, both hosting significant orangutan populations. The assessment quantifies the economic trade-offs between unsustainable and sustainable forms of land use, and considers the role of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) and broader Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes in achieving balanced conservation and development objectives. Southeast Asia English Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra. : UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal. 2011. 83 p. 2612 JA 417 JA0417-11 Social Role-Play Games Vs Individual Perceptions of Conservation and PES Agreements for Maintaining Rubber Agroforests in Jambi (Sumatra), Indonesia Grace B.Villamor and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 Ecology and Society The Resilience Alliance 16 3 1-20 Financial incentives can both support and undermine social norms compatible with environmental service enhancement. External co-investment?e.g., through incentives from programs to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) and eco-certification?needs to synergize with local efforts by understanding local dynamics and conditions for free and prior informed consent. We assessed the perceptions and behavior of rubber agroforest farmers under existing conservation agreements as a step toward institutionalized reward schemes for agro-biodiversity using questionnaires and roleplaying games (RPG). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply such a combination of methods to explore the perceptions of payments for environmental services (PES). Results revealed a strong conservation belief system and social norms in the research site, with indications that individual interest in converting old rubber agroforest to oil palm, with consequent private gain and loss of local social agrobiodiversity benefits, is suppressed in the social context of a role-playing game. In the game, all financial bids by external agents to secure an oil palm foothold in the village, were rejected despite indications of declining income in the village. Agents promoting an eco-certification scheme in the RPG had success and the responses obtained in the game can assist in the actual rollout of such a scheme without creating unrealistic expectations of its financial benefits. Co-investment schemes that require higher levels of trust and clarity of performance measures will have to address the potential discrepancy between individual preferences and community-level planning and decisions, while recognizing that social norms color the responses of individuals when presented with alternatives. conservation agreements; payments/rewards for agro-biodiversity conservation; role playing game; rubber agroforest http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04339-160327 Southeast Asia English 0 Villamor GB and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Social Role-Play Games Vs Individual Perceptions of Conservation and PES Agreements for Maintaining Rubber Agroforests in Jambi (Sumatra), Indonesia. Ecology and Society. 16(3):P. 1-20. GRP 6, RUPES 2611 PB 28 PB0028-11 Linking scientific knowledge with policy action in Natural Resource Management Meine van Noordwijk, Delia Catacutan and William C. Clark 2011 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB Policy Brief 19 4 For more than a decade, the ASB Partnership has tried various approaches in the tropical forest margins. A recent effort to take stock, reflect on what has worked well, and identify the main challenges enabled scientists to distinguish three types of knowledge that reside with the three main actors: 1. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) resides among local people and is embedded in local ?context?; 2. Public space/policy ecological knowledge (PEK) is concerned with immediate ?impact?; and 3. Scientific, researchers or modellers? ecological knowledge, (SEK/MEK) is seeking generic ?mechanisms?. Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Catacutan D and Clark WC. 2011. Linking scientific knowledge with policy action in Natural Resource Management. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. GRP 2, GRP 6, ASB 2610 BC 317 BC0317-11 Linking climate change risks and rights of upland peoples in the Mekong Xu Jianchu and Rajesh Daniel Kate Lazarus, Nathan Badenoch, Nga Dao and Bernadette P. Resurreccion 2011 Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region Earthscan London, UK 217-244 China English Xu Jianchu and Daniel R. 2011. Linking climate change risks and rights of upland peoples in the Mekong. In: Lazarus K, Badenoch N, Dao N and Resurreccion BP,eds. Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region. London, UK. : Earthscan. P. 217-244. 2609 BC 316 BC0316-11 Climate change in the Asian highlands: Socio-economic implications for the Mekong Region Xu Jianchu Kate Lazarus, Nathan Badenoch, Nga Dao and Bernadette P. Resurreccion 2011 Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region Earthscan London, UK 197-216 China English Xu Jianchu. 2011. Climate change in the Asian highlands: Socio-economic implications for the Mekong Region. In: Lazarus K, Badenoch N, Dao N and Resurreccion BP,eds. Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region. London, UK. : Earthscan. P. 197-216. 2608 JA 416 JA0416-11 Arbuscular mycorrhiza maintains nodule function during external NH 4+ supply in Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) Peter E. Mortimer, Maria A. PΓ©rez-FernΓ‘ndez and Alex J. Valentine 2011 Mycorrhiza Springer-Verlag The synergistic benefits of the dual inoculation of legumes with nodule bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are well established, but the effect of an external NH4+ supply on this tripartite relationship is less clear. This effect of NH4+ supply was investigated with regards to the growth and function of the legume host and both symbionts. Nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings with and without AM, were grown in a sand medium with either 0 N, 1 mM or 3 mM NH4+. Plants were harvested at 30 days after emergence and measurements were taken for biomass, N2 fixation, photosynthesis, asparagine concentration, construction costs and N nutrition. The addition of NH4+ led to a decline in the percentage AM colonization and nodule dry weights, although AM colonization was affected to a lesser extent. NH4+ supply also resulted in a decrease in the reliance on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF); however, the AM roots maintained higher levels of NH4+ uptake than their non-AM counterparts. Furthermore, the non-AM plants had a higher production of asparagine than the AM plants. The inhibitory effects of NH4+ on nodule function can be reduced by the presence of AM at moderate levels of NH4+ (1 mM), via improving nodule growth or relieving the asparagine-induced inhibition of BNF. Arbuscular mycorrhiza – NH4+ – Nitrogen fixation – Photosynthesis – Asparagines China English Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Mycorrhiza. : P. .]]> 2607 JA 415 JA0415-11 National parks in China: Experiments with protecting nature and human livelihoods in Yunnan province, Peoples? Republic of China (PRC) Zhou DQ and R. Edward Grumbine 2011 Biological Conservation Elsevier Ltd 144 5 1314-1321 Beginning in 1956, China has built a large protected areas system, but has struggled to implement effective management. There remain ongoing problems with administrative authority, unclear regulations, inadequate funding, inappropriate development within protected areas, a dearth of professional capacity, and more. To address these concerns, since 2001, international nongovernment organizations led by The Nature Conservancy have encouraged various levels of government in China to experiment with an international model of national parks. The government in Yunnan province, the center of China?s biological and cultural diversity, has acted to create a national park experimental system with new administrative bureaus, comprehensive regulations, park master plans, and several national park pilots. We review two of these pilots, Pudacuo National Park and Laojun Mountain National Park, to evaluate whether this park model, as it is being applied in Yunnan, offers an improvement to existing nature reserve regulations and implementation. Though the experiment is in its early stages, issues remain around regulatory authority, community participation, park funding and staff capacity. China; Laojun Mountain; National parks; Nature reserves; Protected areas; Pudacuo National Park; Yunnan China English Zhou D and Grumbine RE. 2011. National parks in China: Experiments with protecting nature and human livelihoods in Yunnan province, Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC). Biological Conservation. 144(5):P. 1314-1321. 2606 JA 414 JA0414-11 The influence of seed and oil storage on the acid levels of rubber seed oil, derived from Hevea brasiliensis grown in Xishuangbanna, China Yixin Zhu, Xu Jianchu and Peter E. Mortimer 2011 Energy Elsevier Ltd 36 8 5403-5408 High acid levels, characteristic of rubber seed oil (RSO), limit RSO use in biodiesel production. The aims of this study were to determine the causes of these high acid levels by investigating what affects the storage of rubber seeds and RSO had on the acid levels. Two storage conditions/methods were evaluated, one representing a proposed storage method (SM 1), the other mimicking storage conditions characteristic to the Xishuangbanna region (SM 2). Furthermore, RSO storage was evaluated by testing RSO acid levels over a 2-month period, under standard storage conditions. Seeds from SM 2 displayed increased seed pile temperatures, higher levels of Mildew infection, lower seed oil content and higher acid levels. Low seed oil content and high acid values of SM 2 were resultant of the high Mildew infection and increased seed pile temperatures. In addition, a critical value of 90% relative humidity of seed piles was identified, above which Mildew infection increased sharply. Storage of crude RSO resulted in increased acid values. This data shows that in order to reduce high acid values, seed pile temperature, humidity and Mildew infections need to be kept to a minimum, as well as the storage time of the seeds and the RSO. Hevea brasiliensis, Rubber seed oil, Oil acid levels, Storage, Mildew, Biodiesel doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.06.054 China IN PRESS English Hevea brasiliensis grown in Xishuangbanna, China. Energy. 36(8):P. 5403-5408.]]> 2605 JA 413 JA0413-11 Mekong Hydropower Development R. Edward Grumbine and Xu Jianchu 2011 Science Science 332 6026 178-179 The Mekong River is one of the world's last large rivers remaining mostly undammed. But China is constructing a series of eight hydropower projects on the upper Mekong. Although there are currently no dams across the mainstream channel (not including the tributaries) in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), nevertheless, in September 2010, the Lao People's Democratic Republic petitioned the Mekong River Commission (MRC) to begin the formal process of approving the first of 11 proposed dams across the lower Mekong (see the figure) (1). Although such a cascade would provide substantial power, it would likely reduce biodiversity and ecosystem service values of the LMB, while undercutting the livelihood and food security of millions of people. Decisions on this initial proposal expected over the coming months by the MRC countries may contribute to promoting high-impact hydropower development or to a movement toward integrated, transboundary river-basin management that could serve as a model for other rivers. DOI: 10.1126/science.1200990 China English Grumbine RE and Xu Jianchu . 2011. Mekong Hydropower Development. Science. 332(6026):P. 178-179. 2604 JA 412 JA0412-11 Management and land use change effects on soil carbon in northern China's grasslands: a synthesis Shiping Wang, Andreas Wilkes, Zhicai Zhang, Xiaofeng Chang, Rong Lang, Yanfen Wang and Haishan Niu 2011 Elsevier B.V. 1-12 Grasslands cover about 40% of China?s land area. This paper synthesizes 133 papers from China on the impacts of land use conversion and improved management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) in China?s grasslands. The synthesis finds that overgrazing and conversion of freely grazed grassland to cropland lead to an annual average decline of 2.3?2.8% in SOC, and have caused a loss of 30?35% of total grassland SOC in China. Improved management practices may reverse the loss of SOC. Exclosure of degraded grassland from grazing and conversion of cropland to abandoned fields (i.e. natural restoration) increased carbon content by 34% and 62% on average. Carbon sequestration rates were greatest during the first 30 yr after treatments began and tended to be greatest in the top 10 cm of soil. Carbon sequestration potential was negatively related to initial carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soils. Exclosure from grazing and the conversion of cropland to abandoned fields resulted in average carbon sequestration rates of 130.4 g C m-2 yr-1 for 0?40 cm soil and 128.0 g C m-2 yr-1 for 0?30 cm soil, representing annual average increases of 5.4?6.3%. Based on our results, achievement of the national objective to exclude grazing livestock from 150 million ha of China?s grasslands and to establish 30 million ha of cultivated pasture by 2020 would sequester over 0.24 Pg C yr-1, which is equivalent to about 16% of fossil fuel CO2 emissions in China in 2006. Carbon sequestration, Grasslands, Land use change, Grazing, Cultivation, Pasture China IN PRESS English 2603 JA 411 JA0411-11 Integrative Management of Commercialized Wild Mushroom: A Case Study of Thelephora ganbajun in Yunnan, Southwest China Jun He, Zhimei Zhou, Huixian Yang and Xu Jianchu 2011 Environmental Management Springer Science+Business Media B.V 48 1 98-108 Thelephora ganbajun, an endemic and one of the most economically valuable mushroom species in Southwest China. The paper documents an empirical case of how an interdisciplinary approach facilitated the development of a scientific basis for policy and management practice, and built the local capacity to create, adopt and sustain the new rules and techniques of mushroom management. With this integrative perspective, a sustainable management strategy was developed, which was found not only technically feasible for farmers, but also acceptable to the government from an ecological and policy-related perspective. More importantly, this approach has greatly contributed to raising the income of farmers. The paper highlights how the integration of biophysical and socioeconomic factors and different knowledge systems provided a holistic perspective to problem diagnosis and resolution, which helped to cope with conventional scientific dilemmas. Finally, it concludes that the success of this interdisciplinary approach is significant in the context of policy decentralization and reform for incorporating indigenous knowledge and local participation in forest management.]]> Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), Fungi, Interdisciplinary research, Community-based natural resource management, Indigenous knowledge, Participatory action research China English Thelephora ganbajun in Yunnan, Southwest China. Environmental Management. 48(1):P. 98-108.]]> 2602 JA 410 JA0410-11 Creating a ?Conservation with Chinese Characteristics? R. Edward Grumbine and Xu Jianchu 2011 Biological Conservation Elsevier Ltd 144 5 1347-1355 As China becomes increasingly influential in international affairs, it is important to understand the unique characteristics of Chinese environmental values and policy processes. This is especially true given the rate and scale of China?s environmental impacts on natural ecosystems from local to international levels. Currently, however, Chinese conservation values, policies and practices are not well-integrated. We identify four systemic barriers to conservation in China that contribute to this poor integration: weak rule of law; unclear land tenure; top down government authority; and disconnects between scientific research and management implementation. To advance China toward an environmentally secure future, we suggest that combining traditional Chinese environmental values with contemporary science and international conservation practices will help to create a ?Conservation with Chinese Characteristics?. We do not believe that traditional values should replace modern science and management. Rather, we suggest that, given the cultural and political conditions in China today, using traditional values to frame contemporary environmental science and ecosystem-based management may create stronger societal support for conservation implementation. China; Conservation planning; Ecosystem-based management; Environmental education; Science and values doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.006 China English Grumbine RE and Xu Jianchu . 2011. Creating a β€˜Conservation with Chinese Characteristics’. Biological Conservation. 144(5):P. 1347-1355. 2601 LN 41 LN0041-11 Tools for use in Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) and Payment for Environmental Services in Vietnam (TULViet) 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Vietnam 1 89 Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) aims to identify land-use practices that increase production while maintaining natural capital and continuing to provide ecosystem services at local and global scales (Izac and Sanchez 2001). The overall objective of INRM research and development activities is to help managers at various levels do a better job of managing natural resources. Natural resource management problems that relate local stakeholder decisions are usually different at different scales. The challenge is how should the opportunities for adaptive response among diverse interest groups, at a number of hierarchical levels, be included in the assessment of impacts on the livelihoods of rural people. Vietnam English 2011. : Tools for use in Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) and Payment for Environmental Services in Vietnam (TULViet). 1Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 89 p. GRP 6 2600 MA 63 MA0063-11 REDD+ di Berau: Melacak emisi menimbang implikasi Arif Rahmanulloh and Muhammad Sofiyuddin 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 14-15 Reduction Emision from Deforestration and Degradation (REDD).]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 2599 MA 62 MA0062-11 Menanam pohon di luar kawasan hutan: Dapatkah menjawab isu perubahan iklim? Geoffrey Kamadi 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 12-13
Mengurangi kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan penebangan pohon baik oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat dianggap sebagai cara terbaik untuk mengimbangi dampak perubahan iklim. Meningkatkan luas tutupan hutan dan mengurangi penebangan hutan saat ini merupakan tujuan yang sudah disepakati dalam upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim.]]> Head Quarters Indonesian 2598 MA 61 MA0061-11 Memanen gula kelapa di lahan agroforestri Kurniatun Hairiah 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 10-11 Guna mendapatkan nira, pria penyadap harus memotong ujung tongkol bunga kelapa (manggar) dan pada ujungnya diletakkan sebuah wadah penampung (biasanya digunakan jirigen plastik) dan dibiarkan selama 12 jam baru kemudian dikumpulkan. Setiap harinya rata-rata terkumpul 25-30 liter nira yang diperoleh dari 20 pohon kelapa. Proses pemasakan atau pengentalan nira menjadi gula kelapa dilakukan oleh para wanita. Untuk memproduksi gula kelapa, pengrajin membutuhkan kayu bakar berkisar antara 0.5 - 1 m /hari. Jumlah kayu yang dibutuhkan bervariasi tergantung dari hasil sadapan nira dan musim. Pada musim penghujan, produksi nira relatif lebih banyak dari pada di musim kemarau, sehingga jumlah kayu bakar yang dibutuhkan juga akan meningkat. Jumlah kayu bakar yang dibutuhkan di musim penghujan rata-rata 1 m untuk 85 liter nira kelapa, dan di musim kemarau ratarata sekitar 0.8 m untuk 67 liter (Tumisem dan Suwarno, 2008). Southeast Asia Indonesian 2597 MA 60 MA0060-11 Membangun perencanaan wilayah partisipatif di Kabupaten Aceh Barat Feri Johana, Andree Ekadinata and Sonya Dewi 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 5-6 Perencanaan wilayah merupakan sebuah upaya untuk mengatur pemanfaatan ruang dalam suatu wilayah berkaitan dengan akitivitas masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan ruang tersebut. Tanpa ada perencanaan yang melibatkan masyarakat hanya akan menempatkan masyarakat sebagai penonton dan tidak dapat menentukan masa depan atas pengelolaan wilayahnya sendiri. Masyarakat akan mengalami kesulitan untuk mengadaptasi terhadap kenyataan ruang yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginannya bahkan sangat mungkin akan menentang terhadap tata ruang yang sudah dibuat. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2596 MA 59 MA0059-11 Membangun Kebun Bibit Unggul: Sarana untuk meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat Anang Setiawan and Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 3-4 kebun dumpeu na? yang artinya adalah 'kebun serba ada'. ? Kebun dumpeu na? yang dalam istilah asing dikenal sebagai agroforest memegang peranan penting bagi penghidupan masyarakat, karena sebagian besar sumber mata pencaharian masyarakat Aceh terutama di pedesaan berasal dari hasil kebun agroforest.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 2595 JA 408 JA0408-11 Understanding and Integrating Local Perceptions of Trees and Forests into Incentives for Sustainable Landscape Management Jean-Laurent Pfund, John Daniel Watts, Manuel Boissie`re, Amandine Boucard, Renee Marie Bullock, Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi, Laure`ne Feintrenie, Patrice Levang, Salla Rantala, Douglas Sheil, Terence Clarence Heethom Sunderland and Zora Lea Urech 2011 Environmental Management Environmental Management 48 334–349 We examine five forested landscapes in Africa (Cameroon, Madagascar, and Tanzania) and Asia (Indonesia and Laos) at different stages of landscape change. In all five areas, forest cover (outside of protected areas) continues to decrease despite local people?s recognition of the importance of forest products and services. After forest conversion, agroforestry systems and fallows provide multiple functions and valued products, and retain significant biodiversity. But there are indications that such land use is transitory, with gradual simplification and loss of complex agroforests and fallows as land use becomes increasingly individualistic and profit driven. In Indonesia and Tanzania, farmers favor monocultures (rubber and oil palm, and sugarcane, respectively) for their high financial returns, with these systems replacing existing complex agroforests. In the study sites in Madagascar and Laos, investments in agroforests and new crops remain rare, despite government attempts to eradicate swidden systems and their multifunctional fallows. We discuss approaches to assessing local values related to landscape cover and associated goods and services. We highlight discrepancies between individual and collective responses in characterizing land use tendencies, and discuss the effects of accessibility on land management. We conclude that a combination of social, economic, and spatially explicit assessment methods is necessary to inform land use planning. Furthermore, any efforts to modify current trends will require clear incentives, such as through carbon finance. We speculate on the nature of such incentive schemes and the possibility of rewarding the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale and in a socially equitable manner. Landscape management, Local perceptions, Biodiversity conservation, Agroforestry Southeast Asia English Pfund J, Watts JD, Boissie`re M, Boucard A, Bullock RM, Ekadinata A, Dewi S, Feintrenie L, Levang P, Rantala S, Sheil D, Sunderland TC and Urech ZL. 2011. Understanding and Integrating Local Perceptions of Trees and Forests into Incentives for Sustainable Landscape Management. Environmental Management. 48: P. 334–349. 2594 JA 407 JA0407-11 Rubber agroforests in a changing landscape: analysis of land use/cover trajectories in Bungo district, Indonesia Andree Ekadinata and Gregoire Vincent 2011 Forests, Trees and Livelihoods A B Academic Publishers 20 3–14
We studied land cover change in the Bungo district, in Jambi, Sumatra (Indonesia), a 4,550 km2 area. Large forest tracks have been cleared since the early seventies and replaced by rubber plantations, oil palm plantations and other agricultural land-uses. Landsat images taken between 1973 and 2005 were used to quantify the trends of land cover changes in the area. During that period forest cover fell from more than 75% to 30%. Simultaneously monoculture plantations increased from 3% to over 40%, while rubber agroforests, decreased from 15% to 11%. Strikingly most of the rubber agroforests present in 2005 where absent in1973 while most of the rubber agroforests present in 1973 had been replaced by more intensive agricultural systems by 2005.

Rubber agroforests are now the ultimate reservoir of the original lowland forest biodiversity since natural forest has almost completely disappeared from the peneplain. They are however under growing pressure themselves and have incurred an accelerated conversion rate to more intensive agricultural systems in the period 2002?2005.]]> land cover change, drivers of deforestation, rubber agroforests, Indonesia Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A and Vincent G. 2011. Rubber agroforests in a changing landscape: analysis of land use/cover trajectories in Bungo district, Indonesia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. 20: P. 3–14. 2593 MN 49 MN0049-11 Pengukuran cadangan karbon dari tingkat lahan ke bentang lahan. Edisi ke 2 Kurniatun Hairiah, Andree Ekadinata, Rika Ratna Sari and Subekti Rahayu 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 90 978-979-3198-53-8 Alternatives to Slash and Burn). Sedangkan pada buku edisi kedua ini berisi pengukuran cadangan karbon menggunakan metoda RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) yang mencakup cara untuk mengekstrapolasi cadangan karbon dari tingkat lahan ke tingkat bentang lahan. RaCSA telah diuji pada berbagai jenis penggunaan lahan di berbagai daerah dengan kondisi iklim yang berbeda melalui kegiatan TUL-SEA (Trees in multi-Use Landscapes in Southeast Asia) dan ALLREDDI (The Accountability and Local Level Initiative to Reduce Emission from Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia) yang dikoordinir oleh World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF Southeast Asia).

Buku RaCSA ini disusun khusus untuk pengukuran cadangan karbon pada tanah mineral (tanah kering), sedang untuk pengukuran cadangan karbon pada tanah gambut dapat dilihat pada seri berikutnya.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Hairiah K, Ekadinata A, Sari RR and Rahayu S. 2011. Pengukuran cadangan karbon dari tingkat lahan ke bentang lahan. Edisi ke 2. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 90 p. 2592 JA 406 JA0406-11 Users? perspectives on validity of a simulation model for natural resource management Betha Lusiana, Meine van Noordwijk, Desi Suyamto, Rachmat Mulia, Laxman Joshi and Georg Cadisch 2011 International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9 2 364-378 Managers of agro-ecosystems trade off food production and livelihood strategies against environmental services. They need tools to prospect a wide range of external conditions. Integrated simulation models allow stakeholders to discuss the plausible behaviour of agro-ecosystems and to evaluate dynamic trade-offs, as a basis for planning and policy making in agriculture and natural resource management. However, simulation models need to gain stakeholders? acceptance before they will be utilized. Gaining stakeholders? acceptance likely requires salience, credibility and legitimacy. We surveyed the perceptions and expectations of 122 potential model users in four countries, prioritizing these model attributes. A possible shift in user perception was assessed during a participatory model evaluation of a resource management model (FALLOW) for post-tsunami development in West Aceh (Indonesia). Potential model users, comprising natural resource managers, policy makers, lecturers and scientists, ranked salience as the most important characteristic for an integrated simulation model, followed by credibility and legitimacy. Model users? occupation, prior exposure and interest in using a simulation model did not have a statistically significant influence on users? perceptions of model attributes. land-use change model; model users; model validation; participatory approach; salience–credibility–legitimacy Southeast Asia English Lusiana B, van Noordwijk M, Suyamto D, Mulia R, Joshi L and Cadisch G. 2011. Users’ perspectives on validity of a simulation model for natural resource management. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 9(2):P. 364-378. 2591 WP 152 WP0152-11 Implementasi Kaji Cepat Hidrologi (RHA) di Hulu DAS Brantas, Jawa Timur Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, Sudarto and Iva Dewi Lestariningsih 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper nr.121. DOI: 10.5716/WP10338.PDF 133
The Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) implementation at the Sumber Brantas Watershed aimed to test the methodology, which is claimed to be rapid and cheap, and to validate the GenRiver Model ? an important component of the methodology, to learn the stakeholders? perceptions on the watershed management and to build an understanding among stakeholders in order to select the best watershed management practices.

RHA itself is claimed as a rapid and cheap methodology that is important in the early steps of an environmental service activity. The method consists of three stages i.e. scooping, awareness and identifying partners. Scooping and identifying partners were reflected from information and data collection about study site, hydrological issues, and stakeholders who involved in the watershed management.

Watershed stakeholders consisted of three groups i.e. local community, policy makers and researchers or facilitators. Knowledge, perception and experiences from each group of stakeholders used to be called as LEK (Local Ecological Knowledge), PEK (Policy Ecological Knowledge), and MEK (Modeler Ecological Knowledge). Meanwhile, the data collection including spatial data, participatory landscape analysis, local and political knowledge assessment about watershed ecology, data analysis related on hydrological condition, and the stakeholders meeting constituted as a package of community awareness about watershed management at the study site.

In general, the perceptions on watershed hydrology among the three groups of stakeholders in Sumber Brantas Watershed (i.e. PEK, MEK and LEK) tend to be similar. The important hydrological issues in the Sumber Brantas Watershed are about flash-floods and drought, decrease of the number of springs in the watershed as well as their discharge, the decrease of water quality, and the more intensive soil loss due to erosion and landslide.

The three groups of stakeholders agreed that the discharge of main river (Upper Brantas River) depends on seasonal rainfall variability. During rainy seasons, the river discharge tends to be very high, while in dry seasons it dries up. The discharge ratio between rainy and dry season is high and tends to increase annually. The fluctuations of river discharge and the floods frequency is related to the percentage of forest area in the upstream. The above perception is supported by modelers (MEK) as indicated by the calculated discharge through simulation model under various scenarios of land cover areas. The amplitude of maximum and minimum discharges is affected by percentage of forest area in the watershed. Reduction of forest area in the watershed will increase the amplitude of maximum and minimum discharge. The simulation also shows extremely high discharges or flooding following heavy rainfall events.

LEK and PEK groups stated that the decreasing of the number of springs as well as the discharge of the springs in the watershed was affected by deforestation. The deforestation will reduce the recharge area, so that the absence of forest will affect the discharge of the springs nearby. However, the MEK group mentioned that the most relevant recharge area of a spring is not necessarily adjacent to the spring, dependent to geologic and topographic conditions of the area. The three groups perceived that the decrease of the water quality in the watershed is mainly due to sedimentation and water pollution. Sediment in the river is mostly coming from erosion of agricultural and landslides on road-cuts, river-banks and steep lands. Pollutants in the main Brantas River is usually coming from the waste of human activity along the river, such as intensive agriculture, agriculture-based industry, and tourism activities. The agriculture-based industry along the Sumber Brantas watershed that produced pollutants are mushroom and flowers growers, intensive small-scale horticulture practices (fruits, vegetables, and flowers), and small-scale food and beverage industries. Meanwhile, the tourism activity includes hotel and restaurant business. The LEK group believed that the soil material transported into the river is mostly coming from the forest-production area that has been converted into agriculture lands by local farmers (known as pesanggem). Usually, they grow rain fed vegetables such as carrot, potato, cabbage in the steep slopes without proper management. The group also thought that the conversion of forest into agriculture land will trigger landslide evidence on the steep slopes. They were quite sure that the absence of tree vegetation on the steep lands was the major cause of landslides and flooding. Actually, the perception of the PEK and MEK group on the erosion and landslide issues are not quite different from LEK group. However, they emphasized that slope is more prominent factor triggering landslides than the absence of trees.

Comparing the simulated discharge using the GenRiver model to the actual field measurement shows a poor relation. The measured discharge data collected by PJT 1 (Perum Jasa Tirta I) seems to have unexpected trends that cannot be explained well by the available supporting data such as rainfall data. However, the simulated discharge upon some landuse scenarios indicates some acceptable preferences compared to the actual field condition.

In conclusion, the similarity of perception among stakeholders in the watershed will give chance to find the best management plan and practices in the near future. But there is still a problem to bring the stakeholders to sit together discussing their opinion, perception and hope on the future of the watershed. An appropriate system and mechanism of coordination and communication among stakeholders is certainly needed to build better understanding of the watershed. Environmental service mechanism can be potentially developed in Sumber Brantas watershed, since the early initiative has been explored and practiced by some stakeholders, such as Perum Jasa Tirta I.]]> Environmental services, hydrological, modeling, local knowledge, watershed Southeast Asia Indonesian Widianto, Suprayogo D, Sudarto and Lestariningsih ID. 2010. Implementasi Kaji Cepat Hidrologi (RHA) di Hulu DAS Brantas, Jawa Timur. Working paper nr.121. DOI: 10.5716/WP10338.PDFBogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 133 p. GRP 6, TULSEA 2590 WP 151 WP0151-11 A Study of Rapid Hydrological Appraisal in the Krueng Peusangan Watershed, NAD, Sumatra Ni'matul Khasanah, Elok Mulyoutami, Andree Ekadinata, Tonni Asmawan, Lisa Tanika, Zuraidah Said, Meine van Noordwijk and Beria Leimona 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper nr 123. DOI: 10.5716/WP10339.PDF 55
The objectives of the RHA are to appraise the hydrological situation from the perspective of multiple stakeholders: local ecological knowledge (LEK), public/policymakers ecological knowledge (PEK), and hydrologist/modeler ecological knowledge (MEK). Further, the recommendation from the application of RHA is to design a realistic approach in designing a reward for watershed services scheme. To accomplish the objective of the study, the RHA method was implemented through the following activities:
1. Survey and exploration of the two main types of stakeholder knowledge: local and public/policy maker ecological knowledge on water movement and causes and consequences of land use options on the landscape from the perspective of multiple users of the Krueng Peusangan watershed, 2. Gathering and analyzing of existing climate and hydrology data on the Krueng Peusangan watershed, 3. Spatial data analysis of the Krueng Peusangan watershed to obtain land cover information, land cover change information and watershed characteristic, 4. Analyses of the consequences of current land cover change on the values of water balance including river flow in the Krueng Peusangan watershed using GenRiver 2.0 model, and 5. Analyses of plausible future land cover changes scenarios and its impacts using GenRiver 2.0 model.]]> Southeast Asia English Khasanah N, Mulyoutami E, Ekadinata A, Asmawan T, Tanika L, Said Z, van Noordwijk M and Leimona B. 2011. A Study of Rapid Hydrological Appraisal in the Krueng PeusanganWatershed, NAD, Sumatra. Working Paper nr 123. DOI: 10.5716/WP10339.PDFBogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 55 p. GRP 6, TULSEA 2589 WP 150 WP0150-11 Kaji Cepat Hidrologi di Daerah Aliran Sungai Krueng Peusangan, NAD, Sumatra Ni'matul Khasanah, Elok Mulyoutami, Andree Ekadinata, Tonni Asmawan, Lisa Tanika, Zuraidah Said and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no. 122. DOI 10.5716/WP10337.PDF 55 Rapid Hydological Appraisal (RHA).

Tujuan RHA adalah untuk menilai situasi hidrologi DAS berdasarkan perspektif berbagai pemangku kepentingan seperti pengetahuan ekologi masyarakat lokal (local ecological knowledge/LEK), pengetahuan ekologi pembuat keputusan (policymakers ecological knowledge/PEK) dan pengetahuan ekologi ahli hidrologi/peneliti (hydrologist/modeler ecological knowledge/MEK). Selanjutnya, rekomendasi hasil RHA digunakan untuk menyusun pendekatan skema imbal jasa lingkungan. Dalam kajian ini, implementasi RHA dilakukan melalui beberapa kegiatan:

Kajian dan eksplorasi pengetahuan ekologi masyarakat lokal dan pengetahuan ekologi pembuat keputusan dengan fokus pergerakan air; penyebab dan konsekuensi pemilihan/perubahan penggunaan lahan di suatu bentang lahan (lansekap) menurut sudut pandang berbagai pihak pemanfaat DAS Krueng Peusangan,
Pengumpulan dan analisa data iklim dan hidrologi DAS Krueng Peusangan,
Analisa data spasial untuk memperoleh pemahaman mengenai perubahan tutupan lahan dan karakteristik DAS,
Analisa pengaruh perubahan tutupan lahan terhadap kesetimbangan air termasuk debit sungai DAS Krueng Peusangan menggunakan model GenRiver 2.0, dan
Analisa beberapa skenario perubahan tutupan lahan yang mungkin terjadi terhadap kesetimbangan air menggunakan model GenRiver 2.0.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Khasanah N, Mulyoutami E, Ekadinata A, Asmawan T, Tanika L, Said Z and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Kaji Cepat Hidrologi di Daerah Aliran Sungai Krueng Peusangan, NAD, Sumatra. Working paper no. 122Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 55 p. TULSEA 2588 BC 315 BC0315-11 Rubber agroforestry and PES for preservation of biodiversity in Bungo district, Sumatra Laxman Joshi, Rachman Pasha, Elok Mulyoutami and Hendrien J Beukema Daniela Ottaviani and Nadia El-Hage Scialabba 2011 Payments for ecosystem services and food security FAO Rome, Italy 26 114-135 ISBN 978-92-5-106796-3 Hevea brasiliensis), naturally found in the floodplains forests along the Amazon River, began in Indonesia in the second half of the 19th century. In Sumatra and Borneo, rubber cultivation, initially restricted along rivers with good accessibility, rapidly spread to even relatively remote areas in the country. Currently, Indonesia is the world's second largest gum exporter with an overall rubber area of 3.5 million hectares. More than one million households depend on rubber-generating income in Indonesia, as 83 percent of the rubber cultivation area is constituted by smallholder rubber agroforestry systems (Wibawa et al., 2005)

Bungo district, located in the western area of the Jambi province, the third most important Indonesia province for rubber production, is surrounded by three national parks: Kerinci Seblat, Bukit Dua Belas and Bukit Tiga Puluh. The district has been severely deforested (60 percent forest loss) and forests have been replaced by rubber and oil palm plantations, as well as other agricultural land uses. In particular, from the late 1980s, an increased spread in oil plantation cultivation has led to the additional loss of native trees and simplification of the agro-ecological landscape (Fentreine et al.). A remote sensing study showed that in 1998 the remaining forests, mostly located on the Barisan range, covered only 28 percent of Bungo district, while in the area occupied by jungle rubber has decreased from 17 percent (1988) to 11 percent (2008) due to a parallel increase in monoculture covering from 23 percent (1988) to 49 percent (2008) of the district area (Ekadinata et al., 2010)]]> Southeast Asia English Joshi L, Pasha R, Mulyoutami E and Beukema HJ. 2011. Rubber agroforestry and PES for preservation of biodiversity in Bungo district, Sumatra. In: Ottaviani D and Scialabba NE,eds. Payments for ecosystem services and food security. Rome, Italy. : FAO. P. 114-135. GRP 2, GRP 6, RUPES 2587 BC 314 BC0314-11 PES and multi-strata coffee gardens in Sumberjaya, Indonesia Rachman Pasha and Beria Leimona Daniela Ottaviani and Nadia El-Hage Scialabba 2011 Payments for ecosystem services and food security FAO Rome, Italy 7 275-281 ISBN 978-92-5-106796-3 Sumberjaya is a sub-district (542 km2), in the district of West Lampung, which has historically been the dramatic scene of massive deforestation escalating in social conflicts and poor households. Since the 1970s, Sumberjaya recorded a rapid expansion in smallholder coffee cultivation. Although the government was aware of the consequent high uncontrolled deforestation rate, it was only in 1990, when a hydropower plant was planned in the upper watershed of the Way Besai River, that it took action, concerned about slope erosion and potentially high sediment discharge to the hydropower plant (USAID, 2007). Thus, 40 percent of the land in Sumberjaya was declared as areas of restricted use and forest protection and, between 1991 and 1996, thousands of farmers were evicted from their lands. In 1998, a reconciliatory negotiation promoted by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the local NGO Watala, the Ford Foundation and the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID) was initiated to resolve the huge social conflict and promote sound land-use management. Southeast Asia English 0 Pasha R and Leimona B. 2011. PES and multi-strata coffee gardens in Sumberjaya, Indonesia. In: Ottaviani D and Scialabba NE,eds. Payments for ecosystem services and food security. Rome, Italy. : FAO. P. 275-281. GRP 6, RUPES 2586 PB 27 PB0027-11 Principles for fairness and efficiency in enhancing environmental services in Asia. Payments, compensation or co-investment? Meine van Noordwijk and Beria Leimona 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 6
The term ?payments for environmental services? has rapidly gained popularity, with its focus on market-based mechanisms for enhancing environmental services. Current use of the term, however, covers a broad spectrum of interactions between environmental services? suppliers and beneficiaries.

A broader class of mechanisms pursues enhancement of environmental services through compensation or rewards. Such mechanisms can be analysed on the basis of how they meet four conditions: realistic, conditional, voluntary and pro-poor.

The Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) program has been examining such mechanisms throughout Asia since 2002.]]> Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M and Leimona B. 2011. Principles for fairness and efficiency in enhancing environmental services in Asia. Payments, compensation or co-investment?. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. GRP 6, RUPES 2585 PB 26 PB0026-11 Can rewards for providing environmental services benefit the poor? Lessons from Asia Beria Leimona, Laxman Joshi and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 8
The concept of rewarding local people who protect the environment and the services provides links to two global priorities: to reduce poverty and to sustain the environment.

Pilot schemes based on the concept should ideally aim to balance effectiveness and efficiency with fairness and supporting poor people.

However, most tend to focus primarily on the efficiency of providing the environmental services and often neglect the local people involved in managing the natural resources, their livelihood strategies and the multi-dimensional nature of poverty.]]> Southeast Asia English Leimona B, Joshi L and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Can rewards for providing environmental services benefit the poor? Lessons from Asia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 8 p. GRP 6, RUPES 2584 WP 149 WP0149-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Quirino forest-carbon development project in Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor Raquel C. Lopez, Maria Noriza Herrera and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 132. DOI: 10.5716/WP11057.PDF 56
Acting as the project proponent and intermediary, CI Philippines can potentially institutionalise the project. Not only is such a purpose part of their mission as a non-government organization but also they have the technical capacity to do so. The project is to be implemented as community-based forest management, involving local communities (represented by three people?s organizations) made up of 96 individual and household landholders, Palacian Economic Development Association Inc (a local NGO), the provincial government, Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region 2 and the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office and the project monitoring team of CI Philippines. MoreTrees, a non-profit carbon offset provider, funds the project.

A total of 177 ha, consisting of small landholdings (110 parcels) in five barangays within the municipalities of Maddela (94 ha) and Nagtipunan (83 ha), has been delineated as the project area. The 108 parcels are within classified forestlands (162 ha) and most landholders have certificate of stewardship contracts as their tenure instruments; there are only two parcels of private land (15 ha) with ownership titles.

The project deploys an agroforestation scheme, conducting reforestation activities by planting native tree species on a total of 155 ha and an agroforestry system by planting fruit trees on 22 ha.

Just like other project proponents, CI Philippines also attempted to participate under the Clean Development Mechanism afforestation/reforestation (CDM A/R) framework. It initially drafted a plan for 13 000 ha as a CDM A/R project but is now targeting the Verified Carbon Standards. Validation by a third party has already been conducted under the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards after some corrective action, including revision of the project design document and subsequent revalidation.]]> Carbon market, climate change, forest-carbon development, mitigation, community-based forest management, Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Quirino forest carbon Philippines English Lopez RC, Herrera MN and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Quirino forest-carbon development project in Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor. Working Paper no. 132. DOI: 10.5716/WP11057.PDFLos Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 56 p. GRP 5 2583 WP 148 WP0148-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Laguna Lake Development Authority?s forest-carbon development project Raquel C. Lopez, Liberty O. Moya and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 131. DOI: 10.5716/WP11056.PDF 43
The Laguna Lake Development Authority?s carbon-forestry project, called the Laguna de Bay Community Watershed Rehabilitation Project, consists of two components: 1) Project 1, which covers an aggregate of 140 ha over 10 barangays within the Caliraya-Lumot Watershed. This is further subdivided into two sites (site 1 = 40 ha and site 2 = 100 ha); and 2) Project 2, which covers an aggregate of 217 ha located in four sites in Laguna province. Each site is equivalent to a small-scale forest-carbon project bundled into one project

The project aims to develop an enabling environment for a carbon market for small-scale environmental interventions in the Laguna de Bay watershed. The key activities of the project are designed to: a) build the capacity of the Authority as an intermediary; b) pilot the implementation of carbon emissions reduction projects; and c) prepare set environmental projects for emission reduction credits.

The project has the participation of local government units (Municipality of Tanay and Siniloan), an academic institution (University of Philippines Los Baρos), a governmentcontrolled corporation (National Power Corporation) and private companies (CBK Power Company and San Pablo Water District), which have jurisdiction at each site to facilitate the project.

As intermediary, the Authority was able to receive funding through a grant from the Japan Climate Change Initiative, which the World Bank implements for purchasing offsets for greenhouse gas emission reductions from small-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. Carbon financing is already mainstreamed in the project, which enabled the Authority to prepare a project design document following the CDM standard template. However, when submitted for validation, of the sites proposed for the forest-carbon development project, only one site?5 ha located in the municipality of Siniloan?satisfied the eligibility criteria under the CDM afforestation/reforestation framework.

While continuing their reforestation activities, the Authority is currently looking for additional sites. The project design document is being revised and other market mechanisms are being explored.]]> carbon forestry, forest-carbon development, watershed rehabilitation, agroforestation, Laguna de Bay, CDM A/R Philippines English Lopez RC, Moya LO and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Laguna Lake Development Authority’s forest-carbon development project. Working Paper no. 131. DOI: 10.5716/WP11056.PDFLos Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 43 p. GRP 5 2582 WP 147 WP0147-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Ikalahan Ancestral Domain forest-carbon development Raquel C. Lopez, Emma Abasolo and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 133 41
The World Agroforestry Centre Philippines has assisted the Ikalahan, the indigenous people of the region, through their Kalahan Educational Foundation (KEF) by building their capacity to enter into the international carbon markets. KEF initially planned to participate in the market through the United Nations? Framework Convention on Climate Change?s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) then later through the Verified Carbon Standards and is now exploring the possibility of engaging with the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation plus conservation (REDD+) scheme.

The study was conducted to assess the potential of, and challenges for, the proposed project to participate in carbon trading and rewards for environmental services mechanisms. We wanted to examine the strengths of the proposed forest-carbon development as well as the limitations that are hindering its institutionalisation.

The project will consist of an agroforestation scheme on 900 ha, through 1) planting purely forest trees for reforestation and greater carbon sequestration; and 2) agroforestry farms for livelihoods and lesser carbon sequestration. Total sequestration has been estimated at 89 776 t CO2e over 20 years. The project implementers are the local indigenous people, represented by the KEF.

The prerequisite for any project activity is identification of the area. However, as of 2010, KEF had been able to delineate only 17 parcels of land with aggregate area of 112.27 ha, which is intended for forest tree establishment. The parcels for agroforestry farms had not yet been identified.

Further, KEF had yet to create a comprehensive project plan and prepare a project design document (PDD) following the standard templates required for the carbon markets. KEF needs strategic partners to help them do this, along with the required documents for environmental services registration and crediting. A one-year agreement with Mitsubishi UFJ Securities Co. Ltd. to provide consultancy services to help KEF with such activities had already expired.

We found that aside from the technical limitations of undertaking the planning process, the process of identifying the project area still remained a challenge for the KEF.

Generally, progress has only stemmed from the assistance provided by the World Agroforestry Centre Philippines through its Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) project.]]> Ikalahan Ancestral Domain, forest carbon, RUPES project, agroforestation, CDM, voluntary carbon market, REDD+ mechanism Philippines English Lopez RC, Abasolo E and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Ikalahan Ancestral Domain forest-carbon development. Working Paper no. 133Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 41 p. 2581 WP 146 WP0146-11 Carbon forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of the Arakan Forest Corridor forest carbon project Raquel C. Lopez, Jayson C. IbaΓ±ez and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 130. DOI: 10.5716/WP11055.PDF 50
The proposed project can potentially contribute to mitigation efforts through carbon sequestration and storage. However, there are many challenges for project development and field implementation. Realistic work and budget plans need to be prepared and the technical and socio-economic aspects of the field work must be sustainable.

Smallholders? acceptance of the arrangements and continued cooperation is vital for the project?s success. To ensure this, more ground work needs to be done to facilitate implementation in the field. A more pro-active project design must be developed using adaptive management theory and subsequently implemented. Adaptive management uses management intervention as a tool to strategically probe the functioning of an ecosystem.]]> Forest carbon development, Arakan Forest Corridor, agroforestation, rainforestation farming, community-based conservation, project development approach, Adopt a Parcel of Hope campaign Philippines English Lopez RC, IbaΓ±ez JC and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of the Arakan Forest Corridor forest carbon project. Working Paper no. 130Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 50. DOI: 10.5716/WP11055.PDF p. DOI: 10.5716/WP11055.PDF GRP 5 2580 BK 148 BK0148-11 Membangun Kebun Campuran: Belajar dari Kobun Pocal di Tapanuli dan Lampoeh di Tripa Endri Martini, Hesti L. Tata, Elok Mulyoutami, Jusupta Tarigan and Subekti Rahayu 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 42 Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Martini E, Tata HL, Mulyoutami E, Tarigan J and Rahayu S. 2010. Membangun Kebun Campuran: Belajar dari Kobun Pocal di Tapanuli dan Lampoeh di Tripa. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 42 p. 2579 WP 145 WP0145-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of Mt Kitanglad Range forest-carbon development project Raquel C. Lopez, Felix S Mirasol and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no 129. DOI: 10.5716/WP11054.PDF 51
The study was conducted to assess the potential of, and challenges for, the proposed project to participate in carbon trading and rewards for environmental services mechanisms. One of the key strengths was the political will of the intermediary entity in helping the project participants, the occupants of deforested and degraded land. This manifested in the formulation of the project development plan.

The proposed project can potentially participate in the carbon market. There are constraints, but with the necessary technical and logistical support to achieve a final project proposal and/or project design document and subsequent operations, the Mt Kitanglad Range forest-carbon development project could potentially be a viable participant in the carbon trading and environmental services rewards mechanisms.]]> Carbon market, climate change, forest-carbon development, mitigation, Mt Kitanglad Range, agroforestation scheme Philippines English Lopez RC, Mirasol FS and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of Mt Kitanglad Range forest-carbon development project. Working Paper no 129Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 51 p. DOI: 10.5716/WP11054.PDF GRP 5 2578 PB 25 PB0025-11 Management of Sesaot Forest: Quo Vadis? Gamma Galudra 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Polan Brief no. 13 4 Sesaot forest lies within Dodokan catchment, to the west of Rinjani National Park with an area of 5,950 ha. Administratively, the forest belongs to Narmada and Lingsar districts of West Lombok Regency and surrounded by 4 villages of Sesaot, Lebah Sempage, Sedau and Batu Mekar. According to Decree of Agriculture Minister No. 756/Kpts/Um/1982, the status and function of Sesaot forest is Protective Forest. This status is based on the important function of the forest as part of the catchment that provides water for large scale irrigation and drinking water for downstream communities, particularly the citizen of Mataram in West Lombok Regency and some areas in Central Lombok Regency. Southeast Asia English 0 Galudra G. 2011. Management of Sesaot Forest: Quo Vadis?. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2577 PB 24 PB0024-11 Rencana tata ruang wilayah dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Polan Brief no. 12 4 Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) merupakan salah satu atau bahkan satu-satunya peluang untuk mencapai pembangunan rendah emisi. Sebagai suatu institusi (rule of game), RTRW tidak terlepas dari permasalahan mendasar yang melandasi proses pembentukannya. Hal inilah yang membuat RTRW sebagai suatu dokumen legal sering kali gagal menjadi acuan pembangunan daerah. RTRW tidak hanya sebatas legalisasi pemanfaatan dan pembagian ruang atas sumberdaya alam (SDA) namun lebih dari itu, karena pada setiap sumber daya alam melekat hak yang berbeda atas manfaat yang berbeda-beda pula. Tulisan ini merupakan opini penulis sebagai suatu identifikasi awal dalam memahami permasalahan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan dan lahan didalam RTRW Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat (Tanjab Barat) dan kebijakan kehutanan pada umumnya. Cara pandang Teori Akses digunakan untuk menguraikan alokasi dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan dan lahan untuk menuju pembangunan rendah emisi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Agung P. 2011. Rencana tata ruang wilayah dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2576 BK 147 BK0147-11 Analisa gaya bersengketa (AGATA); Panduan ringkas untuk membantu memilih bentuk penyelesaian sengketa pengelolaan sumberdaya alam Gamal Pasya and Martua T Sirait 2011 The Samdhana Institute Bogor, Indonesia 84 9780-979-170173-1-0 post colonial <\i> yang secara historis mewarisi legasi dan permasalahan sengketa penguasaan atas sumber daya alam. Sengketa tersebut amat nyata menjadi hambatan dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam yang adil dan lestari, serta perlu segera diselesaikan untuk menghindari bumi dari kelanjutan bencana sosial dan ekologis, dan sepatutnya hal tersebut diselesaikan oleh masyarakat, pemerintah dan para pihak lainnya. Di Indonesia TAP MPR No. IX tahun 2001 tentang Pembaruan Agraria dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam memandatkan dan menugaskan kepada Pemerintah dan DPR untuk menyelesaikan sengketa secara adil dan beradab sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip yang ada dalam TAP MPR tersebut]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Pasya G and Sirait MT. 2011. Analisa gaya bersengketa (AGATA); Panduan ringkas untuk membantu memilih bentuk penyelesaian sengketa pengelolaan sumberdaya alam. Bogor, Indonesia. : The Samdhana Institute. 84 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2575 MN 48 MN0048-11 GenRiver and FlowPer: Generic River Flow Persistence Models. User Manual Version 2.0 Meine van Noordwijk, Rudy Harto Widodo, Ai Farida, Desi Ariyadhi Suyamto, Betha Lusiana, Lisa Tanika and Ni'matul Khasanah 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 119 978-979-3198-50-7 Southeast Asia English 0 van Noordwijk M, Widodo RH, Farida A, Suyamto DA, Lusiana B, Tanika L and Khasanah N. 2011. GenRiver and FlowPer: Generic River Flow Persistence Models. User Manual Version 2.0. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 119 p. 2574 PB 23 PB0023-11 Meso Debat: Menghubungkan Debat Makro dan Mikro dalam Menyiapkan Strategi REDD Daerah Martua T Sirait and Putra Agung 2011 Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 11 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 4 Southeast Asia Indonesian Sirait MT and Agung P. 2011. Meso Debat: Menghubungkan Debat Makro dan Mikro dalam Menyiapkan Strategi REDD Daerah. Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 11. Bogor. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2573 PB 22 PB0022-11 Menuju Pengakuan ?Hutan Nagari? di Nagari Salingka Danau Singkarak Jomi Suhendri and Putra Agung 2011 Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 10 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 4 Southeast Asia Indonesian Suhendri J and Agung P. 2011. Menuju Pengakuan β€œHutan Nagari” di Nagari Salingka Danau Singkarak. Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 10. Bogor. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2572 RP 273 RP0273-11 Stakeholder perspectives on ?fair and efficient? benefit distribution along the CREDD value chain Meine van Noordwijk, S. Suyanto, Sandra J.Velarde, Herry Purnomo, Do Trong Hoan and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor Project Report 67 Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Suyanto S, Velarde SJ, Purnomo H, Do Trong H and Hoang MH. Stakeholder perspectives on β€˜fair and efficient’ benefit distribution along the CREDD value chain. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 67 p. 2571 RP 272 RP0272-11 Local perspectives on REDD in comparison with those at the international negotiation tables and their representation in quantitative scenario models Meine van Noordwijk, Gamma Galudra, Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Herry Purnomo and S. Suyanto 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor Project Report 93 Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Galudra G, Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Purnomo H and Suyanto S. Local perspectives on REDD in comparison with those at the international negotiation tables and their representation in quantitative scenario models. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 93 p. 2570 RP 271 RP0271-11 Abatement Cost Curves Relating Past Greenhouse Gas Emissions To The Economic Gains They Allowed Meine van Noordwijk, Sonya Dewi, S. Suyanto, Peter A Minang, Douglas White, Valentina Robiglio, Hoang Minh Ha, Andree Ekadinata, Rachmat Mulia and Degi Harja 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor Project Report 28 Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Dewi S, Suyanto S, Minang PA, White D, Robiglio V, Hoang MH, Ekadinata A, Mulia R and Harja D. Abatement Cost Curves Relating Past Greenhouse Gas Emissions To The Economic Gains They Allowed. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 28 p. 2569 BC 313 BC0313-11 The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Adaptation in China Zhang Linxiu, Yi Hongmei, Luo Renfu, Wang Jinxia and Xu Jianchu 2011 Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China Chiang Mai 324 77-109 China English Zhang L, Yi H, Renfu L, Wang J and Xu Jianchu . 2011. The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Adaptation in China. Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region. Chiang Mai. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. P. 77-109. 2568 BC 312 BC0312-11 The impact of climate change on water resources and local livelihood in the Asian highlands Xu Jianchu Kobkun Rayanakorn 2011 Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China Chiang Mai 324 9-33 China English 0 Xu Jianchu. 2011. The impact of climate change on water resources and local livelihood in the Asian highlands. In: Rayanakorn K,eds. Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region. Chiang Mai. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. P. 9-33. 2566 WP 144 WP0144-11 Agricultural Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: What can we learn for the MRV of agricultural NAMAs? Andreas Wilkes, Wang Shiping, Timm Tennigkeit and Feng Jiexi 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China WP no. 126 17 China English 0 Wilkes A, Shiping W, Tennigkeit T and Feng J. 2011. Agricultural Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: What can we learn for the MRV of agricultural NAMAs?. WP no. 126: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 17 p. 2565 BL 38 BL0038-11 Bersama Menjaga Hutan: Upaya Mengurangi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi di Desa Lubuk Beringin Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Farid Zulfikar, Iman Budisetiawan, Elok Mulyoutami, Asep Ayat and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 68 978-979-3198-51-4 Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Zulfikar F, Budisetiawan I, Mulyoutami E, Ayat A and van Noordwijk M. Bersama Menjaga Hutan: Upaya Mengurangi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi di Desa Lubuk Beringin. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 68 p. 2564 BK 146 BK0146-11 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea Xu Jianchu, Kim Gwang Ju and Jun He 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China Kunming 240 978 92-9059-209-7 China English 0 2011. Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea. Kunming. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 240 p. 2563 JA 405 JA0405-11 Is native timber tree intercropping an economically feasible alternative for smallholder farmers in the Philippines? Fernando Santos Martin and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 55 257–272 Integration of trees on upland farms in the Philippines has been slower than expected and desirable from an environmental perspective. Our economic and risk analysis points to current policies as part of the problem. The study compares three domesticated indigenous timber trees (Shorea contorta V., Pterocarpus indicus J., and Vitex parviflora W.) intercropped with maize against a benchmark of the widely used exotic mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla K.). We used a biophysical simulation model (WaNuLCAS 3.1) to represent interaction between trees and crops for a fundamental level of water, nutrient and light capture as the basis for production functions. External conditions affecting systems profitability were accounted for in the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Elements of risk were introduced through Monte Carlo simulation. Study results revealed that from a farmer?s perspective intercropping systems provide similar (within an uncertainty range of + or ) 10%) returns to monocropping scenarios. When net subsidies and taxes are accounted for, social profitability evaluations favour tree intercropping at high tree densities. The net effect of the current bias in price policies towards food production therefore refrains farmers from making decisions to integrate trees on farms; a decision that is actually in the national interest on economic grounds, even without consideration of positive environmental effects agricultural policy, agricultural systems, development economics, economic and risk analysis, productivity analysis Southeast Asia English Martin FS and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Is native timber tree intercropping an economically feasible alternative for smallholder farmers in the Philippines?. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 55: P. 257–272. 2562 JA 404 JA0404-11 Understanding forest transition in the Philippines: main farm-level factors influencing smallholder?s capacity and intention to plant native timber trees Fernando Santos Martin, Manuel Bertomeu, Meine van Noordwijk and R. M. Navarro-Cerrillo 2011 Small-scale Forestry World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office DOI 10.1007/s11842-011-9166-y The ?when, where and how? of decisions by smallholder upland farmers to plant trees as part of their use of natural, human and capital resources needs to be understood if policy support is to result in actual recovery of tree cover as part of a ?forest transition? trajectory. In large parts of the Philippines the turning point may be close. Data on resource access and tree planting decisions were gathered from a household survey, with a total of 148 respondents in four rural communities in Leyte Province in Central Philippines. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Household-level results reveal that the outcomes of the decision-making processes primarily depend on the availability of land and access to remaining forest resources rather than socio-cultural or economic factors. The total area of land and number of parcels managed by the household plus security of land tenure through ownership was found to have a statistically significant effect on farmers? decision to plant native timber trees. Access to surrounding natural forest is negatively associated with farmer tree planting Agroforestation, Upland farmers, Household survey, Land management, Natural forest Southeast Asia English Martin FS, Bertomeu M, van Noordwijk M and Navarro-Cerrillo RM. 2011. Understanding forest transition in the Philippines: main farm-level factors influencing smallholder’s capacity and intention to plant native timber trees. Small-scale Forestry. DOI 10.1007/s11842-011-9166-y: P. . 2561 WP 143 WP0143-11 Payments for Environmental Services (PES): An introductory note in the Mekong context Jun He, X. Lu and Xu Jianchu 2010 M-power PN67 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China PN67_2010_28 China English He J, Lu X and Xu Jianchu . 2010. Payments for Environmental Services (PES): An introductory note in the Mekong context. M-power PN67. PN67_2010_28: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2560 WP 142 WP0142-11 Payment for Environmental Services (PES): Insights from Kejie Watershed, Yunnan Province, southwest China Jun He, Xu Jianchu and X Ma 2010 M-Power, PN67 Working Paper World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China PN67_2010_01 China He J, Xu Jianchu and Ma X. 2010. Payment for Environmental Services (PES): Insights from Kejie Watershed, Yunnan Province, southwest China. M-Power, PN67 Working Paper. PN67_2010_01: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2558 JA 403 JA0403-11 Variations of fruit and seed traits of natural and artificial populations in Camellia reticulata L. Jiacong Huang, Jun He, Rui-ping Yin, Xiao-jun Wan, Jun Guo, Xin Cheng-lian, Faping Gong and Yue Li 2010 Journal of Beijing Forestry University World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China 32(5) 94-101 China Chinese Huang J, He J, Yin R, Wan X, Guo J, Xin C, Gong F and Li Y. 2010. Variations of fruit and seed traits of natural and artificial populations in Camellia reticulata L.. Journal of Beijing Forestry University. 32(5): P. 94-101. GRP 1 2557 JA 402 JA0402-11 Production Increasing Technology of Wild Thelepora Ganbajun Zang in Changning County Qu Chun-xia, He Jun, Yang Yanping, Yang Hui-xian, Xiong Jian and Li Hong-wei 2010 Forest Inventory and Planning World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China 35(5) 53-56 China Chinese Qu C, He J, Yanping Y, Yang H, Xiong J and Li H. 2010. Production Increasing Technology of Wild Thelepora Ganbajun Zang in Changning County. Forest Inventory and Planning. 35(5): P. 53-56. GRP 1 2556 JA 401 JA0401-11 GIS-base DSS for Optimal Multiobjectives Erosion Management: A case study of the Huai Talupkup Watershed, Thailand S. Pongsai, Pratap Shresta, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, R. Clemente, N.K. Tripathi, V. Trelo-Ges and S. Paramee 2010 International Journal of Geoinformatics World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand 6 (3) 67-78 Thailand English Pongsai S, Shresta P, Schmidt-Vogt D, Clemente R, Tripathi N, Trelo-Ges V and Paramee S. 2010. GIS-base DSS for Optimal Multiobjectives Erosion Management: A case study of the Huai Talupkup Watershed, Thailand. International Journal of Geoinformatics. 6 (3): P. 67-78. GRP 4 2555 JA 400 JA0400-11 People?s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion: a case study of Samanalawewa Watershed, Sri Lanka E.P.N. Udayakumara, Pratap Shresta, L. Samarakoon and Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt 2010 International Journal of Sediment Research World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China 25 (4) 323-339 Though soil erosion is an important concern in Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of baseline information on soil erosion in many of its watersheds, which obstructs monitoring of soil erosion and mitigating its effects. In order to assess soil erosion in a critical watershed and to identify its determinants, the Samanalawewa watershed, which contains one of the main hydropower generating reservoirs in Sri Lanka, was selected for this study. Remote-sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) based modeling as well as field experiments were employed to assess and map soil erosion rates. Results indicated that the current rate of soil erosion ranges from 0 to 289 t/ha/yr, and that the average rate of soil erosion has been declining from 20 to 4 t/ha/yr over a period from 1986 to 2008. The current rate of soil erosion is, however, still about 14 to 33 times greater than the natural soil generation rate. Socioeconomic factors and peoples? perception of soil erosion and soil conservation measures were examined using data collected through a household survey. Multiple regression analysis with eighteen covariates of socioeconomic characteristics yielded eleven socioeconomic variables, viz. household size, farm labor, education, land tenure, conservation cost, training, committee membership, professional competencies, income, distance, and financial capital as the predictor variables of soil erosion. Farmers identified improper soil and crop management practices as the major causes of erosion. The adoption of conservation measures, their effectiveness, and their impact on ecosystem services were also examined. Soil erosion, People perception, Determinants of soil erosion, Conservation measures, Sri Lanka China English Udayakumara E, Shresta P, Samarakoon L and Schmidt-Vogt D. 2010. People’s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion: a case study of Samanalawewa Watershed, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Sediment Research. 25 (4): P. 323-339. GRP 4 2554 JA 399 JA0399-11 Calibration and validation of MUSLE for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: a case study in Khun Satan catchment of Northern Thailand S. Pongsai, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, Pratap Shresta, R. Clemente and A. Eiumnoh 2010 Canadian Journal of Soil Science World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand Vol. 90 (4) 585-596 Thailand English Pongsai S, Schmidt-Vogt D, Shresta P, Clemente R and Eiumnoh A. 2010. Calibration and validation of MUSLE for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: a case study in Khun Satan catchment of Northern Thailand. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. Vol. 90 (4): P. 585-596. GRP 4 2552 JA 421 JA0421-11 Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau Yu Haiying, Eike Luedeling and Xu Jianchu F. Stuart Chapin 2010 Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA (PNAS) The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 51 22151-22156 22151–22156 Climate change has caused advances in spring phases of many plant species. Theoretically, however, strong warming in winter could slowthe fulfillment of chilling requirements,whichmay delay spring phenology. This phenomenon should be particularly pronounced in regions that are experiencing rapid temperature increases and are characterized by highly temperature-responsive vegetation. To test this hypothesis, we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ratio method to determine the beginning, end, and length of the growing season of meadow and steppe vegetation of the Tibetan Plateau in Western China between 1982 and 2006.We then correlated observed phenological dates with monthly temperatures for the entire period on record. For both vegetation types, spring phenology initially advanced, but started retreating in the mid-1990s in spite of continued warming. Together with an advancing end of the growing season for steppe vegetation, this led to a shortening of the growing period. Partial least-squares regression indicated that temperatures in both winter and spring had strong effects on spring phenology. Although warm springs led to an advance of the growing season, warm conditions in winter caused a delay of the spring phases. This delay appeared to be related to later fulfillment of chilling requirements. Because most plants from temperate and cold climates experience a period of dormancy in winter, it seems likely that similar effects occur in other environments. Continued warming may strengthen this effect and attenuate or even reverse the advancing trend in spring phenology that has dominated climate-change responses of plants thus far. China English Haiying Y, Luedeling E and Xu Jianchu . 2010. Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. In: Chapin FS,eds. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA (PNAS). 107(51):P. 22151–22156. GRP 5 2551 JA 396 JA0396-11 Pursuits of adaptiveness in the shared rivers of Monsoon Asia Louis Lebel, Xu Jianchu, Ram C. Bastakoti and Amrita Lamba 2010 International Environmental Agreements World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China DOI 10.1007/s10784-010-9141-7 355-375 DOI 10.1007/s10784-010-9141-7]]> Climate change, Water governance, Monsoon Asia, Transboundary rivers China English 0 Lebel L, Xu Jianchu , Bastakoti R and Lamba A. 2010. Pursuits of adaptiveness in the shared rivers of Monsoon Asia. International Environmental Agreements. DOI 10.1007/s10784-010-9141-7: P. 355-375. GRP 5 2550 NL 47 NL0047-11 Kiprah Agroforestry 8 Anang Setiawan, Andree Ekadinata, Arif Rahmanulloh, Asep Ayat, Feri Johana, Geoffrey Kamadi, Kurniatun Hairiah, Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi and Sonya Dewi 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 4 4 1-16 Membangun perencanaan wilayah partisipatif di Kabupaten Aceh Barat
Pelatihan penilaian Keanekaragaman Hayati bagi peneliti-peneliti muda Asia Pasifik
Memanen gula kelapa di lahan Agroforestri
Menanam pohon di luar kawasan hutan: dapatkah menjawab isu perubahan iklim?
REDD+ di Berau: Melacak emisi menimbang implikasi]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Setiawan A, Ekadinata A, Rahmanulloh A, Ayat A, Johana F, Kamadi G, Hairiah K, Sofiyuddin M, Purnomosidhi P and Dewi S. 2011. Kiprah Agroforestry 8. In: Rahayu S, Tarigan J and Mulyoutami E,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2549 PB 21 PB0021-11 Institutionalising emissions reduction as part of sustainable development planning at national and sub-national levels in Indonesia Sonya Dewi, S. Suyanto and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 04 6 2. Demonstrated emission reduction has to be attributable to the source of funding because of the political and socio-economical implications attached. Achieving unsupported emission reduction will position Indonesia as a true leader in climate-change mitigation. The outcome of internationally supported emission reductions will have implications for international mechanisms while the remaining emission reduction that can be traded will bring a significant economic benefit.
3. Forest products and land resources are sources of income and rural livelihoods. There are national and sub-national sustainable-development targets, some of which depend on forest products and/or land resources.
4. There are 'low-hanging fruit', especially related to unsustainable practices, which can reduce emissions without limiting opportunities to generate income and improve livelihoods, but there are also significant portions of emissions that are associated with some economic benefit and a smaller portion associated with high economic benefit. These issues cause variability in emissions reductions across landscapes.
5. The allocation of emission reduction targets for each sub-national level (province, district) should follow the 'fairness and efficiency' principle: 'efficiency' in terms of how much change in emission practices and 'fairness' in terms of rewards for those actually protecting the forest.]]> Southeast Asia English Dewi S, Suyanto S and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Institutionalising emissions reduction as part of sustainable development planning at national and sub-national levels in Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. ALLREDDI 2548 PB 20 PB0020-11 Estimating losses in aboveground carbon stock from land-use and land-cover changes in Indonesia (1990, 2000, 2005) Andree Ekadinata and Sonya Dewi 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 03 6 The Government of Indonesia has declared its commitment to unilaterally reduce emissions by 26% by 2020 and by a further 15% with international support. More than 50% of the reduction is to come from LULUCF
Reducing uncertainties in the quantification of past emissions from LULUCF at disaggregated, sub-national levels are instrumental in establishing reference emission levels. Identification of dominant sources and drivers of LULUCF at sub-national level is necessary for developing local strategies to reduce emissions
Through the Accountability and Local Level Initiative for Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (ALLREDDI) project, two basic data required for calculating greenhouse gas emissions were produced and processed: (1) activity data from spatially explicit, nationwide, land-use and land-cover change analysis; and (2) emission factors for forests across Indonesia derived from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) database and of other land-use and land-cover types from various databases]]> Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A and Dewi S. 2011. Estimating losses in aboveground carbon stock from land-use and land-cover changes in Indonesia (1990, 2000, 2005). Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. ALREDDI 2547 PB 19 PB0019-11 Forest carbon-stock estimates based on National Forest Inventory data Degi Harja, Sonya Dewi, FX Heryawan and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 02 6 Indonesia's forests were inventoried from 1989 to 1996 (phase 1) and from 1995 to 2000 (phase 2) by the Forest Planning Agency ('the Agency') at the Ministry of Forestry as part of a collaboration between the Government of Indonesia and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The objective of this National Forest Inventory (NFI) was to assess foreststand conditions, stocks, growth rates and tree diversity across the landscapes of Indonesia. An improved version of the NFI became known as the Forest Assessment and Monitoring System. This data set had not so far been used to estimate aboveground tree biomass and carbon stock in Indonesia, as quality control of the data had not been completed. We provide an overview of the data and derive carbon-stock densities for different forest types and locations that can be used for estimating historical, aboveground CO2 emissions from deforestation 2 and forest degradation. Southeast Asia English Harja D, Dewi S, Heryawan F and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Forest carbon-stock estimates based on National Forest Inventory data. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. ALREDDI 2546 PB 18 PB0018-11 Indonesia's land-use and land-cover changes and their trajectories (1990, 2000 and 2005) Andree Ekadinata, Atiek Widayati, Sonya Dewi, Saipul Rahman and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 01 6 Deforestation, forest degradation, peatland conversion and burning have drawn global attention owing to the significant amounts of emission of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming
Indonesia has declared its commitment to reduce emissions by 26?41% by 2020. More than 50% of the emission reduction target is intended to come from the land-use, land-use-change and forestry sector (LULUCF)
A monitoring, reporting and validating system is necessary to compare the performance of climatechange mitigation actions against past emissions
Credible past emission estimates are required, for which we need two basic data sets: (1) historical land-use changes; and (2) emission factors for each land-use change, before and after the change]]> Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Widayati A, Dewi S, Rahman S and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Indonesia's land-use and land-cover changes and their trajectories (1990, 2000 and 2005). Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. GRP 5, ALLREDDI 2545 MN 47 MN0047-11 Enrichment planting with Dipterocarpaceae species in rubber agroforests: manual Hesti L. Tata, Gede Wibawa and Laxman Joshi 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 23 979-3198-49-1 This manual was compiled based on results of research we conducted in Bungo and Tebo districts, Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. It is intended to be used as a field handbook for practitioners, extension workers, farmers and anyone else who wants to plant meranti or other Dipterocarpaceae species in rubber gardens. Using this manual, rubber farmers can develop their own nursery independently or together in farmers' groups, by collecting seeds from forests or other sites.]]> Southeast Asia English Tata HL, Wibawa G and Joshi L. 2010. Enrichment planting with Dipterocarpaceae species in rubber agroforests: manual. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 23 p. 2544 JA 395 JA0395-11 Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with driving forces and actors Meine van Noordwijk, Betha Lusiana, Grace B.Villamor, Herry Purnomo and Sonya Dewi 2011 Ecology and Society The Resilience Alliance 16 1 1-3 1. Land use, or the direct benefits that agents derive from their impact on land cover; it usually involves direct learning and relatively short response cycles, although there is ongoing debate about how much an economic lens misses of real motivations of the agents (Villamor et al. 2011).
2. Land use planning, or the attempts by stakeholders of land cover beyond the land user, to change the rules that are part of the set of drivers influencing land users.
3. Agent-specific modification of incentive structures that are conditional on performance, as attempted in forms of Payments for Ecosystem Services and related institutions (Tomich et al. 2004, Van Noordwijk et al. 2004, Swallow et al. 2009, Van Noordwijk and Leimona 2010).
4. Generic changes in rules and economic incentives through policy change that is expected to enhance ecosystem services and/ or economic performance at (sub)national scale, as currently discussed under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) umbrella where clarity on drivers and agents is needed (Blom et al. 2010).]]> Southeast Asia English 0 van Noordwijk M, Lusiana B, Villamor GB, Purnomo H and Dewi S. 2011. Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with driving forces and actors. Ecology and Society. 16(1):P. 1-3. 2543 PP 307 PP0307-11 A framework for prioritising nutrient management research in vegetable production in the southern Philippines Chris Dorahy, Agustin Mercado, Jr., Cecille Marie Quinones, Regie Bicamon, Juanita Salvani, Carmelito Lapoot, Valeriana Justo, John Oakeshott, Josefina Atienza and Anabella B. Tulin 2010 Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world Brisbane, Australia 5-8 This paper describes an approach which has been used to identify and prioritise nutrient management research activities in a project currently being undertaken in the southern Philippines. It has highlighted the potential to improve the productivity and profitability of these systems by reallocating limited capital (fertiliser) resources from phosphorus and potassium to nitrogen based on an application of soil test information and the principles of nutrient budgeting. This approach also has applications for developing broader agricultural research programs in that it can be used as a tool for identifying and prioritising the activities which are likely to be the most successful and establish likely timeframes for impact. Research planning, decision making, capacity building 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World 1-6 August 2010 Philippines English Dorahy C, Mercado, Jr. A, Quinones CM, Bicamon R, Salvani J, Lapoot C, Justo V, Oakeshott J, Atienza J and Tulin AB. 2010. A framework for prioritising nutrient management research in vegetable production in the southern Philippines. Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world. Brisbane, Australia. 2542 PP 306 PP0306-11 Soil management and crop nutrition for tomato in acid soil of Claveria, Philippines Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Anabella B. Tulin and Christopher Dorahy 2010 Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world Brisbane, Australia 270-273 Integrated soil management and crop nutrition need to be developed for vegetable based production system in the upland areas in Claveria, Philippines, being a ?tomato bowl? of the country. A study was conducted to find alternative fertility management options for tomato production. As a result of participatory assessment and soil survey and analysis, 3 alternative treatments were being compared against farmer?s fertility level, which was normally 3-5 times more than what the crop needs. The results indicated that growth of tomato was more influenced by the level of N when P and K were not limiting. This was partly influenced by the mobility of N during intense rainfall. The better yield in farmer?s fertility level was attributed to the addition of organic matter which reduced N loss during intense rainfall. Under intense rainfall, diseases severity was not influenced by the different fertility levels. Although farmer had intensive pesticides application, occurrence of diseases still persisted. Marketable and non-marketable yields were still superior under farmer?s fertility level than the alternative treatments. Farmer?s fertility level still provided better income against alternative treatments. Tomato fertility levels and management regimes should revolve around climatic conditions that would enhance better nutrient use efficiency. Integrated, N efficiency, farmer’s fertility management 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World 1-6 August 2010 Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Tulin AB and Dorahy C. 2010. Soil management and crop nutrition for tomato in acid soil of Claveria, Philippines. Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world. Brisbane, Australia. 2541 PP 305 PP0305-11 Evidence-based nutrient management strategy in identifying fertility status and soil constraints for vegetable production in the Southern Philippines Anabella B. Tulin, Cecille Marie Quinones, Roland Rallos, Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Juanita Salvani, Carmelito Lapoot, Valeriana Justo and Chris Dorahy 2010 Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world Brisbane, Australia 168-171 Participatory and soil assessment surveys were conducted in five major vegetable producing areas in Southern Philippines to define the current nutrient status and management practices involving vegetable production. Five sites were identified in each area representing four regions in Southern Philippines that were identified as vegetable producing farms and represent the major sources of vegetables sold in the Visayas and Mindanao islands. Soil samples were gathered in each site representing the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depth and were analyzed in the laboratory for its physico-chemical characteristics. In the participatory assessment surveys, more than 100 farmers were interviewed for the current management practices they employed in vegetable production and the major problems they encountered in producing vegetables. The key outcomes of these investigations are: 1) growers identified lack of capital and high fertilizer prices as a key constraint to vegetable production; 2) the results of soil fertility evaluation suggests that growers are undersupplying some nutrients and oversupplying others leading to nutrients imbalances in the soil and, 3) lack of capital is not an issue but an issue of more effective allocation of limited capital (fertilizer) resources. Participatory assessment, soil survey, vegetable production, constraints, Southern Philippines. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World Philippines English Tulin AB, Quinones CM, Rallos R, Mercado Jr. AR, Salvani J, Lapoot C, Justo V and Dorahy C. 2010. Evidence-based nutrient management strategy in identifying fertility status and soil constraints for vegetable production in the Southern Philippines. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane, Australia. 2540 PP 304 PP0304-11 Farmers? Experiences on Low-Pressure Drip Irrigation for Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Manuel Palada, Mercado A.R., Roberts, M., V. B. Ella, Manuel Reyes, A. B. Susila, D. T. Ha, D. L. Wu and M. Bhattarai 2010 Acta Horticulturae International Society for Horticultural Science. Belgium Philippines English Palada M, Mercado A, Roberts M, Ella VB, Reyes M, Susila AB, Ha DT, Wu DL and Bhattarai M. 2010. Farmers’ Experiences on Low-Pressure Drip Irrigation for Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Acta Horticulturae. Belgium. International Society for Horticultural Science.. 2539 PO 287 PO0287-11 Rubber + Upland Rice in a Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS): Economic, Food Security and Environmental Stimulus Among Smallholder Farmers Augustin R. Mercado Jr. and Don Immanuel Edralin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR and Edralin DI. Rubber + Upland Rice in a Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS): Economic, Food Security and Environmental Stimulus Among Smallholder Farmers. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2538 PO 286 PO0286-11 Vermicomposting: Enhancing soil fertility management and carbon sequestration at smallholder?s farms Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Javier E, Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on and Manuel Reyes 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Javier E, Duque-PiΓ±on C and Reyes M. Vermicomposting: Enhancing soil fertility management and carbon sequestration at smallholder’s farms. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2537 PO 285 PO0285-11 Rainwater Harvesting; An Answer to Uneven Distribution of Rainfall Due to Climate Change Augustin R. Mercado Jr. and Don Immanuel Edralin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR and Edralin DI. Rainwater Harvesting; An Answer to Uneven Distribution of Rainfall Due to Climate Change. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2536 PO 284 PO0284-11 Understanding vegetable-tree interaction is a key to successful vegetable farming enterprise Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on and Manuel Reyes 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Duque-PiΓ±on C and Reyes M. Understanding vegetable-tree interaction is a key to successful vegetable farming enterprise. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2535 PO 283 PO0283-11 Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry System in Mindanao, Philippines: A village approach to Climate Change Mitagation Augustin R. Mercado Jr. and Don Immanuel Edralin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR and Edralin DI. Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry System in Mindanao, Philippines: A village approach to Climate Change Mitagation. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2534 PO 282 PO0282-11 Evergreen Agriculture on Slopes for Climate Change through integrated agroforestry production system that enable farms to achieve multifunctional ecosystem which integrates Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Don Immanuel Edralin and Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Edralin DI and Duque-PiΓ±on C. Evergreen Agriculture on Slopes for Climate Change through integrated agroforestry production system that enable farms to achieve multifunctional ecosystem which integrates. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2533 JA 394 JA0394-11 Factors affecting soil loss at plot scale and sediment yield at catchment scale in a tropical volcanic agroforestry landscape Bruno Verbist, Jean Poesen, Meine van Noordwijk, Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, Fahmuddin Agus and Jozef Deckers 2010 Catena Elsevier B.V. 80 1 34-46 Tropical deforestation and land use change is often perceived as the major cause of soil loss by water erosion and of sediment load in rivers that has a negative impact on the functioning of hydropower storage reservoirs. The Sumberjaya area in Sumatra, Indonesia is representative for conflicts and evictions arising from this perception. The purpose of this study as part of a Negotiation Support System approach was to assess sediment yield both at plot and catchment scale and to relate it to a variety of possible clarifying factors i.e. land use, geology, soil and topography. Sediment yield at catchment scale per unit area, was found to be 3?10 times higher than soil loss measured in erosion plots. A stepwise regression showed that the dominant factors explaining sediment yield differences at catchment scale in this volcanic landscape were a particular lithology (Old Andesites) and slope angle followed by the silt fraction of the top soil. In lithologically sensitive areas soil loss at the plot scale under monoculture coffee gardens decreases over time from on average 7?11 Mg ha- 1 yr- 1 to 4?6 Mg ha- 1 yr- 1, mainly because of the development of surface litter layers as filters and top soil compaction in the areas without litter, but remains higher than under shade coffee systems or forest. The runoff coefficient under monoculture coffee remains on average significantly higher (10?15%) than under forest (4%) or under shade coffee systems (4?7%). In lithologically stable areas soil loss remained below 1.8 Mg ha- 1 yr- 1 and the runoff coefficient below 2.5% under all land use types, even bare soil plots or monoculture coffee gardens. Less than 20% of the catchment area produces almost 60% of the sediment yield. The reduction of negative off-site effects on e.g. the life time of a storage reservoir would benefit greatly from an improved assessment of the lithologies in volcanic landscapes and the consideration of potential sediment source and sink areas. In lithologically sensitive areas, a shift from sun to shade coffee systems may result in reducing surface runoff and soil loss, although water erosion at the plot scale is not the main contributor to sediment yield at the catchment scale. The quantification of land use effects on dominant erosive processes such as river bank and river bed erosion, landslides and the concentrated flow erosion on footpaths and roads can contribute to more targeted efforts and relevant incentives to reduce (or live with) sediment load of the rivers. Coffee; Erosion; Land use; Negotiation support system; Scale 10.1016/j.catena.2009.08.007 Southeast Asia English Verbist B, Poesen J, van Noordwijk M, Widianto , Suprayogo D, Agus F and Deckers J. 2010. Factors affecting soil loss at plot scale and sediment yield at catchment scale in a tropical volcanic agroforestry landscape. Catena. 80(1):P. 34-46. 2532 PP 303 PP0303-11 Forests and Climate Change in the Asia Pacific Region Ben Vickers, Promode Kant, Rodel D. Lasco, Allison Bleaney, Sarah Milne, Regan Suzuki, Lawrence Ramos and Erica Pohnan 2010 Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 7 Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy 108 The development of climate change-related policies, as well as the status and approaches to forest management in the context of climate change, vary widely throughout the region. While Asia and the Pacific have seen an increase of forest cover, when disaggregated, it is clear that this is largely due to an ?outlier? effect ? the ambitious reforestation policies of a small number of countries, namely China, India and Viet Nam. The rest of the region and Southeast Asia in particular, continue to experience high rates of deforestation.
This has implications for potential mitigation and adaptation strategies, and particularly for regional and international efforts to develop mechanisms, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD)1 to stem the drivers of deforestation and degradation. A number of non-Annex I countries in the region, such as the Philippines and Indonesia, are being highly proactive despite having no obligation. They are undertaking emission reduction initiatives, reforestation and afforestation efforts and seeking stronger regional cooperation in tackling trans-boundary fire and pest management issues. Other countries have taken less initiative, in some cases due to limited forest area already under protected status, or preoccupation with more imminent post-conflict concerns as in the case of Afghanistan or Timor-Leste.
Capacity limitations critically restrict the degree to which countries can engage with climate change issues. There is a need to harmonize regional capacity levels and strengthen coordination and sharing of knowledge as well as mitigation and adaptation technologies. This will require financing. While this analysis indicates that there are such financing mechanisms, countries tend to perceive them as insufficient or unreliable. These factors influence the degrees to which countries integrate forestry and climate change policies within broader development frameworks.
Although forests have been recognized worldwide as a key part of the global response to climate change, many Asia-Pacific countries still have not integrated climate change strategies within national forest policies, laws and institutions. Forestry-related climate change initiatives are emerging nonetheless, and there is widespread evidence that countries are defining their own, unique country-specific strategies to harness the potential of forests for climate change mitigation and adaptation.]]> Philippines English 0 Vickers B, Kant P, Lasco RD, Bleaney A, Milne S, Suzuki R, Ramos L and Pohnan E. 2010. Forests and Climate Change in the Asia Pacific Region. Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 7. Rome, Italy. Food and Agriculture Organization. GRP 5 2531 BC 311 BC0311-11 Chapter 11: Climate Change Adaptation and Community Forest Management Juan M. Pulhin, Rodel D. Lasco, Florencia B Pulhin, Lawrence Ramos and Rose Jane J. Peras 2010 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: Issues and Challenges. Emerald Group Publishing Limited Bedfordshire, UK 4 21 243-263 10.1108/S2040-7262(2010)0000004017 Philippines English 0 Pulhin JM, Lasco RD, Pulhin FB, Ramos L and Peras RJ. 2010. Chapter 11: Climate Change Adaptation and Community Forest Management. Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: Issues and Challenges. Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management. United Kingdom. : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. P. 243-263. GRP 5 2530 WP 141 WP0141-11 Estimasi Karbon Tersimpan di Lahan-lahan Pertanian di DAS Konto, Jawa Timur. RACSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) Syahrul Kurniawan, Cahyo Prayogo, Widianto, M. Thoha Zulkarnain, Nina Dwi Lestari, Fitri Khusyu Aini and Kurniatun Hairiah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper no 120 60 Analysis was done using local land use maps of 1990 and 2000 of Kali Konto watershed (Malang regency, East Java), the result showed that forest area reduced and followed by increasing total area of ?belukar? (bush fallow) and plantation. The common land cover found were agroforestry coffee based system, plantation (Hutan Tanaman Industri) such as pine (Pinus mercusii), mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) and 'damar' (Agatissp.) which potentially able to store a big amount of C for longer time. Unfortunately the availability of land cover (agricultural) maps and its potential as C sequestered in Kalikonto is very limited. Various versions of land use maps are available locally with various land use classification lead to confusing rather than clarification creating difficulties on detecting land cover change. More accurate estimation of areas per land cover in Kali Konto watershed is needed for calculating C stored at watershed level. This research was done to answer four research question such as:
1. How much carbon stored (C stock) in aboveground biomass of each land cover in Kali Konto watershed?
2. How much the C stocks that are actually present on each cover, averaged over the lifecycle of each land cover (time-averaged of carbon stock)?
3. How big forest areas in 1990 were converted into agricultural land?
4. How much C stock lost after forest converted into agricultural land?]]> Aboveground, carbon, C stock, C sequestration, C stored Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Kurniawan S, Prayogo C, Widianto , Zulkarnain MT, Lestari ND, Aini FK and Hairiah K. 2010. Estimasi Karbon Tersimpan di Lahan-lahan Pertanian di DAS Konto, Jawa Timur. RACSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal). Working Paper no 120Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 60 p. 2529 WP 140 WP0140-11 Studi Biodiversitas: Apakah Agroforestri Mampu Mengkonservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati di DAS KONTO? RABA (Rapid Agro-Biodiversity Appraisal) Fitri Khusyu Aini, Syahrul Kurniawan, Gede Wibawa and Kurniatun Hairiah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 119 158 Pinus mercusii),mahoni (Swietenia mahogany) dan 'damar' (Agatis sp.) yang berpotensi cukup besar sebagai penyimpan karbon dalam jangka lama. Bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi di hutan alami, biodiversitas dan fungsinya pada lahan-lahan pertanian menurun karena kondisi ekosistem secara luas telah berubah.Namun demikian, ketersedian data untuk mendukung negosiasi konservasi biodiversitas masih sangat terbatas.
Studi tentang biodiversiats ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari - Juli, 2009, di DAS Konto hulu yang mencakup berbagai macam system penggunaan lahan di Kecamatan Ngantang dan Pujon (Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur). Kegiatan ini diawali dengan mengumpulkan data sekunder penelitian terdahulu berkenaan dengan perubahan tutupan lahan di DAS Konto, diversitas pohon dan cacing tanah pada berbagai system penggunaan lahan. Sedangkan untuk penggalian informasi dari stakeholder tentang nilai penting tumbuhan, hewan dan sistem agroforestri maka informasi diperoleh melalui PRA, indepth interview, ground check lapangan. Selain itu, informasi tentang diversitas hewan dalam tanah seperti nematoda dan rayap diperoleh melalui pengukuran langsung di lapangan.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Aini FK, Kurniawan S, Wibawa G and Hairiah K. 2010. Studi Biodiversitas: Apakah Agroforestri Mampu Mengkonservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati di DAS KONTO? RABA (Rapid Agro-Biodiversity Appraisal). Working paper no 119Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 158 p. 2528 WP 139 WP0139-11 Non-timber forest products as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program Jusupta Tarigan, James M Roshetko, Endri Martini and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 118 15 Pongo abelii). The existence of an orangutan population of 400 in the area was documented through a population and habitat viability assessment (Singleton 2004). Recent studies estimate that the population may be 380 at the current time. Although the Batang Toru orangutan population is smaller, its threat from habitat loss is relatively low (below 2% annually). This low rate of habitat loss is the result of topographic features that limit access and traditional indigenous forest management systems that are sustainable and value healthy environments. Besides orangutan, the Batang Toru forest is also rich in other endemic plant and animal species (for example, Dipterocarpaceae species (Shorea spp., Anisoptera spp., Dipterocarpus spp.) and the Sumatran tiger). Up to the present, the gradient of land-use systems practised by local communities in Batang Toru has been compatible with conservation of the area?s unique and globally important biodiversity. However, in the future, the expanding human population of Batang Toru may threaten the forest and all of its components if suitable livelihoods are not identified and developed. In that context, we see a number of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that are produced in Batang Toru forest systems (for example, mixed tree gardens, agroforests and forests) as having the potential to diversify and secure viable livelihood options for the people of Batang Toru.]]> Sumatran orangutan, Batang Toru, NTFPs, livelihoods, agroforest, land use Southeast Asia English 0 Tarigan J, Roshetko JM, Martini E and Ekadinata A. 2010. Non-timber forest products as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program. Working paper no 118Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 15 p. 2527 WP 138 WP0138-11 Landscape Dynamics Over Time and Space From Ecological Perspective Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 103 75 Protected areas alone are necessary but not sufficient in maintaining biodiversity at the landscape level for several reasons: (i) management and enforcement are often weak; (ii) protected areas are often in remote, rough terrain that does not represent various ecoregions with various species assemblages and endemism; (iii) the extent of protected areas is sometimes not large enough to allow minimum viable populations so that in the long run species extinction might happen nevertheless; (iv) protected areas without buffer zones and corridors can easily be isolated rather than integral parts of a landscape.
Multifunctional landscapes that accommodate conservation and development need to be considered as integrated, rather than segregated, systems; this will allow us to achieve the objective of maintaining biodiversity at the landscape level. Land-use plans that aim to increase multifunctionality of landscapes should be informed by the current status of landscape composition and configuration, the process of land-use and land-cover changes in the past and planned for the future, areas that are vulnerable to changes in the future and options for intervention. The land-use planning process should be conducted within a negotiation process among multiple stakeholders.
Our research provides some results to be used as a basis for negotiation, which are produced from a combination of tools for remote sensing, GIS and spatial analysis guided by ecological principles. The results provide data for further research as well as suggest follow-up research questions.
These analyses of five landscapes (Bungo in Indonesia, Viengkham in Laos, Manompana in Madagascar, Takamanda-Mone in Cameroon and East Usambara in Tanzania) use the same methodology and tools, allowing comparisons across sites. Deforestation rates and land-use and land-cover changes across landscapes are used to define the stage of forest transition: Takamanda-Mone, Viengkham, Manompana, East Usambara and Bungo is the ordered list from earliest to advanced stages. Spatial patterns of deforestation, depending on landscape topography, level of accessibility and the state of forest transition, either are concentrated in relatively flat areas in the landscape, follow encroachment patterns on the primary forest block, run along the transportation network or expand from existing settlements. Combining these spatial patterns of deforestation with changes in landscape configuration, especially at sub-landscape level (quantified by selected indices), we can identify vulnerable areas in the future so that options to reduce risks can be discussed and negotiated within land-use planning processes.]]> Landscape composition, configuration, matrix, connectivity, fragmentation, drivers of landuse changes, multifunctional landscapes Southeast Asia English 0 Dewi S and Ekadinata A. 2010. Landscape Dynamics Over Time and Space From Ecological Perspective. Working paper no 103Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 75 p. 2526 BC 310 BC0310-11 Indonesia: A pilot PES auction in the Sumberjaya watershed Beria Leimona and Broke Kelsey Jack 2010 Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services OECD France 18 161-178 This chapter discusses a pilot inverse auction PES programme applied in the Sumberjaya Watershed in Indonesia to reduce sedimentation from coffee plantations. The process of design and implementation is discussed, highlighting issues that arise in a developing country context. The chapter also discusses how the pilot auction can be used as a price revelation mechanism, enabling payments to better reflect the costs of ecosystem services provision for any future scaled-up PES programme. DOI : 10.1787/9789264090279-13-en Southeast Asia English Leimona B and Kelsey Jack B. 2010. Indonesia: A pilot PES auction in the Sumberjaya watershed. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services. France. : OECD. P. 161-178. 2525 JA 393 JA0393-11 The Conditions for Functional Mechanisms of Compensation and Reward for Environmental Services Brent M. Swallow, Beria Leimona, Thomas Yatich and Sandra J.Velarde 2010 Ecology and Society The Resilience Alliance 15 4 6 Mechanisms of compensation and reward for environmental services (CRES) are becoming increasingly contemplated as means for managing human?environment interactions. Most of the functional mechanisms in the tropics have been developed within the last 15 years; many developing countries still have had little experience with functional mechanisms. We consider the conditions that foster the origin and implementation of functional mechanisms. Deductive and inductive approaches are combined. Eight hypotheses are derived from theories of institution and policy change. Five case studies, from Latin America, Africa, and Asia, are then reviewed according to a common framework. The results suggest the following to be important conditions for functional CRES mechanisms: (1) localized scarcity for particular environmental services, (2) influence from international environmental agreements and international organizations, (3) government policies and public attitudes favoring a mixture of regulatory and marketbased instruments, and (4) security of individual and group property rights. carbon sequestration; ecosystem services; ecotourism; environmental services; institutional change; payments for environmental services; watershed services Southeast Asia English Swallow BM, Leimona B, Yatich T and Velarde SJ. 2010. The Conditions for Functional Mechanisms of Compensation and Reward for Environmental Services. Ecology and Society. 15(4):P. 6. 2524 PP 302 PP0302-11 Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Agroforestri kopi untuk mempertahankan cadangan karbon lanskap Kurniatun Hairiah and Subekti Rahayu 2010 Simposium Kopi 2010 Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia Denpasar, Bali 31 time-averaged C stock agroforestri kopi di Indonesia. Estimasi perubahan cadangan karbon di sub-DAS Kali Konto (Malang, Jatim) dilakukan dengan mengukur cadangan karbon di hutan alami, agroforestri kopi, perkebunan dan tanaman semusim menggunakan metode RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal), pada Juni-Desember 2008. Time-averaged C stock agroforestri kopi multistrata, agroforestri sederhana kopi dan kopi monokultur diestimasi dari pengukuran di Malang, Jember, Lombok Barat, Lampung Barat.<\br> Alih guna hutan menjadi lahan pertanian di sub-DAS Kali Konto (23810.13 ha) selama 15 tahun, menyebabkan kehilangan karbon 25924 Mg th-1 atau setara 1.48 Mg ha-1. Kehilangan karbon tersebut dari hutan alami 1.09 Mg ha-1 th-1, perkebunan 0.25 Mg ha-1 th-1, dan agroforestri berbasis kopi 0.05 Mg ha-1 th-1. Meningkatnya luasan tanaman semusim terjadi perolehan (sequestrasi) karbon hanya 0.03 Mg ha-1 th-1 (3% dari total karbon yang hilang dari hutan), sehingga jumlah perolehan tersebut belum dapat menggantikan kehilangan karbon dari alih guna hutan.<\br> Pengelolaan lahan yang benar sangat menentukan besarnya cadangan karbon. Untuk Indonesia, laju pertumbuhan cadangan karbon pada agroforestri multistrata kopi 0.9?1.86 Mg ha-1 th-1 dan agroforestri sederhana (umumnya milik masyarakat) 0.6?0.97 Mg ha-1 th-1 dan 2.8 Mg ha-1 th-1 di kebun percobaan. Sedang pada kopi monokultur hanya 0.5 Mg ha-1 th-1. Dengan demikian time-averaged C stock agroforestri kopi di Indonesia (umur kopi 15 tahun) sekitar 41 Mg ha-1, dan lahan kopi monokultur (12.5 Mg ha-1) sekitar 30 Mg ha-1 lebih rendah.]]> time-averaged carbon stock]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Hairiah K and Rahayu S. 2010. Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Agroforestri kopi untuk mempertahankan cadangan karbon lanskap. Simposium Kopi 2010. Denpasar, Bali. Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia. GRP 6, TULSEA 2523 PP 301 PP0301-11 Carbon stock assessment for a forest-to-coffee conversion landscape in Kalikonto watershed (East Java, Indonesia): Scaling up from plot to landscape level Kurniatun Hairiah, Syahrul Kurniawan, Fitri Khusyu Aini, Nina Dwi Lestari, Iva Dewi Lestariningsih, Widianto, Thoha Zulkarnaen and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC) Denpasar, Bali 8 Pinus merkusii), mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) and dammar (Agathis dammara); 6) multistrata shaded coffee with fruit and timber trees, as well as nitrogen-fixing shade trees; 7) simple shade coffee (using Gliricidia sepium as shade tree); and, 8) annual cropping systems (vegetable and food crops). The natural forest in Kalikonto area has been severely disturbed as shown by a low aboveground C stock of about 136 Mg ha-1. Aboveground C stock in coffee-based agroforestry systems was lower, at about 44 Mg C ha-1. The time averaged C stock of tree plantations (pinus, mahogany, and damar mostly aged 25-40 years) was estimated to be 85 Mg C ha-1. The estimated time averaged-C stock (above-ground) in annual crops was only 2 Mg ha-1. Extrapolation of C stock at plot level to watershed level were done by multiplying the area of each land cover with its time-averaged aboveground C stock. Within 15 years, C lost for the whole watershed (23810 ha) was estimated to be 27750 Mg yr-1 or equivalent to a yearly C loss of 1.17 Mg ha-1. Carbon lost from natural forest was about 0.92 Mg ha-1 yr-1, tree plantations lost 0.15 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Carbon lost from coffee-based agroforestry systems was relatively small, about 0.03 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Planting more diverse shade trees in coffee-based agroforestry system may increase the role of coffee gardens in net C sequestration at the landscape scale.]]> Southeast Asia English Hairiah K, Kurniawan S, Aini FK, Lestari ND, Lestariningsih ID, Widianto , Zulkarnaen T and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Carbon stock assessment for a forest-to-coffee conversion landscape in Kalikonto watershed (East Java, Indonesia): Scaling up from plot to landscape level. International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC). Denpasar, Bali. GRP 6 2522 PP 300 PP0300-11 Carbon Stock and Tree Diversity in Tripa Peat Swamp Forest Subekti Rahayu, Rahayu Oktaviani, Hesti L. Tata and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 The 2nd International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society Indonesian Wood Research Society (IWoRS) Bali, Indonesia 545-551 Peat swamp forest currently gets great attention owing to its high storage capacity of belowground carbon. Tripa peat swamp forest is a part of Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser (KEL) in Aceh province has a high conservation value as a habitat of the endangered species of Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii). Aboveground carbon stock was measured in an agro forest area and three forest types, viz. undisturbed, disturbed and secondary forest using standard protocol. Average density of aboveground carbon stock in the 4 different land use types ranged from 28.5 t/ha to 193 t/ha, in agroforest area and undisturbed peat forest respectively. Besides its capacity to store carbon, Tripa peat swamp forest had a high diversity of tree species with Shannon Wiener index of 3.61. Many species of food source for orang-utan occurs in the forest with high Important Value Index, such as Eugenia jambos, Eugenia curtisii, Litsea cubeba and Laurus nobilis. Forest clearing and conversion to oil palm plantation were two threats of the lost of Sumatran orang-utan habitat in Tripa. high conservation value forest (HCVF), habitat, Sumatran orang-utan Southeast Asia English Rahayu S, Oktaviani R, Tata HL and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Carbon Stock and Tree Diversity in Tripa Peat Swamp Forest. The 2nd International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society. Bali, Indonesia. Indonesian Wood Research Society (IWoRS). 2521 WP 137 WP0137-11 Rubber agroforests and governance at the interface between conservation and livelihoods in Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia Endri Martini, Ratna Akiefnawati, Laxman Joshi, Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Laurène Feintrenie and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 124 53 Multiple forces are at work in most landscapes. The area in Jambi province, Indonesia, that was selected as one of the benchmark sites for the global study of biodiversity in mixed landscapes is no exception. The history of land use and the key local and external stakeholders associated with change form the backdrop for the dynamics studied. Major changes in the Bungo district of Jambi province started with Dutch colonial expansion in 1906 and the associated introduction of Hevea brasiliensis ('para' rubber) linked to trade networks at the mouth of the Batanghari River, the major transport route. The 1970s started another period of rapid change with roads, commercial logging and transmigration projects, followed by oil palm expansion. The current stakeholders, at landscape and local levels, reflect this history in their perceptions and ambitions. Formal governance processes in Indonesia as a whole have started to have a direct influence on local dynamics, including management of natural resources, rule enforcement and conflict resolution. The current links between various levels of governance (from local to national) influence the ways conflicts can be resolved and solutions negotiated. The interface between conservation and livelihoods in Bungo is still dominated by rubber agroforests that date back almost a century, but these may become an anachronism, a remnant of the past in a world where the conservation versus livelihood trade-off lost its intermediate ('land sharing') solutions to multi-functionality. rubber agroforest, conservation, livelihood, governance, Bungo Southeast Asia English 0 Martini E, Akiefnawati R, Joshi L, Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Feintrenie L and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Rubber agroforests and governance at the interface between conservation and livelihoods in Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia. Working paper no 124Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 53 p. 2520 PB 17 PB0017-11 Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, S. Suyanto and Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ASB Policybrief 21 4 Central Kalimantan has been selected as the primary REDD+ pilot in Indonesia. In its peatlands expectations of payments for carbon emission reduction currently shape the discourse over natural resource management as a means of influencing policy and exercising power. Different types of actors use their own interpretation of history, facts, rules and norms to support their claims. Shifting national policies have over the past decades shaped the distribution of power and actual use of peatland. Actions to reduce emissions will need to appreciate the institutional complexity. Southeast Asia English 0 Galudra G, van Noordwijk M, Suyanto S and Pradhan UP. 2010. Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2519 RP 270 RP0270-11 Human livelihoods, ecosystem services and the habitat of the Sumatran orangutan: Rapid assessment in Batang Toru and Tripa Made Hesti Lestari Tata, Meine van Noordwijk, Elok Mulyoutami, Subekti Rahayu, Atiek Widayati and Rachmat Mulia 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Project Report 136 The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), in collaboration with PanEco and Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari (YEL), conducted a rapid assessment of ecosystem services and human livelihood options provided by the remaining habitat of the Sumatran orangutan outside the Gunung Leuser National Park. We used a rapid analysis of carbon stock assessment (RaCSA) method to assess the carbon stock (aboveand belowground) at plot level and calculated land cover for carbon stock at landscape level. We calculated the net present value of important crop and tree commodities in Tripa and Batang Toru and analysed the costs and benefits of each commodity. To find solutions for better management at the two study sites, applications of the FALLOW model were developed, which allowed comparison of several possible scenarios. An attempt was made to translate such scenarios into opportunities for human livelihoods, orangutan population size and carbon emissions and stocks. Southeast Asia English 0 Tata MH, van Noordwijk M, Mulyoutami E, Rahayu S, Widayati A and Mulia R. Human livelihoods, ecosystem services and the habitat of the Sumatran orangutan: Rapid assessment in Batang Toru and Tripa. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 136 p. 2518 RP 269 RP0269-11 Carbon Emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in Berau District East Kalimantan, Indonesia Andree Ekadinata, Arif Rahmanulloh, Fadjar Pambudhi, Ibe Ibrahim, Meine van Noordwijk, Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Subekti Rahayu, Sonya Dewi, Suseno Budidarsono and Zuraidah Said 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Project Report 48 The overall emission and proportion of emission that is associated with negative, low and high opportunity cost is presented in Figure 2. Conversions to oil palm is shown to be in the high end both in the opportunity cost curve of emissions, due to its NPV which by far is highest compared to any other land use systems. The proportion of emission from conversion to oil palm increases over time. Logging is the single activity that causes the highest proportion of emissions with lower benefit than oil palm conversion per unit C emitted, especially if the conversion is from logged over forest. From ICRAF study on carbon footprint from oil palm plantation development, when the land cover of Cstock lower than 40 t/ha, e.g., grassland, shrubs, is converted to oil palm, there is no C-debt in the long run (assuming 25 years rotation). It is interesting to note here is the large portion of emission that is associated with establishment of forest plantation, which seems to be increasing in the more recent period. The forest plantation to supply raw materials to pulp and paper industry has been established in logged-over forest and undisturbed forests. Southeast Asia English 0 Ekadinata A, Rahmanulloh A, Pambudhi F, Ibrahim I, van Noordwijk M, Sofiyuddin M, Sardjono MA, Rahayu S, Dewi S, Budidarsono S and Said Z. Carbon Emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in Berau District East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 48 p. 2517 RP 268 RP0268-11 Investment in carbon stocks in the eastern buffer zone of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve, Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia: a REDD+ feasibility study Laxman Joshi, Janudianto, Meine van Noordwijk and Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Project Report 91 The Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve (LRWR or ?the reserve?) forest conservation and community development project is one of a portfolio of four REDD+ projects being supported by the Clinton Climate Initiative?Forestry program, ?Addressing the challenges of scaling pp REDD+ activities in Indonesia?. The program is demonstrating how REDD+ projects can contribute to 1) helping forest dependent communities move out of poverty, 2) conserving tropical forests and degraded peat lands, and 3) ensuring real reductions in GHG emissions associated with land use, land cover changes and deforestation. The program is aligned with governments at national and sub national levels and will contribute to the development of national REDD+ policies, strategies and regulations by addressing the key technical and financial barriers of entry which currently limit the supply of good quality and independently validated REDD+ demonstration projects. The program is building capacities at national and sub national levels of government, non governmental organisations, private sector and communities to implement REDD+ projects by improving national REDD screening processes, learning by doing using a generic five stage (due diligence, feasibility, carbon development, validation and marketing) and ten step carbon development process, establishing links between project based, sub national and national forest carbon accounting systems, exploring options for benefit sharing mechanisms and communicating lessons learned.
The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), in collaboration with Rare Conservation, the Clinton Climate Initiative?Forestry, Yayasan Orangutan Indonesia (Yayorin) and Oranguan Foundation (UK), conducted a feasibility study assessing the potential for enhancing carbon stock in the eastern buffer zone (23 600 ha) of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve (LRWR), Central Kalimantan province. Beyond the current carbon stock and a projected baseline of ?business as usual?, assessment of current rights and livelihood strategies in the area is needed for study of ?additionality? (carbon stock increases above baseline attributable to project interventions), ?leakage? (negative impacts on carbon stocks outside the project area attributable to project interventions) and ?permanence? (or leakage in time). We used the RESFA (REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal1 as the framework for studying the key livelihoods, land-use change, carbon stock and tenure issues to develop prospective scenarios and impact predictions.
Overall feasibility was assessed through answers to five questions.
A) Who are the land users, what do they do and what alternative options exist for them?
B) Who has claims of ownership and legality of current land use, who not?
C) How much carbon is currently stored in the landscape, linked to land-use practices?
D) Where do the various land-use practices take place and how much are they changing?
E) What can be done to reduce threats to carbon stocks and enhance carbon storage? How can leakage be prevented, additionality be claimed and permanence made likely?]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Joshi L, Janudianto , van Noordwijk M and Pradhan UP. Investment in carbon stocks in the eastern buffer zone of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve, Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia: a REDD+ feasibility study. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 91 p. 2516 BL 37 BL0037-11 Where We Work Andreas Wilkes, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Grace B.Villamor, Laxman Joshi, Lisa Fitzgerald, Matilda Palm, Ritesh Kumar and Rizki Pandu Permana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 54 The project was started in 2002 under the coordination of the World Agroforestry Centre (Southeast Asia Programme) through a funding partnership with the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
During its first phase (2002?2007), RUPES worked in 6 action research sites in 3 countries?Bungo, Singkarak and Sumberjaya in Indonesia; Bakun and Kalahan in the Philippines; Kulekhani in Nepal]]> Southeast Asia English Wilkes A, Leimona B, Abasolo E, Villamor GB, Joshi L, Fitzgerald L, Palm M, Kumar R and Permana RP. Where We Work. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 54 p. 2515 BC 309 BC0309-11 The Livelihood Impacts of Incentive Payments for Watershed Management in Cidanau Watershed, West Java, Indonesia Beria Leimona, Rachman Pasha and Nana Prayatna Rahadian Luca Tacconi, Sango Mahanty and Helen Sulch 2010 Payments For Environmental Services, Forest Conservation And Climate Change. Livelihoods in the REDD? MPG Books Group United Kingdom 106-129 978 1 84980 299 4 The case study presented in this chapter is located in Cidanau, Indonesia. The Cidanau watershed is one of the most important watersheds supplying the domestic and industrial water needs of Banten Province, Java Island, Indonesia. The watershed covers 22260 ha located between two regencies: Serang and Padeglang, and their six sub-districts. The Cidanau watershed also has a special role in biodiversity protection. In the base of the bowl-shaped Cidanau watershed lies the Rawa Danau Reserve-a 4200 ha nature reserve, which contains the only remaining lowland swamp forest in Java and has 131 endemic species. The reserve is important in the hydrological process, too, as the reservoir for the Cidanau River and its tributaries, which then flow into the Sunda Strait.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Leimona B, Pasha R and Rahadian NP. 2010. The Livelihood Impacts of Incentive Payments for Watershed Management in Cidanau Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. In: Tacconi L, Mahanty S and Suich H,eds. Payments For Environmental Services, Forest Conservation And Climate Change. Livelihoods in the REDD?. United Kingdom. : MPG Books Group. P. 106-129. 2514 WP 136 WP0136-11 NTFPs as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program Jusupta Tarigan, James M Roshetko, Endri Martini and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper no 118 21 Pongo abelii). The existence of an orangutan population of 400 in the area was documented through a Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) (Singleton et. al., 2004). Recent studies estimate that the population may be 380 at the current time. Although the Batang Toru orangutan population is smaller, its threat from habitat loss is relatively low (below 2% annually). This low rate of habitat loss is the result of topographic features that limit access and traditional indigenous forest management systems that are sustainable and value healthy environments. Besides orangutans, the Batang Toru forest is also rich with other endemic plant and animal species (e.g. Dipterocarpaceae species (Shorea spp., Anisoptera spp., Dipterocarpus spp.) and Sumatran tiger). To the present time the gradient of landuse systems practiced by local communities in Batang Toru have been compatible with conservation of the area?s unique and globally important biodiversity. However, in the future, the expanding human population of Batang Toru may threat the forest and all of its components, if suitable livelihoods option are not identified and developed. In that context, we see a number of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that are produced in Batang Toru forest systems (e.g. mixed tree gardens, agroforests, and forests) as having potential to diversify and secure viable livelihood options for the people of Batang Toru.]]> Sumatran Orangutan, Batang Toru, NTFPS, Livelihoods, Agroforest, Landuse Southeast Asia English 0 Tarigan J, Roshetko JM, Martini E and Ekadinata A. 2010. NTFPs as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program. Working Paper no 118Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 21 p. 2513 WP 135 WP0135-11 Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 103 74 These analysis of five landscapes (Bungo in Indonesia, Viengkham in Laos, Manompana in Madagascar, Takamanda-Mone in Cameroon and East Usambara in Tanzania) using the same methodology and tool allows comparisons across sites. Deforestation rates and land use/cover changes across landscapes along with land use/cover changes are used to define the stage of forest transition; Takamanda-Mone, Viengkham, Manompana, East Usambara and Bungo is the ordered list from earliest to advanced stages. Spatial pattern of deforestation, depending on landscape topography, level of accessibilities and state of forest transition, either are concentrated in relatively flat areas in the landscape, follow encroachment pattern of primary forest block, along the transportation network, or expansion of existing settlement. Combining these spatial patterns of deforestation with changes in landscape configuration, especially at sub-landscape level (quantified by selected indices), we can identify vulnerable areas in the future such that options to reduce risks can be discussed and negotiated within land use planning processes.]]> Landscape composition, configuration, matrix, connectivity, fragmentation, drivers of land use changes, multifunctional landscapes Southeast Asia English 0 Dewi S and Ekadinata A. 2010. Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective. Working paper no 103Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 74 p. 2512 MA 58 MA0058-11 Reducing emissions through agroforestry Festus K. Akinnifesi 2010 media Perkebunan 85 26 Head Quarters English 2511 MA 57 MA0057-11 Powerful reward for erosion control Kate Langford 2010 Media Perkebunan 85 24-25 Head Quarters English 2510 MA 56 MA0056-11 Perlu keseriusan dalam tangani sawit Indonesia Suseno Budidarsono 2010 Media Perkebunan 85 22-23 Southeast Asia Indonesian 2509 BK 145 BK0145-11 A Teacher's Guide on Agroforestry Landscape Analysis: Curricular Framework and Case Study Materials SEANAFE 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 50 This guide is divided into three major sections, namely: 1) The SEANAFE's Agroforestry Landscape Analysis Project Overview; 2) The SEANAFE's Agroforestry Landscape Analysis Curricular Framework; and the 3) Country Teaching Case Study Materials.
Section 1 provides a brief background on SEANAFE AFLA Project highlighting the salient processes through which this guidewas generated.
Section 2 discusses in detail the components of the AFLA curricular framework.
Section 3 presents the country cases and offers ways to effectively use them for teaching AFLA. It provides suggestions for encouraging critical thinking among students, including guide questions and discussions, suggested teaching activities and references. This, however, should not limit the users. Instead, they are encouraged to further explore the other potential applications of the cases as teachingmaterials.
The curricular framework does not claim to be complete and comprehensive. However, SEANAFE considers it adequate to help enhance the knowledge, skills, and appreciation of students and other users on AFLA toward a more sustainable use and management of natural resources. The teaching case study materials also do not cover all the aspects of AFLA as a result of the kind of available data gathered by the country teams from their respective case study sites. Thus, users are encouraged to make assumptions about information absent fromthe cases and/or use other relevant cases to help teach AFLA concepts fully.
The guide assumes that the users have considerable experience in using case study as a teaching method. First timers to this approach are encouraged to read the Notes for Teachers well in advance before giving the case study materials to their students. The effectiveness of the case study materials relies on howwell the users have grounded themselves on its suggested use and internalized the basic information therein.]]> Southeast Asia English SEANAFE. 2010. A Teacher's Guide on Agroforestry Landscape Analysis: Curricular Framework and Case Study Materials. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 50 p. 2508 JA 392 JA0392-11 Stewardship agreement to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD): case study from Lubuk Beringin?s Hutan Desa, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Farid Zulfikar, Iman Budisetiawan, Elok Mulyoutami, Asep Ayat and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 International Forestry Review The Commonwealth Forestry Association 12 4 349-360 Hutan Desa) regulation by the Minister of Forestry (P.49/Menhut-II/2008) details how to reconcile forest management targets and livelihood interests of forest-edge villages within the framework of a permanent forest estate. Lubuk Beringin in Bungo District, Jambi Province became the first village in Indonesia to secure such an agreement. Our analysis of process, stakes and social capital bridging local, district and national scales of Hutan Desa aims to assist in reducing transaction costs for wider application. Streamlining of rules is needed to make Hutan Desa a viable part of REDD schemes at relevant scale, and to support locally appropriate mitigation action as part of national strategies, and as co-investment in stewardship for local, national and global benefits.]]> action research, community forest management, Hutan Desa, REDD+, village forest Southeast Asia English Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Zulfikar F, Budisetiawan I, Mulyoutami E, Ayat A and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Stewardship agreement to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD): case study from Lubuk Beringin’s Hutan Desa, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. International Forestry Review. 12(4):P. 349-360. 2507 TD 162 TD0162-10 Prediksi perubahan neraca air dengan model GenRiver Prasetyo Nugroho 2010 Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta 109 Program Studi Ilmu Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada Master of Science Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) merupakan satu kesatuan ekosistem yang terdiri dari komponen biotis dan abiotis dan tidak dapat dipisahkan antar komponen satu dengan lainnya serta memiliki karakteristik yang khas, baik secara hidrologi, penutupan lahan, sosial budaya dan ekonomi yang melingkupinya. Daerah aliran sungai memainkan fungsi dan peran dasarnya sebagai daerah yang menerima, menampung dan mengalirkan air melalui outlet tunggal. Akan tetapi peran dan fungsi DAS tersebut dipengaruhi oleh perubahan penutupan lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Model Hidrologi GenRiver dan memprediksi perubahan neraca air Sub DAS Goseng dengan simulasi kondisi penutupan lahan yang berbeda.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan dan menganalisis model Generic Riverflow (GenRiver) serta menggunakan simulasi perubahan penutupan lahan untuk mengetahui perubahan neraca air di kawasan Sub DAS Goseng. Perangkat bantuan yang digunakan dalam model ini yaitu menggunakan Stella sebagai software yang dihubungkan dengan file microsoft excel. Parameter yang dipertimbangkan dalam model ini yaitu data klimatologi, bentuk lahan, tanah, geologi dan penutupan lahan.]]> GenRiver, neraca air, Sub DAS Goseng, buffering indicator Southeast Asia Indonesian Nugroho P. 2010. Prediksi perubahan neraca air dengan model GENRIVER. Yogyakarta. : Universitas Gadjah Mada. 109 p. 2506 JA 391 JA0391-10 Accessibility Factors and Conservation Forest Designation Affecting Rattan Cane Harvesting in Lambusango Forest, Buton, Indonesia Atiek Widayati, Samantha Jones and Bruce Carlisle 2010 Human Ecology Springer Science+Business Media B.V 38 6 731-746 Rattan cane is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) harvested from Indonesian tropical forests. However, the extraction of NTFPs such as rattan cane may conflict with forest conservation efforts. A better understanding of harvesting practices can help assess the extent of this conflict and guide forest management decisions. This study assesses the accessibility factors that influence rattan cane harvesting levels in Lambusango Forest, Buton Island, Indonesia, and whether the harvesting of rattan cane is affected by the designation of conservation areas. To this end, the analysis adopts participatory mapping, Geographic Information Systems and a questionnaire survey and employs multiple regressions and analysis of covariance. The results show that accessibility, particularly slope and distance, can play a role in the quantity of rattan canes harvested. The presence of conservation forest does not significantly affect rattan cane harvesting levels. This could be due to limited awareness of the harvesters going to the vicinity of the designated conservation areas and mixed sentiments towards conservation efforts due to the long tradition of forest dwelling and harvesting activities. The study concludes that the successful establishment and management of conservation areas require consideration of the specificity of the local context such as the abundance of forest resources, accessibility and historical forest-people interactions, in addition to biological factors. NTFP. Rattan cane harvesting . Accessibility . Conservation forest . Buton Island DOI 10.1007/s10745-010-9358-7 Southeast Asia English Widayati A, Jones S and Carlisle B. 2010. Accessibility Factors and Conservation Forest Designation Affecting Rattan Cane Harvesting in Lambusango Forest, Buton, Indonesia. Human Ecology. 38(6):P. 731-746. 2505 RP 267 RP0267-10 An assessment of opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses Vietnam preparing for REDD final national report Hoang Minh Ha, Do Trong Hoan, Meine van Noordwijk, Pham Thu Thuy, Matilda Palm, To Xuan Phuc, Doan Diem, Nguyen Thanh Xuan and Hoang Thi Van Anh 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 85 The study explored the links between reducing emisisons from all land uses and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs), as well as market-based approaches to the problem.
The study found that reducing emissions from all land uses in Vietnam increases the possibility of sustaining a future carbon emissions reduction scheme because it addresses an entire landscape, not only forest, and strengthens the participation of all land users, including indigenous people.
There are challenges to any scheme that aims to reduce emisisons from all land uses. These include adopting the right methods, obtaining reliable data, and legal and political issues.
The report recommends that reducing emissions from all land uses would be the most effective approach and should be implemented using cross-sectoral land-use planning and co-covernance that includes equitable involvement of government, private companies and smallholders.]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Do Trong H, van Noordwijk M, Thuy PT, Palm M, Phuc TX, Doan D, Thanh Xuan N and Thi Van Anh H. An assessment of opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses Vietnam preparing for REDD final national report. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. 85 p. 2504 MA 55 MA0055-10 Pak Usub: dari Serumpun berkarya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat sekitar sungai Lamandau Janudianto and Subekti Rahayu 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 14-15 Berada di bagian selatan Pulau Kalimantan, tepatnya di salah satu desa di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Barat, M. Subeli atau yang akrab dipanggil Pak Usub berkarya demi mensejahterakan masyarakatnya. Laki-laki kelahiran Barabai, Kalimantan Selatan 51 tahun silam ini merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak pendatang yang mencoba mengadu nasib di Serumpun, Desa Tanjung Putri. Anak kedua dari lima bersaudara ini merupakan salah seorang tokoh tani di dua kelompok saat ini, Kelompok Tani Serumpun dan Kelompok Tani Serumpun Padi. Bapak dua anak ini pandai berbicara dan senang sekali bercerita, tentunya dengan logat Banjar yang kental. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2503 MA 54 MA0054-10 Sistem Wanatani: masih tetap idola pengelola kebun kopi Kurniatun Hairiah 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 12-13 ?Wanatani kopi tetap idola bagi pengelola kopi di era pemanasan global, karena sistem ini menyediakan jasa lingkungan lewat perannya dalam mempertahankan populasi 'luwak', si pemetik jitu buah kopi, mengendalikan populasi nematoda parasit tumbuhan serta menjaga kondisi tanah tetap gembur, menyerap dan menyimpan karbon, serta mengatur tata air?, itulah catatan ringkasku selama mengikuti Simposium Kopi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2502 MA 53 MA0053-10 Tembawang: bukan sekedar sistem agroforestri Bambang Soeharto 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 10-11 Tembawang atau sering disebut sebagai agroforest tembawang adalah suatu bentuk sistem penggunaan lahan yang terdiri dari berbagai jenis tumbuhan, mulai dari pohon-pohon besar berdiameter lebih dari 100 sentimeter hingga tumbuhan bawah sejenis rumput-rumputan. Sistem ini dikelola dengan teknik-teknik tertentu sesuai dengan kearifan lokal mereka dan mengikuti aturan-aturan sosial sehingga membentuk keanekaragaman yang kompleks menyerupai ekosistem hutan alam. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2501 MA 52 MA0052-10 Hutan sagu: potensinya dalam REDD+ Subekti Rahayu and Degi Harja 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 8-9 REDD adalah suatu upaya penurunan emisi dari sektor deforestasi dan degradasi hutan yang diinisiasi pada COP 12 di Bali tahun 2007, yang artinya penebangan hutan dan alih guna hutan harus dihindari dalam upaya menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca*. Seperti telah kita ketahui bahwa meningkatnya konsentrasi gas rumah kaca di atmosfir memberikan sumbangan yang sangat berarti dalam pemanasan global akhir-akhir ini. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2500 MA 51 MA0051-10 Memahami rantai perdagangan kayu jati Aulia Perdana 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 5-7 ?Mengapa kita diperlakukan seperti pencuri ketika mengirim kayu, padahal semua persyaratan dan legalitas penebangan sudah dipenuhi??. Pertanyaan yang dilontarkan oleh seorang pedagang kayu jati di kota Wonosari, Gunung Kidul ini menyulut berbagai pertanyaan kritis lainnya yang menuntut jawaban lebih mendalam. Tulisan ini mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dengan mengungkap rantai perdagangan jati dari petani hingga ke pedagang kayu yang saling berlomba mencari keuntungan diantara biaya-biaya yang tak terduga. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2499 NL 46 NL0046-10 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Aulia Perdana, Bambang Soeharto, Degi Harja, Elok Mulyoutami, Janudianto, Kurniatun Hairiah and Subekti Rahayu 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 1-16 Pemahaman alur jual beli kayu jati di tingkat petani masih merupakan kendala saat ini. Artikel kedua membawa kita kepemahaman untuk mencari nilai rantai perdagangan kayu jati, berikut peraturan dan kebijakan yang berlaku.
Sebuah OPINI mengenai ?bagaimana hutan sagu berpotensi dalam REDD+ karena dapat menyerap karbon?? Selain sumber bahan makanan pokok bagi masyarakat Papua, juga merupakan habitat keanekaragaman hayati, yang tumbuh alami selayaknya hutan alam yang memiliki peluang sebagai penyerap karbon.
Masih dengan artikel menarik untuk diulas yaitu tentang agroforest tembawang, di Kalimantan Barat, yang dalam pengelolaannya masih dikelola secara adat masyarakat Suku Dayak. Penulis menyajikannya dengan cukup detail yang mencakup tiga hal utama dalam aspek konservasi dan nilai-nilai sosial budaya yang luhur.
Kopi luak... siapa yang tidak kenal dengan nikmatnya kopi ini. Dengan harga jual yang menggiurkan karena termahal di dunia. Meskipun biji kopi berkualitas tinggi ini diambil dari sisa kotoran luwak, namun kopi ini menjadi begitu masyur dikalangan penikmat kopi. Berdasarkan penelitian terakhir, hasil panen biji kopi oleh luwak yang dikandangkan tidak sebaik kualitas kopi yang dipanen oleh luwak liar. Ikuti cerita uniknya dalam liputan simposium nasional yang diselenggarakan di pulau Bali, Oktober lalu.
?Ini sebuah awal contoh yang baik dari suatu usaha pertanian padi di lahan pasang surut. Dengan teknologi sederhana mampu mencegah lahan dari banjir atau luapan air pasang. Hasil enam ton gabah kering panen per hektar sebuah hal yang luar biasa? sambut Akhmad Yadi, Kepala Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan kepada Pak Usub, seorang penebang kayu yang berubah haluan menjadi petani peladang menetap yang menularkan ilmunya kepada masyarakat sekitarnya. Rubrik PROFIL TOKOH yang bisa menjadi contoh untuk kita dan sekaligus sebagai artikel terakhir KIPRAH edisi ini.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Perdana A, Soeharto B, Harja D, Mulyoutami E, Janudianto , Hairiah K and Rahayu S. 2010. Kiprah Agroforestri 7. In: Rahayu S and Mulyoutami E,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3 , GRP 4 , GRP 5 , GRP 6 2498 PB 16 PB0016-10 Mau melangkah ke mana pengelolaan hutan sesaot? Gamma Galudra, R. Yana Buana and Noviana Khususiyah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 09 4 Hutan Sesaot, terletak di bagian barat Taman Nasional Rinjani, memiliki luas 5 950 ha dan merupakan tangkapan air dari DAS Dodokan. Secara administrasi, hutan ini terletak di Kecamatan Narmada dan Lingsar, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, dan diapit oleh 4 desa yaitu Sesaot, Lebah Sempage, Sedau dan Batu Mek ar. Berdasar k an SK Menter i Per tanian No. 756/Kpts/Um/1982, status dan fungsi hutan Sesaot adalah hutan lindung. Penunjukan ini didasari atas pertimbangan hutan ini memiliki fungsi penting sebagai sumber mata air bagi irigasi pertanian skala besar serta untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga, khususnya di Kota Mataram, Kabupaten Lombok Barat dan sebagian Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Southeast Asia Indonesian Galudra G, Buana RY and Khususiyah N. 2010. Mau melangkah ke mana pengelolaan hutan sesaot?. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2497 PB 15 PB0015-10 Sekolah Lapangan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam (SL-PSDA): upaya peningkatan kapasitas LMDH dalam pembangunan hutan melalui PHBM (di KPH Malang) Widianto, Noviana Khususiyah and Iva Dewi Lestariningsih 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 03 6
Salah satu metode yang telah terbukti dapat membantu mengembangkan kapasitas masyarakat dalam berbagai program pembangunan adalah pendekatan sekolah lapangan (SL), yang dalam hal ini adalah sekolah lapangan untuk pengelolaan sumberdaya alam (SL-PSDA).]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Widianto, Khususiyah N and Lestariningsih ID. 2010. Sekolah Lapangan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam (SL-PSDA): upaya peningkatan kapasitas LMDH dalam pembangunan hutan melalui PHBM (di KPH Malang). Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2496 PB 14 PB0014-10 Emissions Embodied in Trade (EET) and Land use in Tropical Forest Margins Peter Akong Minang, Meine van Noordwijk, P Meyfroidt, Fahmuddin Agus and Sonya Dewi 2010 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB Policy Brief no 17 4
As many corporations, countries and consumers embrace carbon footprint labelling and advocate for ?greener? commodities, there is potential for reducing emissions from land use change in the humid and sub-humid tropics. Yet, current debate on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation ? REDD+ has not considered the potential implications of EET.

In this brief, we present and briefly reflect on (a) how emission reductions may induce cross-border land use displacements; (b) how market demand for ?greener? commodities and consumer pressure on some tropical commodities can shape behaviour of land use agents and influence emissions; and (c) the policy implications that result from EET.]]> Southeast Asia English Minang PA, van Noordwijk M, Meyfroidt P, Agus F and Dewi S. 2010. Emissions Embodied in Trade (EET) and Land use in Tropical Forest Margins. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. 2495 RP 266 RP0266-10 Moving Beyond REDD: Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses in Nepal Laxman Joshi, Naya Sharma Paudel, Hemanta Ojha, Dil Bahadur Khatri, Keshav Kanel, Rajendra Pradhan, Bhaskar Karky, Ujjwal P. Pradhan and Seema Karki 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 88
Considering these conditions, Nepal would not benefit from REDD alone and therefore should be lobbying for REDD+, which includes enhancing carbon stocks, and even REDD++ which looks at carbon in all land uses. A critical issue is that since millions of small farmers and other rural inhabitants interact with land in a variety of ways for multiple objectives, a simple distinction of 'forest' or 'non-forest' has little relevance. The attempt is for payments for sustainable land use with productive conservation where net biological productivity will be enhanced, while also allowing flexibility for local forest owners to adapt to changing conditions affecting needs, preferences and values.

There are limitations to a sole focus on forest-based mitigation approaches such as REDD and hence the proposition of a broader concept of reducing emissions from all land uses (REALU). The narrow focus on forest-based REDD omits agriculture and therefore misses huge opportunities. Similarly, it fails to address many technical issues, such as leakage and permanence, and so would be unable to effectively curb emissions in the long term. A more comprehensive approach including all land uses will minimise technical errors and effectively reduce emissions. This report attempts to resolve the apparent dichotomy between adaptation and mitigation by highlighting how sustainable resources management simultaneously reduces emissions, enhances food security and increases ecosystem resilience. The mosaic of farm and forests and traditional integrated farming provides a unique context where mitigation and adaptation go together.]]> Southeast Asia English Joshi L, Paudel NS, Ojha H, Khatri DB, Kanel K, Pradhan R, Karky B, Pradhan UP and Karki S. Moving Beyond REDD: Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses in Nepal. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 88 p. 2494 PP 299 PP0299-10 Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Delia Catacutan, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Meine van Noordwijk and Lydia Tiongco 2010 CAPRi Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Phillipines 1-17 Sustaining the environmental, social and economic development in Manupali watershed in southern Philippines is highly dependent on fair allocation of water use rights and judicious utilization of water as a scarce resource. There are many stakeholders and water users: smallholder farmers, indigenous people, multi-national companies, the local government, National Irrigation Administration, and the National Power Corporation. As demand for water outstrips supply, conflict arises between different user-groups over who can use water and how much each can use. This paper reports on initial results of on-going studies that examine water rights and land use change, to negotiate for better co-investment in managing watershed. A key issue in Manupali is the overlap in ?water rights?, which is a privilege the government grants to use and further appropriate water. To avoid hostile confrontation between different user-groups and to manage competition of water use, some user-groups came up with voluntary agreements for water rights sharing. Viewed in terms of cooperation and collective action, these voluntary agreements facilitated conflict management of a disputed natural resource, but fairness and equity dimensions are in question, as the cooperating user groups extract benefits from non-cooperators who may suffer the consequence of protecting the upper watershed to maintain water supply. Supported by watershed hydrological data on water balance and its land use patterns, this paper argued that collective action at watershed scale is needed to ensure that benefits are fairly shared by both water users and producers. Water rights, water allocation, water conflict, cooperation, collective action Philippines English 2492 LE 172 LE0172-10 Analysis of Land Use and Cover Trajectory (ALUCT) Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Analysis of Land Use and Cover Trajectory (ALUCT) can go beyond direct visual interpretation of geogle earth and quantify change. ALUCT has four stages work flow as follow: (1) Clarification of the questions; (2) Image acquisition and pre-processing; (3) Image classification based on ground-truth sample points and/or pre-established spatial patterns; and (4) Post interpretation analysis focussed on the research questions of interest. This tool is an important part of several of the TUL-SEA Tools, including the RaCSA, RHA and RABA (rapid appraisal of carbon stocks, hydrology and agrobiodiversity, respectively) methods. It also forms the basis of scenario studies (FALLOW), land tenure claim appraisal (RATA) and analysis of the drivers of land use change (DriLUC). Southeast Asia English Dewi S and Ekadinata A. 2010. Analysis of Land Use and Cover Trajectory (ALUCT). [Leaflet].Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 5, GRP 6 2491 LE 171 LE0171-10 FlowPer: Indicator of Watershed Quality Meine van Noordwijk and Lisa Tanika 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia In the analysis of watershed functions, we deal with complex factors that influence processes and patterns in the landscape that ultimately translate a temporal pattern of rainfall into a temporal pattern of stream flow, which aggregates up to a river. Downstream stakeholders start from what they want to see (?perfectly regular flow of clean water?) and observe a pattern of stream and river flow that doesn?t match their expectations. They search for interventions in the ?anthropogenic? groups of causes (deforestation, land degradation), but need to understand the potential reach of such interventions, given the geological and climatic background. In the absence of knowledge of what happens upstream, an observer of river flow can deduce a fair amount of information from a time series of river flow data. The FlowPer model is focused on that. It can serve two functions: 1) summarize the key parameters that downstream stakeholders can observe on the flow pattern, for example, as a basis for conditional rewards for providing environmental services; and 2) serve as a parsimonious (parameter-sparse) ?null model? that allows quantification of the increments in model prediction that is achieved with spatially explicit models (with parameterization first rather than parameter tuning to the data). Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M and Tanika L. 2010. FlowPer: Indicator of Watershed Quality. [Leaflet].Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 6 2490 JA 390 JA0390-10 Potential of Community-Based Forest Management to Mitigate Climate Change in the Philippines Rodel D. Lasco, Remedios S. Evangelista and Florencia B Pulhin 2010 Small-scale Forestry Steve Harrison, John Herbohn 2010 9 4 429-443 Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy in managing inhabited ?forest land? in the Philippines. It involves the participation of local communities in various forestry activities to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment. This paper analyses the potential benefits of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites to mitigate climate change. The incorporation of trees in farms and landscapes has led to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration. Half a million hectares of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites in the Philippines are estimated to store 25 MtC while sequestering 2.7 MtC annually. Lessons are drawn from three carbon sequestration projects under development using CBFM as the main approach. Income from carbon credits is not sufficient to recover the cost of tree planting. The transaction costs of forestry CDM projects are substantial and could prove to be the greatest barrier to project fruition. Government institutions must find ways to encourage project developers by simplifying rules and regulations for forestry carbon projects. Forest definition must be assessed. Project developers and the government could also explore the voluntary carbon market which is more flexible than the CDM market. Policy and technical studies must be conducted to ascertain the potential of the REDD for CBFM sites in the country. Community-based forest management, Carbon credits, Clean development mechanism DOI 10.1007/s11842-010-9132-0 Philippines English Lasco RD, Evangelista RS and Pulhin FB. 2010. Potential of Community-Based Forest Management to Mitigate Climate Change in the Philippines. Small-scale Forestry. 9(4):P. 429-443. GRP 5 2489 PO 281 PO0281-10 From open access to common pool resource: effect of organic certification of NTFP in Yan Mei, Mithoefer Dagmar, Yang Yanping and Huang Jiacong 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Mei Y, Dagmar M, Yanping Y and Jiacong H. From open access to common pool resource: effect of organic certification of NTFP in. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. 2488 PO 280 PO0280-10 Participatory agroforestry development in DPR Korea Xu Jianchu and Jun He 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Xu Jianchu and He J. Participatory agroforestry development in DPR Korea. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 2 2487 PO 279 PO0279-10 The role of tree crops in local adaptations to climate variability in the Himalayas: Case studies in China, Nepal and Pakistan Yufang Su, Juliet Lu, Sujata Manandhar and Ashiq Ahmad Khan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Yufang S, Lu J, Manandhar S and Khan AA. The role of tree crops in local adaptations to climate variability in the Himalayas: Case studies in China, Nepal and Pakistan. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 5 2486 PO 278 PO0278-10 China?s Transition to Sustainable Agriculture: Understanding Fertilizer Use in Yunnan Province, China Yunju Li, Fredrich Kahrl, David Roland-Holst, Su Yufang and Xu Jianchu 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Yunju L, Kahrl F, Roland-Holst D, Yufang S and Xu Jianchu . China’s Transition to Sustainable Agriculture: Understanding Fertilizer Use in Yunnan Province, China. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 6 2485 PO 277 PO0277-10 Redefining priorities and reassigning responsibilities for forest management in Doi Mae Salong, Northern Thailand Sona Shakya and Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Shakya S and Schmidt-Vogt D. Redefining priorities and reassigning responsibilities for forest management in Doi Mae Salong, Northern Thailand. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 2 2484 PO 276 PO0276-10 Land Use Mapping by Remote Sensing with Object-based Method in Upper Mekong Region Chen Huafang, Philip Beckschafer, Yu Haiying, Yunju Li, Sha Wen and Liu Wenjun 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Huafang C, Beckschafer P, Haiying Y, Yunju L, Wen S and Wenjun L. Land Use Mapping by Remote Sensing with Object-based Method in Upper Mekong Region. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 6 2483 PO 275 PO0275-10 Three rivers rangeland carbon sequestration project Andreas Wilkes, Zhang Zhicai and Wang Shiping 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Wilkes A, Zhicai Z and Shiping W. Three rivers rangeland carbon sequestration project. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 5 2482 PO 274 PO0274-10 Can REDD payment alone protect the forest? Hoang Minh Ha, Do Trong Hoan, Matilda Palm, Nguyen Thanh Xuan, Doan Diem, Hoang Thi Van Anh, Meine van Noordwijk and Peter Akong Minang 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Science Forum 2010 Vietnam can be seen as a ?nutshell? of this situation, with parts of the country that resemble Indonesia?s net deforestation pattern, and parts that resemble China?s net increase in forest area (and reduction in forests carbon-stock).
Vietnam was one of the first countries to turn the corner on ?forest transition? without having first completely depleted the forest. However, while reported forest area increased, net emissions continued to rise as carbon-rich forest was lost and plantations of low carbon-stock were added.
Current REDD+ activities in Vietnam mainly focus on Reference Emission Level; Monitoring, Reporting and Verification; Benefit Distribution System and capacity building.]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Do Trong H, Palm M, Thanh Xuan N, Doan D, Thi Van Anh H, van Noordwijk M and Minang PA. Can REDD payment alone protect the forest?. : Science Forum 2010Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. GRP 5 2481 PO 273 PO0273-10 Pathways for Agroforestry Development in North-West Vietnam Hoang Minh Ha, Marc Dumas-Johansen, Ann Degrande, Luu thi Thu Giang and Antoine Kalinganire 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Science Forum 2010 Research ideas for bringing trees back to the landscape for more sustainable farming are under development by the World Agroforestry Centre Vietnam and its national partners as a part of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) program in the area. The role of trees in increasing income to local farmers, either directly or indirectly through livestock, and at the same time improving soil and water quality, is a focus of the program. A scoping study has been being carried out by the Centre?s interdisciplinary team that includes international and national experts . Begining in May 2010, we have worked in three provinces, with a focus on Son La province (Map 1). The methods used are reviews, interviews, field visits and workshops with local stakeholders including local government, research institutes, universities and farmers]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Dumas-Johansen M, Degrande A, Thu Giang Lt and Kalinganire A. Pathways for Agroforestry Development in North-West Vietnam. : Science Forum 2010Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. GRP 1, GRP 2 2480 PO 272 PO0272-10 Bundling of payments/rewards for environmental services A viable incentive system under development in the uplands of Northern Vietnam Hoang Minh Ha, Dinh Ngoc Lan, Hoang Van Giap and Nguyen van Nam 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Science Forum 2010 A viable incentive system that contains rewards, payments and livelihood options??bundling? payments for ecosystem services or ?co-investment for PES??being developed in Ba Be district, Bac Kan province, is an option to this limitation (Photo 1). Bac Kan was chosen owing to it 40% poverty rate, 55% forest cover and complex landscape .]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Dinh NL, Van Giap H and van Nam N. Bundling of payments/rewards for environmental services A viable incentive system under development in the uplands of Northern Vietnam. : Science Forum 2010Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. GRP 6 2479 PO 271 PO0271-10 Cutting Propagation of Rare Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Northern Thailand Anantika Ratnamhin, Stephen Elliott and Prasit Wangpakapattanawong 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand Thailand Science Forum 2010 Thailand English Ratnamhin A, Elliott S and Wangpakapattanawong P. Cutting Propagation of Rare Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Northern Thailand. : Science Forum 2010Thailand. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand. 2010. GRP 1 2478 PO 270 PO0270-10 Conflict, Cooperation and Collective Action Land use, water rights and water scarcity in Manupali watershed, Southern Philippines Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on, Delia Catacutan, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Meine van Noordwijk and Lydia Tiongco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 Water is essential to human survival. It is also indispensable to livelihoods and most forms of economic production. However, access, allocation and use of water can create conflict. While conflicts at the national and international levels vary from policies affecting water management to transboundary issues, water access dominates conflicts at the local level, which are often direct and can spill over into wider-scale violence. In many cases, political, socio-economic and cultural factors determine the complexity of these water conflicts. Resolving water conflict can be complicated and take a lot of time. Hence, some water users opt for simple compromises to settle disputes between them through collective action and cooperative agreements. Philippines English Duque-PiΓ±on C, Catacutan D, Leimona B, Abasolo E, van Noordwijk M and Tiongco L. Conflict, Cooperation and Collective Action Land use, water rights and water scarcity in Manupali watershed, Southern Philippines. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 6 2477 PO 269 PO0269-10 Ecosystem-based mitigation and adaptation (EBMA): exploring the synergies in agroforestry Rodel D. Lasco and Rafaela Jane Delfino 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010
The rural poor in developing countries are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Ecosystem services help improves human wellbeing and may enhance resilience and reduce risk for local communities.

Ecosystems provide a venue where the synergies between adaptation and mitigation can be optimized and trade-offs reduced.

There are two options to address climate change:
(1) Mitigation
(2) Adaptation

Historically, both has been treated separately due to its differences in spatial, temporal and sectoral scales. However, there has been recent focus in research and policy on synergies between adaptation and mitigation that will provide for win-win solutions. However, there is still the need to look more into the synergies and conflicts at different scales.]]> Philippines English Lasco RD and Delfino RJ. Ecosystem-based mitigation and adaptation (EBMA): exploring the synergies in agroforestry. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2476 PO 268 PO0268-10 Rewards for environmental services and benefits to the poorLessons from Asia Beria Leimona and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Rewards for environmental services (RES) link global priorities on poverty reduction and environmental sustainability and are designed to balance effectiveness and efficiency with fairness and pro-poor characteristics.]]> Southeast Asia English Leimona B and van Noordwijk M. Rewards for environmental services and benefits to the poorLessons from Asia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2475 PO 267 PO0267-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Option for setting up reference emission level for REDD+ within REALU in Berau, East Kalimantan Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 In respond to the opportunity of developing REDD pilot areas in Indonesia, the district government of Berau has formed a task-force to discuss the potentiality of district-level involvement in developing pilot areas. Our previous study showed that the overall annual emission of Berau in 1990-2008 is 9.2Mg CO -eq/Ha.Year, 2 with more than 50% emission came from forest zone. The remaining question is how to set up a reference emission level for Berau under the lack of policy and guidelines for national and local government. Southeast Asia English Dewi S and Ekadinata A. Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Option for setting up reference emission level for REDD+ within REALU in Berau, East Kalimantan. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2474 PO 266 PO0266-10 Dynamics and Trajectories of Rubber Agroforestin BungoDistrict, Jambi: Assessment for the Potentials of Eco-certification M. Thoha Zulkarnain, Andree Ekadinata and Atiek Widayati 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 The high pressure of land use change that has occurred in Sumatera, Indonesia, reduces forest cover. However, various land uses that replace forest are considered to be able to preserve some of forest ecological functions. Rubber agroforest, a traditional extensive rubber cultivation system,has the capacity to support species diversity in an impoverished landscape currently dominated by monoculture plantation (Figure 1).Currently, ICRAF conducts a study to observe the dynamics and trajectories of rubber agroforestin BungoDistrict, Jambi over time and space using remote sensing data and spatial analysis. The outputs are expected to contribute to the discussions towards rubber eco-certification in Jambi Province. Southeast Asia English Zulkarnain MT, Ekadinata A and Widayati A. Dynamics and Trajectories of Rubber Agroforestin BungoDistrict, Jambi: Assessment for the Potentials of Eco-certification. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2473 PO 265 PO0265-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: I. Estimation of land use, land use change and forestry carbon emission of Berau District, East Kalimantan Andree Ekadinata, Zuraidah Said and Sonya Dewi 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 From UNFCCC COP-13 meeting in Bali in 2007, countries agreed that there was an urgent need to take further meaningful action to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The demonstration activities of REDD (Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) is being implemented by many tropical countries worldwide. Measurement/ monitoring, Reporting and Verification are the integral part of implementing REDD. Historical emissions are needed to assess the additional of REDD implementation as well as in setting up Reference Emission Level or Reference Level. Prior to any REDD implementation, estimates of historical emissions are useful to assess whether a REDD project or program is feasible or not. Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Said Z and Dewi S. Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: I. Estimation of land use, land use change and forestry carbon emission of Berau District, East Kalimantan. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2472 PO 264 PO0264-10 Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi and Jean-Laurent Pfund 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Methodological approaches to biodiversity studies in a multifunctional landscape need to consider the dynamics of land cover and land uses over space in order to capture ecological process, such as habitat fragmentation and matrix effects. Remote sensing and GIS toolsis instrumental in capturing the complex dynamics of tropical landscapes and in communicating the results to decision-makers. Further, spatial analysis can deriveindices to quantify patterns of composition and configuration of patches in a landscape. This study will address landscape dynamics over time and space with explicit links to the interface between livelihood and biodiversity in 5 study areas of the project: Indonesia (Bungo), Laos (Viengkham), Madagascar (Manompana), Cameroon (Takamanda Mone) and Tanzania (East Usambara). Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Dewi S and Pfund J. Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2471 PO 263 PO0263-10 Spatial analysis as a basis for enhancing environmental service and sustainable development Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Feri Johana and Atiek Widayati 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Remotely sensed data are used to evaluate land cover based on the appearance of land surface in one particular time. Specifically designed sensors can generate data that are used to derive elevation maps, hot spots, wind direction etc. The scope of SALA embraces land use/cover change and trajectories (ALUCT) and spatial planning for sustainable development (I3SPA). Basically for the environmental services for sustainable development application, remotely sensed data are the sources of time-series land cover maps, of which environmental services in the forms of watershed protection, biodiversity maintenance and climate change mitigation are strongly related with. A set of base maps that is aligned with the remotely sensed data is necessary as additional data to interpret the remotely sensed data, to quantify temporal changes in the same location, and to combine the land cover maps with other factors to quantify and qualify environmental services and livelihood provision. For more specific application, further modeling and analysis are often necessary. SALA produces the main data input for other TULSEA series, i.e., RaBA, RaTA, RaCSA, RHA, DriLUC.]]> Southeast Asia English Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Johana F and Widayati A. Spatial analysis as a basis for enhancing environmental service and sustainable development. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2470 PO 262 PO0262-10 Land use change and forest degradation in Sumatran orangutan habitats and the opportunity cost of CO2 emissions Atiek Widayati, Andree Ekadinata and Made Hesti Lestari Tata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 CO2emissionsLandscape arrangements for biodiversity preservation and human livelihood recognise?segregate? and ?integrate? approaches. Segregation approach has issues of boundaries that in many cases are contested among stakeholders.The more integrated and gradual transition from natural forest to human habitat has survived through the maintenance of the ecosystem services, like regularity of water flow and other services that the forest provides. Such bundled services may strengthen the arguments to conserve forest flora and fauna habitats, but yet remain unassessed. Southeast Asia English Widayati A, Ekadinata A and Tata MH. Land use change and forest degradation in Sumatran orangutan habitats and the opportunity cost of CO2 emissions. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2469 PO 261 PO0261-10 Understanding local perception on low carbon development: the case of Gorontalo and Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia Jusupta Tarigan, Andree Ekadinata, Atiek Widayati and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 The Indonesia government has targeted to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation around 26%; The implementation should be rational and reasonable because it can interfere with national development plans, particularly in sub national level. Preparation of a national strategy to reduce emissions at the national level will also affect the sub-national. That requires an analysis of land use and land cover change that incorporated with many aspects. Through Accountability and Local Level Initiatives to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia(ALLREDDI) project we try to assist local government in 5 provinces of Indonesia to account for their reference emission level. This is an ongoing activities. In this poster we are going to describe some of the result in Gorontalo and South Kalimantan Southeast Asia English Tarigan J, Ekadinata A, Widayati A and Suyanto S. Understanding local perception on low carbon development: the case of Gorontalo and Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2468 PO 260 PO0260-10 Biodiversity and climate change in dynamic landscapes of Indonesia Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Indonesia had been identified as the third largest GHG emitter world-wide. More than 50% of the emission was rooted from LULUCF, and a large part of it was related with peat burning, draining and conversion. As the second biodiversity rich country with largest tropical peat land in the world, but at the same time experiencing unprecedented forest extraction and forest conversion, Indonesia has a very important role in delivering some ecosystem services to the global community. Forest extraction and conversion are integral parts of land transformation that is often complex and non-linear, and more over, very variable across Indonesia. At the national level, landscape transformation is driven by international market, global/regional climate, such as El Nino that leads to forest fire, and is an aggregated manifestation of local drivers and activities. Integrated assessment of the impacts of LULUCF on emissions and habitat fragmentation within several global priority ecoregion in Indonesia is necessary to find spaces for harmonizing efforts on climate change mitigation, biodiversity maintenance and sustainable development. Southeast Asia English Dewi S and Ekadinata A. Biodiversity and climate change in dynamic landscapes of Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2467 PO 259 PO0259-10 Nation-wide analysis of Indonesia land cover change and above ground carbon stock dynamics Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi and Saipul Rahman 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Indonesia has been the center of attention in the current debate of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation .Over the past decade it is regarded as the country with the third country of highest emissions although there is considerable debate and uncertainty over the figures. Recently, Indonesia has been taking an active role in the discussion on fair and efficient mechanisms and economic incentives to reduce emissions. Unfortunately, credible carbon accounting system that should serve as the basis carbon incentives negotiation is still not available. More over, data to calculate historic emission as a basis for reference emission level setting are known to have high uncertainty. Through ALREDDI (Accountability and Local Level Initiative to Reduce Emission from Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia) project funded by European Union (EU), we assist Indonesian government in accounting for land-use based greenhouse gas emissions. Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Dewi S and Rahman S. Nation-wide analysis of Indonesia land cover change and above ground carbon stock dynamics. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2466 PO 258 PO0258-10 Is Understory Vegetable Production in Smallholder Agroforestry Systems a Viable Option? Gerhard Manurung, James M Roshetko, Anas Susila, Denta Anggakusuma and Arif Rahmanulloh 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Farmers in Nanggung, West Java traditionally cultivate vegetables under full sunlight. Few farmers (11%) have experience with intercropping vegetables and tree crops. An on-farm trial was implemented to evaluate the production of seven commercial vegetable species under three light levels as the treatment in a nested design. Southeast Asia English Gerhard Manurung G, Roshetko JM, Susila A, Anggakusuma D and Rahmanulloh A. Is Understory Vegetable Production in Smallholder Agroforestry Systems a Viable Option?. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 2 2465 PO 257 PO0257-10 Smallholder Vegetable Cultivation: Challenges in Sustaining Commercial Production and Market Links James M Roshetko, Iwan Kurniawan and Suseno Budidarsono 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 This poster reports on how smallholder farmers can establish commercially oriented systems and maintain market links. Smallholder vegetable producers in Nanggung sub-district face some major uncertainties which impose difficult planning horizons. Product prices often vary day to day, seasonally and year to year; yields vary from season to season; planting and harvesting times may vary considerably due to inconsistent weather patterns. Price uncertainty is a result of the biological lag time between planning, production, harvestand sale. In many cases, vegetables are ready to harvest but the crop does not meet market specifications or insects and disease cause significant damage and loss of marketability. The World Agroforestry Centre and Winrock International conducted action research in Nanggungsub-district, Bogor district, West Java, to reach motivated and innovative farmers who were committed to improving their incomes by increasing the production and market access of their agroforestry products, specifically commodities produced in vegetable agroforestry systems (VAFs). Activities were conducted as part of the Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asian Watershedsproject supported by the USAID-funded Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM-CRSP.) Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM, Kurniawan I and Budidarsono S. Smallholder Vegetable Cultivation: Challenges in Sustaining Commercial Production and Market Links. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 1, GRP 3 2464 PO 256 PO0256-10 Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province, Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines Raquel C. Lopez, Rodel D. Lasco, John Acay Jr, Estrella Passion and Yoji Natori 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 The Sierra Madre, home to nearly half the country's forest is essential habitat for threatened species.
The SMBC encompasses 1.4 million hectares of land, where the country?s remaining old-growth forests can be found. It is the longest mountain range in the country, measuring about 500 kilometers long. It is an important habitat to more than 400 species of wildlife, which 153 species are only found in the country. It also serves as a watershed for the region, supplying water for hydroelectric generation and household and agricultural use.
CI-Philippines Forest Carbon Project in Sierra Madre is being established at 2 locations- within Quirino Protected Landscape (QPL) at Quirino province and within Peρablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape (PPLS) at Cagayan province. These two locations form part of the Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor (SMBC).
In Qurino province, CI worked with local and national governments in collaboration with communities and the private sector, to establish the 175,000 hectare-Quirino Protected Landscape.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, Lasco RD, Acay Jr J, Passion E and Natori Y. Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province, Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2463 PO 255 PO0255-10 The Ikalahan Ancestral Domain Proposed Forest Carbon Development Raquel C. Lopez, Emma Abasolo, Grace B.Villamor and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 They were considered squatters until they organized and gained tenure over the lands through a Memorandum of Agreement between the Kalahan Education Foundation (KEF) representing the Ikalahan and the government through the-then Bureau of Forest Development. Nearly 15 000 ha of the Ancestral Domain Claim was designated as the Kalahan Reserve. The Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) was issued in 1999, and the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) was issued in 2005.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, Abasolo E, Villamor GB and Lasco RD. The Ikalahan Ancestral Domain Proposed Forest Carbon Development. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 6 2462 PO 254 PO0254-10 Proposed Forest Carbon Development Project at Arakan Forest Corridor Raquel C. Lopez, Jayson C. IbaΓ±ez and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010
After commercial logging (1960s-1980s) and agriculture encroaching the logged-over areas, only isolated fragments of forest cover remain in the mountain ranges of Sinaka, Mahuson and Kabalantiian-Binoongan-Kulaman (KABIKU), which are home to important wildlife species such as the IUCN ?critically endangered? Philippine eagle and the ?vulnerable? Philippine hawk eagle Spizaetus philippensis.

Though relatively small, Sinaka is regarded as one of the world?s important bird areas because of the relatively high proportion of unique and threatened species it contains. Mahuson has also a unique mammalian population, exemplified by a new species of fruit bat, the Philippine large-headed fruit bat. Since at least 1992, two wild pairs of Philippine eagles have been breeding on mounts Sinaka and in Mahuson. In 1993, the Philippine eagle ?Kahayag? was retrieved from an old nest tree at the KABIKU forest.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, IbaΓ±ez JC and Lasco RD. Proposed Forest Carbon Development Project at Arakan Forest Corridor. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2461 PO 253 PO0253-10 Mount Kitanglad Range Proposed Forest Carbon Development Raquel C. Lopez, Felix S Mirasol Jr., Benedicto Golosino and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 MKR has unique ecological features, such as connected landscapes and an immense natural diversity of flora and fauna, combined with a unique interplay of cultural communities that contributes significantly to the national economy and heritage. However, the ecologically important features are threatened.
To provide legal basis for pursuing actions for conservation and protection, the MKR area was proclaimed a national park by Presidential Proclamation No. 667 on December 14, 1990. It was reclassified as a natural park by Presidential Proclamation No. 896 in 1996. It became a fully fledged protected area as Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park through the Republic Act 8978, known as the Mount Kitanglad Act of 2000.]]> Southeast Asia English Lopez RC, Mirasol Jr. FS, Golosino B and Lasco RD. Mount Kitanglad Range Proposed Forest Carbon Development. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2460 PO 252 PO0252-10 Smallholders Forest Carbon Development in the Philippines Raquel C. Lopez, Paul L.G. Vlek, Dennis P Garrity and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010
The challenge of forest carbon development on denuded ?forest frontiers? is the re- egetation of the area purely with indigenous, native/endemic tree species applying the ?rainforestation strategy, especially in biodiversity hotspots and critical watershed areas. The agroforestry system strategy is most likely the option to be adopted in the ?forest-agricultural mosaic? and ?agricultural lowlands?.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, Vlek PL, Garrity DP and Lasco RD. Smallholders Forest Carbon Development in the Philippines. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2459 PO 251 PO0251-10 Consumer Preference for Indigenous Vegetables Lia Dahlia, Iwan Kurniawan, Denta Anggakusuma and James M Roshetko 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 In the past, Indonesian agriculture has provided an important contribution to local livelihoods and the national economy, accounting for 13.8% of gross national product (BPS, 2008). It is estimated that there are 24 million ha of underutilized dryagricultural land in Indonesia. Poor households living in those areas have a high level of dependency on agriculture because thenon-agricultural economy is not well developed. It is crucial that the government implement policies that stimulate and diversify smallholder agricultural, horticultural and livestock sectors, including the rehabilitation of private land with high-value timber and fruit tree species. If supported, smallholder sectors can contribute to reducing rural poverty and strengthening the national economy. A research study was conducted in and around Bogor, West Java, to document consumer knowledge, preferences and consumption behavior in relation to four indigenous vegetables?katuk, kucai, honjeand tebu telor?and inform stakeholders of opportunities for commercialization. Southeast Asia English Dahlia L, Kurniawan I, Anggakusuma D and Roshetko JM. Consumer Preference for Indigenous Vegetables. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 3 2458 PO 250 PO0250-10 Principles for Fairness and Efficiency in Enhancing Environmental Services in AsiaPayments, Compensation, or Co-Investment? Meine van Noordwijk and Beria Leimona 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 The term ?Payments for Environmental Services? (PES) has rapidly gained popularity, with its focus on market-based mechanisms for enhancing environmental services (ES). Current use of the term, however, covers a broad spectrum of interactions between ES suppliers and beneficiaries. A broader class of mechanisms pursues ES enhancement through compensation or rewards (Compensation and Rewards for Environmental Services (CRES)). Such mechanisms can be analyzed on the basis of how they meet four conditions: Realistic, Conditional, Voluntary and Pro-poor. Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M and Leimona B. Principles for Fairness and Efficiency in Enhancing Environmental Services in AsiaPayments, Compensation, or Co-Investment?. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2457 PO 249 PO0249-10 Gender Equality in Rewards for Environmental Services Schemes in Indonesia Beria Leimona and Siti Amanah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 A rewards for environmental services scheme is a mechanism to connect between environmental service providers and their beneficiaries through the flow of environmental services and rewards. Trust and strong social capital are needed to ensure success , but need nurturing and maintenance by stakeholders involved. Gender equality between community members?both for males and females?is a pre-requisite and further guarantees solid social interaction. Southeast Asia English Leimona B and Amanah S. Gender Equality in Rewards for Environmental Services Schemes in Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2456 PO 248 PO0248-10 RaTA: Identifying the Nature of Land Tenure Conflicts Gamma Galudra and Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 It explores competing claims among different actors who hold different rights and powers because the claims are often related to changing land tenure policies developed in different historical periods and for varying purposes.
By analyzing the roles of policies in land conflicts and competing claims, RaTA can offer policy options and interventions as alternative means to settle land conflicts.]]> Southeast Asia English Galudra G and Pradhan UP. RaTA: Identifying the Nature of Land Tenure Conflicts. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2455 PO 247 PO0247-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Profitability Analysis of Land Use Systems at District Level in REDD+ Feasibility Arif Rahmanulloh, Suseno Budidarsono and Muhammad Sofiyuddin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
To quantify economic return of each main land use systems in Berau district, it provides clear comparison of benefit accepted by the people, operators or other parties affected by designed land-use change intervention (REDD+)]]> Southeast Asia English Rahmanulloh A, Budidarsono S and Sofiyuddin M. Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Profitability Analysis of Land Use Systems at District Level in REDD+ Feasibility. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2454 PO 246 PO0246-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: III. Opportunity Cost Analysis Of REDD+ at The District Level Arif Rahmanulloh, Sonya Dewi, Suseno Budidarsono and Zuraidah Said 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
A pilot area for REDD implementation can help address the last issue and is very attractive, not only for gaining in-situ project experience, but also for the potential lessons learned and resultant multiplier effects

The scoping study for REDD pilot area should test the feasibility of REDD from all three criteria: conditionality, realistic and voluntary criteria]]> Southeast Asia English Rahmanulloh A, Dewi S, Budidarsono S and Said Z. Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: III. Opportunity Cost Analysis Of REDD+ at The District Level. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2453 PO 245 PO0245-10 Is it Feasible?REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal (RESFA) in Lamandauwildlife reserve, Indonesia Janudianto, Laxman Joshi, Elok Mulyoutami, Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Suseno Budidarsono, Gamma Galudra, Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, M. Thoha Zulkarnain, Subekti Rahayu, Rachmat Mulia, Ni'matul Khasanah and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
The LamandauRiver Wildlife Reserve (LRWR or ?the reserve?) forest conservation and community development project is one of a portfolio of four REDD+ projects being supported by the Clinton Climate Initiative?Forestry program, ?Addressing the challenges of scaling-pp REDD+ activities in Indonesia?.

REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal (RESFA) were used as the framework for studying the key livelihoods, land-use change, carbon stock and tenure issues to develop prospective scenarios and impact predictions for the eastern buffer area of the reserve (23600ha).]]> Southeast Asia English Janudianto, Joshi L, Mulyoutami E, Sofiyuddin M, Budidarsono S, Galudra G, Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Zulkarnain MT, Rahayu S, Mulia R, Khasanah N and van Noordwijk M. Is it Feasible?REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal (RESFA) in Lamandauwildlife reserve, Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2452 PO 244 PO0244-10 Benzoin gardens in the forest edge of North Sumatera Yuliana Wulan, Elok Mulyoutami and Endri Martini 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 AssessmentBenzoinresin (?Kemenyan? in BahasaIndonesia) which mainly produced from Sumatra benzoin(Styraxsumatrana) are very important for people who live in and near forests in BatangToru. It provides cash income for many farmers in the region. The harvesting of the product requires relatively small or no capital which is why many poor people engage in these activities. It also involves low impact on environment. Benzoinresin was mainly exported to Middle East countries as preservative ingredient and as incense for cosmetics, perfumes, cigarettes purposes. The benzointrees have been culturally important and being used to indicate the ownership of the land. Historically, many benzoinin North Sumatera regions were planted in early Indonesian Independence period (around 1945) to secure forest lands. Nowadays they are mostly abandoned since the price of the resin continue to decline. Some of the gardens revert back to forest and some others converted into rubber or coffee cultivation. Nevertheless, benzoinresin are still important products in North Sumatra and nearly 65% poor farmers in the regions relying on this commodity. Southeast Asia English Wulan Y, Mulyoutami E and Martini E. Benzoin gardens in the forest edge of North Sumatera. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 2 2451 PO 243 PO0243-10 Gender and Income Equity in Social Forestry Programs Noviana Khususiyah, R. Yana Buana and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Available land for agriculture in Java is limited. More than 50% of its forest is managed by PerumPerhutani(State Forest Company). Farmers have limited access to this land. Nevertheless, due to economic pressure and lack of governance during the krismon(monetary crisis) period, farmers? communities around state forest land opened up the areas. This led to conflict between Perum Perhutaniand farmers? communities in many parts of Java.]]> Southeast Asia English Khususiyah N, Buana RY and Suyanto S. Gender and Income Equity in Social Forestry Programs. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2450 PO 242 PO0242-10 Fair and efficient? How stakeholders view investments to avoid deforestation in Indonesia S. Suyanto and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 ?Fair and efficient REDD value chain allocation??(FERVA) is an experimental method to negotiate balance between fairness and efficiency across scales. Simultaneously achieving the twin goals of (1) fair and sustainable development and (2) efficient emission reduction is a matter of managing trade-offs. Southeast Asia English Suyanto S and van Noordwijk M. Fair and efficient? How stakeholders view investments to avoid deforestation in Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2449 PO 241 PO0241-10 Watersheds degrade and this makes river flow less predictable: bigger floods and lower dry season flow ? but how to quantify? A parsimonious null model of flow persistence (FlowPer) links local knowledge to hard data Meine van Noordwijk, Lisa Tanika, Tonni Asmawan and Ni'matul Khasanah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Landscapes translate a temporal pattern of rainfall into a temporal pattern of stream flow, which aggregates up to a river. Downstream stakeholders start from what they want to see (?perfectly regular flow of clean water?) and observe a pattern of stream and river flow that doesn?t match their expectations. They search for interventions on the ?anthropogenic? groups of causes (?deforestation?, ?degradation?), but need to understand the potential reach of such interventions, given the geological and climatic background. In the absence of knowledge of what happens upstream, an observer of river flow can deduce a fair amount of information from a time series of river flow data. Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Tanika L, Asmawan T and Khasanah N. Watersheds degrade and this makes river flow less predictable: bigger floods and lower dry season flow – but how to quantify? A parsimonious null model of flow persistence (FlowPer) links local knowledge to hard data. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2448 PO 240 PO0240-10 Land Use Change and Local Communities Perception on Biodiversity Subekti Rahayu, Harti Ningsih, Sonya Dewi and Feri Johana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Variety of animals and plants that called BIODIVERSITY, play important role in ecosystem function and livelihood sustainability. Biodiversity become source of basic material for food, health, construction (light and heavy), fuel and fiber. Biodiversity product like timber, resin, fruits and honey become important source of income to community as timber and non timber forest product (NTFP). On the other hand, biodiversity has ecosystem services such as genetic resources, spiritual and religious value, aesthetic value, provision of habitat, nutrient cycling, water cycling, climate regulation, pollinators, seed dispersal, and any other services. Rapid and unprecedented land use changes have reduced significantly local and global biodiversity measures such as species number, relative abundance and compositions.Some indigenous species lost due to land use change and some introduced species replace it. Changing biodiversity affects ecosystem function and livelihood sustainability at the same time. While the effect on ecosystem function is mostly one way, the effect on livelihoods are confounding to the facts thatland use changes are driven and have consequences on livelihoods. Economic reason, of course, is main factor of land use change. Economic orientation of community is strongly influenced by infrastructure development condition in certain area, for example access to market. Forum group discussion in three different road access of villages conducted in Bungo District, Jambi, Sumatra to know: local perception of biodiversity function and in what land cover biodiversity and it function still found. Southeast Asia English Rahayu S, Ningsih H, Dewi S and Johana F. Land Use Change and Local Communities Perception on Biodiversity. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2447 PO 239 PO0239-10 Carbon and Watershed Functions as Conditionality for Community Forest Noviana Khususiyah, Subekti Rahayu, R. Yana Buana, Tonni Asmawan and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 ? The protected area in Sesaot, West Lombok, NTB, is managed by the local community as an important source of livelihoods and has potential for greater poverty alleviation. About 5950.18 ha of forest area, located in the upper part of Jangkok and Dodokan watershed, plays an important role in the supply of water to the city of Mataram and West and Central Lombok districts.
? Community forest (HKm) is forest management by local communities based on the forestry minister ?s regulation No. P37/ Menhut-II/2007. Sesaot is a reserved area with an area of 185 hectares and is part of a regional HKm program based on ministerial decree No. 445/Menhut-II/2009, August 4.]]> Southeast Asia English Khususiyah N, Rahayu S, Buana RY, Asmawan T and Suyanto S. Carbon and Watershed Functions as Conditionality for Community Forest. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2446 PO 238 PO0238-10 Exploration of tree management options to manipulate tree and crop interaction trade-off using WaNuLCAS model Ni'matul Khasanah, Betha Lusiana, Didik Suprayogo, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Farmers managing such transitions must make strategic decisions (multi-year) on the choice of tree species, the number of trees per hectare and spacing; and tactical decisions (shorter term) on the choice of intercrops, tree canopy pruning and/or treeroot pruning.

We used a simulation model to explore these choices: the Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in Agroforestry Systems (WaNuLCAS ) model (van Noordwijk and Lusiana 1999; van Noordwijk et al 2004). The study was conducted in Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia.]]> Southeast Asia English Khasanah N, Lusiana B, Suprayogo D, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. Exploration of tree management options to manipulate tree and crop interaction trade-off using WaNuLCAS model. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 2 2445 PO 237 PO0237-10 Carbon footprint of Indonesian palm oil production: II. Study design and methodology Suseno Budidarsono, Andree Ekadinata, Ni'matul Khasanah, Subekti Rahayu and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 ? Does current Indonesian palm oil production, on average, meet the standards for net emission reduction when used as biofuel?
? How can a palm oil production that meets the standards be identified and recognized?
? How can oil palm production affected the livelihood of people in its vicinity?]]> Southeast Asia English Budidarsono S, Ekadinata A, Khasanah N, Rahayu S and van Noordwijk M. Carbon footprint of Indonesian palm oil production: II. Study design and methodology. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2444 PO 236 PO0236-10 Carbon Footprint of Indonesian Palm Oil Production: I. a Pilot Study Sonya Dewi, Ni'matul Khasanah, Subekti Rahayu, Andree Ekadinata and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Carbondioxide (CO2) and other GHG emissions can be attributed to three phases of the production process:
a. the initial conversion of preceding vegetation, usually based on 'land clearing', leading to a 'C debt?,
b. the balance of emission and absorption during the growth cycle of the oil palms, leading to a time-averaged C-stock that influences 'C debt' and repay time,
c. transport to the refinery followed by CPO and kernel production, transesterification into biofuel and further transport to the end users.

A comprehensive accounting system on carbon and other GHG emissions of biofuel production of oil palm has to include the whole life cycle assessment (LCA) through a life cycle inventory (LCI) (ISO, 1997).]]> Southeast Asia English Dewi S, Khasanah N, Rahayu S, Ekadinata A and van Noordwijk M. Carbon Footprint of Indonesian Palm Oil Production: I. a Pilot Study. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2443 PO 235 PO0235-10 Exploration of Landscape Dynamics in the Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve and its neighboring area, Central Kalimantan, using the FALLOW model Rachmat Mulia, Ni'matul Khasanah, Meine van Noordwijk, Andree Ekadinata and M. Thoha Zulkarnain 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
As part of a feasibility study, the FALLOW (Forest, Agroforest, Lowvalue Land Or Waste?) modelling method developed by Van Noordwijk (2002) and Suyamto and others (2009) was used for exploring future landscape mosaics and the consequences of such for the economic and ecological performance not only of the buffer area but also for the LRWR and the two sub-districts of Arut Selatan and Kota Waringin Lama. The wider area study can help us understand the issues of leakage and additionality in relating human use of the landscape to carbon-stock changes.]]> Southeast Asia English Mulia R, Khasanah N, van Noordwijk M, Ekadinata A and Zulkarnain MT. Exploration of Landscape Dynamics in the Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve and its neighboring area, Central Kalimantan, using the FALLOW model. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2442 PO 234 PO0234-10 Carbon Stock Change Estimation in Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve using Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RACSA) Subekti Rahayu, Meine van Noordwijk, Laxman Joshi, Ni'matul Khasanah and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
As part of a comprehensive REDD feasibility study, the Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RACSA) method was used to explore the impacts of land-cover change on carbonstorage and to measure the change of carbon stocks over the past 15 years. The objectives this study were to estimate (1) aboveground carbon stock at plot level in representative land-cover classes; (2) belowground carbon stock at plot level, for peat as well as mineral soils; (3) the carbon emission and sequestration rate of the buffer area and its surrounding landscape (two sub-districts: Arut Selatan and Kota Waringin Lama); and (4) the feasible recovery rate of carbon stocks (under a REDD+ scheme that includes ?restoration?). Land-cover change was quantified using area-based change analysis and trajectory analysis methods. Information of changes was derived from land-cover maps constructed from satellite imagery from 1990, 2000 and 2005.]]> Southeast Asia English Rahayu S, van Noordwijk M, Joshi L, Khasanah N and Ekadinata A. Carbon Stock Change Estimation in Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve using Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RACSA). : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2441 PB 13 PB0013-10 Stewardship Agreements to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Indonesia Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Asep Ayat, Gamma Galudra and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Bogor, Indonesia Policy Brief no 18 4 Conflicts over who controls the forests and forest margins is now widely recognized as a key issue that needs to be addressed if the world wants to see a reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation. Indonesia, the country with the highest carbon emissions from change in its forest cover, is now expressing global leadership in commitments to Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) that include forests, peatland and an increasing attention for the 'trees outside forest', in the form of agroforests and trees in agricultural landscapes. Agreements on stewardship in the forest margin are key to the success of such programs, but rules need to be simplified for wider application. Southeast Asia English 0 Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Ayat A, Galudra G and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Stewardship Agreements to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. 2440 RP 265 RP0265-10 Opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses in Indonesia: policy analysis and case studies Meine van Noordwijk, Fahmuddin Agus, Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Hesti L. Tata, S. Suyanto, Gamma Galudra and Ujjwal Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 85
This report provides an overview at two levels: the national debate in Indonesia and a compilation of case studies of specific landscapes where the local context shapes the debate.

At the case study sites there is a chance to change current land-use practices in order to establish higher carbon stock landscapes?while also providing for human livelihoods?if appropriate incentives can be derived from international co-investment and policy instruments.

Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from Indonesia exist across all sectors of the economy and across a wide geographic area. However, in the international discussion so far, only two aspects have been recognised: actions in the energy and industrial sector that can obtain support from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); and efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). In theory, afforestation/reforestation following the Clean Development Mechanism?s afforestation/reforestation (A/R-CDM) rules can be supported, but in practice no single project in Indonesia has passed the screening filters and been submitted to the ?designated national authority? as an essential step towards international submission, review and approval.

All activity in enhancing tree-based carbon stocks has remained in the voluntary domain. A substantial part of Indonesia?s emissions derive from peatlands, some of which are within, and others outside of, the formal, government institutional ?forest? category and many other areas have contested status. Peatlands themselves need to be managed as hydrological entities if emissions are to be controlled and reduced.

Other aspects of land use on the edge of the REDD+ debate are the agroforests and tree-based landuse systems managed by farmers across Indonesia. While this vegetation usually meets international standards to be considered ?forest?, the institutional interpretation of forest in Indonesia implies loss of sovereignty for communities and farmers across the country and so they prefer naming their systems ?gardens?. The partial mismatch between the new international objective of emission reduction and the existing forest management institutions is part of the reason why efforts to ?reduce emissions from all land uses?, or REALU, is an alternative worth exploring.

At the national scale, three discussions have evolved, with little cross-reference so far.
1) REDD+ efforts, that received a boost in 2007 in the lead-up to the 13th Conference of Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bali with the reports of the Indonesian Forest Climate Alliance;
2) The private sector and its trial-and-error approach to learning from emerging new standards for ?footprint? in international trade; and
3) The pioneer commitments from Indonesia in the nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMA) arena, that found at least some recognition in the otherwise disappointing outcome of the 15th COP of the UNFCCC in Copenhagen in December 2009.

The site-level studies reported here are of landscapes in Sumatra and Kalimantan that cross the spectrum from forest conservation through recognition of agroforest management and restocking of trees in the landscape and peatland management to conversion to oil palm production. The most positive example of the consequences of the REDD+ debate has been the recognition of village (agro)forest management in a long-term Alternatives to Slash and Burn: Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins (ASB) research location in Jambi, Sumatra, which will hopefully act as a beacon for many others to follow. Most of the other case studies reveal that there would indeed be opportunities to reduce emissions, while enhancing local livelihoods, but that such opportunities require new ways of thinking about, and planning of, land use.

The case studies also reveal an inadequacy in the currently dominant ?payment for ecosystem services?, or PES, paradigm. In the network of landscapes in Indonesia where experiments with this approach take place, water rather than carbon or biodiversity has been the primary issue, but in all cases success has depended on the building of trust?rather than clean buyer-seller financial relationships?between the external and local stakeholders.

A language of co-investment, sharing of risks and benefits and enhancement of reciprocity and responsibility has been the basis for success, not that of a market place. Appropriate ways for blending financial incentives with a broader approach based on ?rights? and ?recognition? are yet to evolve and gain the type of external interest that the PES paradigm has generated.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 van Noordwijk M, Agus F, Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Tata HL, Suyanto S, Galudra G and Pradhan U. Opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses in Indonesia: policy analysis and case studies. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 85 p. GRP 6 2439 BK 144 BK0144-10 Pro-poor compensation and rewards for environmental services in the tropics: Saving the Commons in Asia, Africa and Latin America? World Agroforestry Centre 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 117 Through the Millennium Development Goals world leaders promised to deal with poverty while enhancing sustainable development and international cooperation. These three goals come together in efforts to pay, compensate or reward for the environmental services that are (still) provided by upland communities. Where these services benefit downstream people that are less poor than the people in the uplands, forms of payment can be both fair and efficient. Where the services are provided as global goods, as is the case with biodiversity conservation and net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, payments and investment can and should be made by beneficiaries overseas. The words ?Payments for Environmental Services? (PES) have become the label for a wide array of approaches and methodologies in this domain. It is a field of active research on the interface of knowledge and action. The subset of ?pro-poor? forms of such mechanisms is still under debate: is it desirable? is it even possible? should the old adage? one instrument per policy objective, one objective per policy instrument? still apply? Southeast Asia English 0 World Agroforestry Centre. 2010. Pro-poor compensation and rewards for environmental services in the tropics: Saving the Commons in Asia, Africa and Latin America?. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 117 p. 2438 PB 12 PB0012-10 Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): Improving welfare and income equity for poor farmers on the forest margins Noviana Khususiyah, S. Suyanto and R. Yana Buana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 05 4
The 1997 economic crisis almost doubled the percentage of people living in poverty in Indonesia, from 11% in 1990 to 20% in August ? September 1998. During the crisis, many migrants living in the city became unemployed owing to the collapses of many industries, forcing them to return to their original villages.

Available land for agriculture in Java is limited. More than 50% of its forest is managed by Perum Perhutani (state forest company) and farmers have limited access to this land. Nevertheless, owing to economic pressure and lack of governance during the crisis period, farmers' communities around state forest land cleared the forests. This led to conflict between Perum Perhutani and farmers in many parts of Java.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Khususiyah N, Suyanto S and Buana RY. 2010. Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): Improving welfare and income equity for poor farmers on the forest margins. In: Rahayu S,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6 2437 PB 11 PB0011-10 Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): What can we learn? Noviana Khususiyah, S. Suyanto and R. Yana Buana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 04 4 Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat (Community-Based Forest Management) or PHBM is a joint forest management system between Perum Perhutani (the state-owned forestry management company) and a given rural community. The system is based on shared management so that forests are maintained. The 'sharing' principle includes shared responsibilities, work, inputs and benefits. The aim of the PHBM program is to integrate socioeconomic community development and forest management systems. Southeast Asia English 0 Khususiyah N, Suyanto S and Buana RY. 2010. Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): What can we learn?. In: Rahayu S,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6 2436 JA 389 JA0389-10 Diversity deficits in modelled landscape mosaics Grace B.Villamor, Meine van Noordwijk, Quang Bao Le, Betha Lusiana, Robin Matthews and Paul L.G. Vlek 2010 Ecological Informatics Elsevier B.V. 1-10 We outline several diversity factors that modellers and models can include directly or indirectly in order to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the model. Without considering these factors, different types of diversity deficit can arise. These deficits can be considered in three domains: 1) in the real world where actual diversity is less than a potential state that is deemed desirable (hence we worry about loss of biodiversity and cultural diversity); 2) in modelling of the real world (where ?residual variance? may represent a diversity deficit of the model); and 3) in our recognition of the driving forces that are used to construct a model (a diversity deficit due to oversimplification). The goal of this review is to use these three domains of diversity deficit to evaluate existing models, with a longer term goal of creating a more robust framework for assessing landscape models in the future. To that end, we evaluate the behaviour characteristics and routines of agents in some current models. We also address one of the fundamental challenges to modelling diversity, which is the integration of non-economic motivations in the decision making of human agents. Diversity deficit, Landscape mosaics, Agents' decision-making, Hybrid models, Multi-agent system models doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.08.003 Southeast Asia English Villamor GB, van Noordwijk M, Bao Le Q, Lusiana B, Matthews R and Vlek PL. 2010. Diversity deficits in modelled landscape mosaics. Ecological Informatics. : P. 1-10. 2435 MA 50 MA0050-10 Hutan Sesaot: Jasa lingkungan yang belum tersingkap Subekti Rahayu, Noviana Khususiyah, Tonni Asmawan and Erik Setiawan 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 10-11 Air jernih di sepanjang Kali Sesaot merupakan satu indikator bahwa sumber air di bagian hulu masih terpelihara dengan baik. Identifikasi lapangan yang dilakukan oleh ICRAF menemukan sebanyak 56 sumber mata air yang bermuara ke Kali Sesaot, Kali Jangkok, Kali Tembiras, Kali Pemoto, Kali Bentoyang, Kali Betung dan Kali Bensue. Mata air Ranget dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber air baku oleh PDAM untuk memenuhi sekitar 98.000 pelanggan di Kota Mataram. Air Kali Jangkok digunakan untuk irigasi sampai ke daerah Lombok Tengah. Apa yang akan terjadi jika air dari kawasan Sesaot mengering dan menghilang? Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2434 MA 49 MA0049-10 Gaharu: pohon emas yang misterius Bambang Soeharto 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 8-9 Gaharu di alam dihasilkan dari jenis pohon tertentu yang terinfeksi oleh suatu jenis fungi atau cendawan dan hasil infeksi tersebut menghasilkan gubal yang berwarna kehitaman dan berbau wangi dengan nilai ekonomi yang sangat tinggi. Jenis pohon yang dapat menghasilkan gubal ? gaharu adalah dari spesies Aquilaria malaccensis, Aquilaria filaria, Aquilaria beccariana, Aquilaria cumingiana, Aquilaria hirta, Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria crassna dan Gyrinops leddermannii, dengan demikian di Indonesia gaharu dikelompokkan dalam komoditas kehutanan golongan hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK). Southeast Asia Indonesian 2433 MA 48 MA0048-10 Potret kearifan lokal dalam tata kelola keanekaragaman hayati Subekti Rahayu and Harti Ningsih 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 6-7 Keanekaragaman hayati menjadi topik yang sangat menarik dibicarakan, karena beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan dalam kelimpahan dan komposisi akibat perubahan iklim dan penggunaan lahan. Bahkan beberapa jenis keanekaragaman hayati dinyatakan terancam punah. Namun, keanekaragaman hayati lainnya justru menunjukkan peningkatan populasi yang tidak terkendali bahkan menjadi pengganggu bagi kehidupan lainnya, misalnya menjadi hama atau gulma. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2432 MA 47 MA0047-10 Hutan desa lubuk beringin: skenario konservasi kabupaten Bungo Asep Ayat and Jusupta Tarigan 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 3-5 Hutan Desa merupakan hutan negara yang dikelola oleh desa (Lembaga Desa) dan dimanfaatkan untuk kesejahteraan desa. Pembentukan Hutan Desa atas dasar pertimbangan pemberdayaan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar kawasan hutan, untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan hutan yang adil dan lestari. Kriteria kawasan hutan yang dapat ditetapkan sebagai areal kerja hutan desa adalah hutan lindung dan hutan produksi. Status kawasan belum dibebani hak pengelolaan atau ijin pemanfaatan dan berada di wilayah administrasi desa yang bersangkutan. Kriteria tersebut berdasarkan rekomendasi dari Kepala Dinas kabupaten/kota yang diserahi tugas dan bertanggung jawab di bidang kehutanan. Hak pengelolaan hutan desa ini diberikan untuk jangka waktu paling lama 35 tahun dan dapat diperpanjang. Evaluasi akan dilakukan paling lama setiap 5 tahun sekali oleh pemberi hak (PP No 6 Tahun 2008). Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2431 JA 388 JA0388-10 Greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogen fertilizer use in China Fredrich Kahrl, Yunju Li, Yufang Su, Timm Tennigkeit, Andreas Wilkes and Xu Jianchu 2010 Elsevier Ltd 13 688 – 694 The use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers is an important driver of energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China. This paper develops a GHG emission factor for synthetic N fertilizer application in China. Using this emission factor, we estimate the scale of GHG emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use in Chinese agriculture and explore the potential for GHG emission reductions from efficiency improvements in N fertilizer production and use. The paper concludes with a discussion on costs and financing for a large-scale fertilizer efficiency improvement program in China, and how a GHG mitigation framework might contribute to program design. Nitrogen fertilizer; Ammonia; Urea; Energy; Greenhouse gas emissions; China doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2010.07.006 China English 0 URL]]> 2430 JA 387 JA0387-10 Reconciling root plasticity and architectural ground rules in tree root growth models with voxel automata Rachmat Mulia, Christian Dupraz and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 Plant and Soil Springer 1-16 Juglans nigra Χ regia) and wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) using results of a pot experiment. The model satisfactorily predicted the root growth behaviour of the two species. The model is sparse in parameters and yet applicable to heterogeneous soils, and could easily be upgraded to include additional local influences on root growth (and decay) such as local success in nutrient uptake or dynamic soil physical properties.

This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com]]> Architecture . Coarse root . Fine root . Geotropism . Heterogeneous soil . Simulation model . Topology .Voxel automata Southeast Asia English 0 Mulia R, Dupraz C and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Reconciling root plasticity and architectural ground rules in tree root growth models with voxel automata. Plant and Soil. : P. 1-16. 2429 PP 297 PP0297-10 Integrated land use modelling in an interdisciplinary project: The LUCIA model C. Marohn, P. Siripalangkanont, T. Berger, Betha Lusiana and Georg Cadisch 2010 Montpellier, France 1-8 In the mountainous regions of Northwest Thailand and Vietnam political and economic change and demographic pressure have led to intensification of agricultural systems during the last decade. In the uplands, agricultural land expanded at the expense of forests and traditional swidden systems have been replaced by continuous cropping with reduced or no fallow. Subsistence-based systems are shifting towards external input-dependent production for the market, improving income of farmers in the short run, but partly leading to irreversible loss of environmental functions. The LUCIA model was developed in this context to dynamically simulate biophysical processes triggered by land use (change) in small mountainous catchments in a mechanistic and spatially explicit way. This paper describes the role of the model in integrating data generated under different knowledge domains in an interdisciplinary project to simulate scenarios of land use change, potential environmental impacts and alternative pathways towards sustainable land use. The model structure, stakeholder orientation and coupling with an existing multi-agent system are explained in more detail. Land use change; integrated model; coupling; Southeast Asia Southeast Asia English Marohn C, Siripalangkanont P, Berger T, Lusiana B and Cadisch G. 2010. Integrated land use modelling in an interdisciplinary project: The LUCIA model. Montpellier, France. 2428 WP 134 WP0134-10 Toward a General Theory of Boundary Work: Insights from the CGIAR?s Natural Resource Management Programs William C. Clark, Thomas P Tomich, Meine van Noordwijk, Nancy M. Dickson, Delia Catacutan, David Guston and Elizabeth C. McNie 2010 Faculty Research Working Paper Series William C. Clark et al. and the President and Fellows of Harvard College CID Working Paper No. 199 22 Previous research on the determinants of effectiveness in knowledge systems seeking to support sustainable development has highlighted the importance of ?boundary work? through which research communities organize their relations with other fields of science, other sources of knowledge, and the worlds of action and policymaking. A growing body of scholarship postulates specific attributes of boundary work that promote used and useful research. These propositions, however, are largely based on the experience of a few industrialized countries. We report here on an effort to evaluate their relevance for efforts to harness science in support of sustainability in the developing world. We carried out a multi-country comparative analysis of natural resource management programs conducted under the auspices of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). We discovered 6 distinctive kinds of boundary work contributing to successes of the CGIAR programs?a greater variety than has been documented in previous studies. We propose that these different kinds of boundary work can be understood as a dual response to the different uses for which the results of specific research programs are intended, and the different sources of knowledge drawn on by those programs. We show that these distinctive kinds of boundary work require distinctive strategies to organize them effectively. Especially important are arrangements regarding participation of stakeholders, governance, and the use of boundary objects. We conclude that improving the ability of research programs to produce useful knowledge for sustainable development will require both greater and differentiated support for multiple forms of boundary work boundary work, boundary organizations, boundary objects, agroforestry systems, governance, participation, sustainability science, sustainable development, environmental policy Southeast Asia English Clark WC, Tomich TP, van Noordwijk M, Dickson NM, Catacutan D, Guston D and McNie EC. 2010. Toward a General Theory of Boundary Work: Insights from the CGIAR’s Natural Resource Management Programs. Faculty Research Working Paper Series. CID Working Paper No. 199: William C. Clark et al. and the President and Fellows of Harvard College. 22 p. 2427 PP 296 PP0296-10 Trade-off analysis of land use change, livelihoods and environmental services in the Upper Konto catchment (Indonesia): prospecting land use options with the FALLOW model Betha Lusiana, Noviana Khususiyah, Kurniatun Hairiah, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2010 International Conference on Integrative Landscape Modelling Montpellier, France 1-12 The study explored the use of the FALLOW model for assessing the impact of land use policies related to Designated Land Use to farmers? welfare and landscape carbon stocks in the Upper Konto catchment, East Java, Indonesia. A livestock (dairy cattle) module was added to FALLOW version 2.0 to enable simulating livelihood options in the area and four scenarios were explored: (0) baseline condition of protecting designated forest area, (1) full access to land, (2) conserving forest reserve only and (3) giving limited access to plant tree-based systems in part of state forest land. The study revealed that the current land use policy could lead to reduction in farmers? welfare (US$.capita-1.year-1) and average aboveground carbon stocks (Mg.ha-1). A change in land use policy by giving limited access to manage tree based systems in part of the State Forest Land could maintain the aboveground landscape carbon stocks level and reduced the decline of farmer?s welfare. The result showed the efficacy of integrating economic, biophysical and farmers? learning dynamics in a simulation model such as FALLOW to explore various policy scenarios for natural resource management. FALLOW enables to prospect potential landscape trajectories and its consequences on landscape level indicators such as welfare and carbon stocks, for further discussion with local stakeholders. The results of model performance evaluation based on spatial accuracy and area inaccuracy revealed the need to refine the current new land allocation module. landscape modelling; land use policy; scenario analysis; trade-off analysis Southeast Asia English URL]]> 2426 JA 386 JA0386-10 Tree Growth Prediction in Relation to Simple Set of Site Quality Indicators for Six Native Tree Species in the Philippines Fernando Santos Martin, Betha Lusiana and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 International Journal of Forestry Research Hindawi Publishing Corporation 1-10 The gain in precision to explain the variation on tree growth performance as a function of a set of site indicators was analysed in a stepwise form, increasing its complexity and costs. Six native timber tree species were commonly found on farmer?s fields and planted under different types of agroforestry systems. Localization of trees to be used for measurement was achieved through individual interviews to assess timing of introduction of trees. Results proved that native tree species planted on farmers? fields have similar growth rate other exotic timber species as Swietenia macrophylla that are widely spread in the Philippines. Nevertheless, the large fraction of the variation in tree performance that could not be explained by the biophysical site indicators measured implies that farmers take considerable risk in planting trees on the basis of current ?scientific? knowledge. The complement of ?site characteristics? is probably ?management?, and the low determination of tree growth by site properties may in fact be good news for the farmers. doi:10.1155/2010/507392 Southeast Asia English 0 Martin FS, Lusiana B and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Tree Growth Prediction in Relation to Simple Set of Site Quality Indicators for Six Native Tree Species in the Philippines. International Journal of Forestry Research. : P. 1-10. 2425 RP 264 RP0264-10 Masyarakat Adat dan Ekspansi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia Martua T Sirait 2009 Universiteit van Amsterdam and Cordaid Memisa The Hague, The Netherlands 106 Telah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan melihat hubungan antara, semakin langkanya sumberdaya alam dan timbulnya konflik yang melibatkan kekerasan. Namun hubungan antara kedua fenomena ini dengan degradasi lingkungan hidup dan implikasinya bagi masyarakat adat masih belum terlalu banyak dipahami. Pada tiga studi kasus yang dilakukan pada pada empat kelompok sub-etnis masyarakat adat Dayak Bidayuh (Hibun, Sami, Jangkang dan Pompang) menggambarkan konflik dan kolaborasi antara masyarakat adat di Kalimantan Barat dalam kaitannya dengan ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit atas tanah adat mereka. Kajian ini tidak bertujuan untuk menyajikan besarnya konflik secara kwantitatif, misal jumlah orang atau rumah tangga yang terkena akibat konflik dan luasan tanah yang diambil oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit, tetapi kajian ini berusaha menampilkan aspek aspek kwalitas dari konflik berupa perasaan masyarakat adatnya, usaha usaha penyelesaian konflik dan akibatnya bagi kelembagaan masyarakat adat dan wilayah adatnya. Walaupun studi ini tidak mewakili seluruh kejadian di Kalimantan Barat, akan tetapi memberikan gambaran yang cukup lengkap bagaimana masyarakat di pedesaan Kalimantan Barat mengahadapi perkebunan kelapa sawit skala besar dan bagaimana mereka berhadapan dengan kesempatan serta konflik yang diakibatkan oleh cara perkebunan memulai usahanya. Studi kasus yang dipaparkan mewakili kondisi dan tahapan konflik yang berbeda antara perkebunan kelapa sawit dan masyarakat adat yang secara indikatif menggambarkan situasi yang terjadi pada masyarakat adat di luar Kalimantan Barat. Penulis berpendapat bahwa situasi konflik yang serupa telah terjadi di Sumatera pada tahun 1970-1980s dan sedang atau akan segera terjadi di Papua, Sulawesi, dan kepulauan kecil di Indonesia Timur, seiring dengan ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit kearah Indonesia Timur. Southeast Asia Indonesian Sirait MT. Masyarakat Adat dan Ekspansi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. The Hague, The Netherlands. : Universiteit van Amsterdam and Cordaid Memisa. 2009. 106 p. GRP 5 2424 NL 45 NL0045-10 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 Amelia Britaniari, Asep Ayat, Bambang Soeharto, Diah Wulandari, Erik Setiawan, Harti Ningsih, Jusupta Tarigan, Kurniatun Hairiah, Ni'matul Khasanah, Noviana Khususiyah, Subekti Rahayu and Tonni Asmawan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 3 2 16 Hutan dengan beragam atribut, fungsi dan manfaatnya sudah tidak terbantahkan oleh siapapun. Hutan tidak saja dibicarakan sebagai sumberdaya ekonomi, sosial, lingkungan Hdan budaya. Hutan sering juga dilukiskan bagaikan sebuah istana yang ditilami daun-daun kering yang lunak dan agak lembab. KIPRAH edisi kali ini dimulai dengan artikel mengenai skenario pelestarian hutan di salah satu kabupaten di propinsi Jambi. Tidak hanya hutan namun keanekaragaman hayati didalamnya juga penting untuk dilestarikan. Faktor apakah yang mempengaruhi kepunahannya? Menarik juga untuk membaca kondisi terkini keanekaragaman hayati dari sudut pandang wanita di Desa Danau, Tebing Tinggi dan Lubuk Beringin, kabupaten Bungo, Jambi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Britaniari A, Ayat A, Soeharto B, Wulandari D, Setiawan E, Ningsih H, Tarigan J, Hairiah K, Khasanah N, Khususiyah N, Rahayu S and Asmawan T. 2010. Kiprah Agroforestri 6. In: Tarigan J, Rahayu S and Atikah T,eds. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2423 PB 10 PB0010-10 Reducing emissions from deforestation, inside and outside the ?forest? Andree Ekadinata, Meine van Noordwijk, Sonya Dewi and Peter A Minang 2010 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB PolicyBrief 16 4 Accounting for carbon in the whole landscape and Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) can be more effective in reducing emissions.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Ekadinata A, van Noordwijk M, Dewi S and Minang PA. 2010. Reducing emissions from deforestation, inside and outside the β€˜forest’. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. GRP 5 2422 RP 263 RP0263-10 Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. 2010 1st quarter update James M Roshetko 2010 World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International Bogor, Indonesia 3 Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM. Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. 2010 1st quarter update. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International. 2010. 3 p. GRP 1 2421 RP 262 RP0262-10 Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. Annual Report Update. James M Roshetko 2010 World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International Bogor, Indonesia 8 Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM. Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. Annual Report Update.. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International. 2010. 8 p. GRP 1 2420 MN 46 MN0046-10 Pengelolaan Hutan Jati Rakyat: Panduan Lapang Untuk Petani. (Management of Community Teak Forests: A Field Manual for Farmers) Agus Asto Pramono, M. Anies Fauzi, Nurin Widyani, Ika Heriansyah and James M Roshetko 2010 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF SEA Regional Office, and The Ministry of Forestry's Research and Development Agency (FORDA) Bogor, Indonesia 45 Southeast Asia Indonesian Pramono AA, Fauzi MA, Widyani N, Heriansyah I and Roshetko JM. 2010. Pengelolaan Hutan Jati Rakyat: Panduan Lapang Untuk Petani. (Management of Community Teak Forests: A Field Manual for Farmers). Bogor, Indonesia. : Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF SEA Regional Office, and The Ministry of Forestry's Research and Development Agency (FORDA). 45 p. GRP 1, GRP 2 2419 PP 295 PP0295-10 Insights from the farm forestry tree seedling nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Paul Dargusch and Nestor Gregorio Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector. University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 21-25 This paper reports observations of a study tour by the authors of the farm forestry tree seeding nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia. Industry stakeholders were found to recognise and value high quality germplasm and seedling quality for commercial farm forestry success. These quality preferences of stakeholders are supported by the use of a simple tree seedling certification scheme through which certified seedlings receive a premium selling price. Other initiatives, including government extension efforts, tree seed centres and vegetative propagation, provide complementary support for the preference and promotion of high seedling quality in the Western Java farm forestry industry. Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Dargusch P and Gregorio N. 2010. Insights from the farm forestry tree seedling nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia. In: Harrison SR, Bosch A, Gregorio NO and Herbohn JL,eds. Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector.. Leyte, the Philippines. University of Queensland, Australia. GRP 2 2418 PP 294 PP0294-10 Profiling tree nurseries in northern Mindanao, the Philippines Don Immanuel Edralin and Augustin R. Mercado Jr. Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector. University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 63-72 Forestry nurseries play an important role in supporting small-scale plantation, tree farming as well as government initiated afforestation and reforestation programs. However, constraints have been identified in the forestry nursery sector in the Philippines particularly in the supply of high quality planting materials. This hindrance is being investigated to formulate intervention points as part of a continuing research project on enhancing tree seedling supply via economic and policy changes, funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). This paper presents baseline information regarding the profile of forestry nurseries in the Northern Mindanao region of the Philippines through a personal interview survey of operators of private, communal and government nurseries. Most nurseries in all nursery types are operating on a small scale and are strategically situated based on the purpose of their existence. Private nurseries, being business oriented, are located near the main road, as are government nurseries which distribute seedlings mostly without charge but in some cases for sale. Communal nurseries are mostly situated on farms since they cater for the seedling needs of their members and are therefore established far away from main roads. In terms of stability, private and government nurseries are stable compared to communal nurseries which rely on support organizations. When the support stops communal nurseries also cease to operate. There is no current policy that supports the production and use of high quality seedlings. Intervention points to address these problems are seen as necessary extension efforts in promoting the use of high quality seedlings, thereby in effect creating a strong market, training operators to increase their capability to produce high quality seedlings, and promoting and supporting the forestry nursery industry with policies such as tree nursery certification. Philippines English Edralin DI and Mercado Jr. AR. 2010. Profiling tree nurseries in northern Mindanao, the Philippines. In: Harrison SR, Bosch A, Gregorio NO and Herbohn JL,eds. Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector.. Leyte, the Philippines. University of Queensland, Australia. GRP 2 2417 PP 293 PP0293-10 The need for improved nursery management practices and marketing in tree nurseries of norther Mindanao Don Immanuel Edralin and Augustin R. Mercado Jr. Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 177-182 Undoubtedly, tree growing provides economic and environmental benefits. This has resulted in tree growing initiatives in Northern Mindanao. However, tree growing is faced with constraints such as high field mortality and poor timber stand resulting in poor timber yield. This paper seeks to discern the seedling quality of seedlings grown in three different nursery types in Northern Mindanao, including the facilities present and some cultural management practices. Seedling quality was assessed through random sampling of planting materials. Information about nursery facilities and cultural management practices were obtained through interviews with nursery operators and through visual observations. Results show that private, communal and government nurseries have facilities designed for low cost production of seedlings. The lack of hardening beds and raised benches used for seedling acclimatization explains the inability of seedlings to survive when outplanted in the field. A seedling quality assessment revealed that seedlings were of low quality in all nursery types with weak stems, imbalanced root-shoot ratio and J-root formation. It was also found that most nurseries did not apply soil treatment which is one of the basics for growing seedlings. There is an urgent need to improve nursery management practices by employing best management practices such as proper hardening techniques using effective but non-expensive hardening beds and soil sterilization to improve the seedling quality of seedlings in the region. Philippines English Edralin DI and Mercado Jr. AR. 2010. The need for improved nursery management practices and marketing in tree nurseries of norther Mindanao. In: Harrison SR, Bosch A, Gregorio NO and Herbohn JL,eds. Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector. Leyte, the Philippines. University of Queensland, Australia. GRP 2 2416 PP 292 PP0292-10 Ensuring seedling quality through nursery accreditation Don Immanuel Edralin and Augustin R. Mercado Jr. Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 157-162 The fruit tree nursery accreditation scheme implemented by the Philippine Department of Agriculture (DA) has been promoted to enhance the supply of high quality fruit tree planting materials and reduce the number of dubious seedling market players. This paper examines the advantages of the fruit tree nursery accreditation scheme and draws implications for possible formulation of a scheme to accredit forest tree nurseries in the Philippines. Data were collected from interviews with accredited fruit tree nursery operators and the nursery accreditation officer-in-charge in Northern Mindanao. There has been an increase in the number of applicants for nursery accreditation each year since 2004, as a result of the advantages nursery operators observed from those who had already been accredited. A major advantage is that only accredited fruit tree nursery operators can join in the government procurement of seedlings through a bidding process which is always for substantial volumes. As a form of advertisement, accredited nurseries are posted on the government website thus creating a wide range of market opportunities which results in increased sales. Other advantages such as receiving free training in improving seedling production and occasionally receiving high quality propagation materials (scions and seedlings), subsidies for pesticides and fertilizers and free soil tests were enjoyed by accredited fruit tree nurseries. These opportunities encouraged other nursery operators to apply for accreditation. Accreditation by the DA places emphasis on maintaining high genetic quality of planting materials as well as the physical quality of the seedlings. Accrediting forestry nurseries is seen as a potential policy option that can expand the supply of high quality tree seedlings in the Philippines, as is the case with fruit tree seedlings. Philippines English URL]]> GRP 2 2415 JA 385 JA0385-10 Positive nitrogen balance of Acacia mangium woodlots as fallows in the Philippines based on 15N natural abundance data of N2 fixation Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2010 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 1-13 Nitrogen inputs from biological nitrogen fixation contribute to productivity and sustainability of agroforestry systems but they need to be able to offset export of N when trees are harvested. This study assessed magnitudes of biological nitrogen fixation (natural 15N abundance) and N balance of Acacia mangium woodlots grown in farmer?s fields, and determined if N2 fixation capacity was affected by tree age. Tree biomass, standing litter, understory vegetation and soil samplings were conducted in 15 farmer?s fields growing A. mangium as a form of sequential agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The trees corresponded to ages of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years, and were replicated three times. Samples from different plant parts and soils (0? 100 cm) were collected and analyzed for d15N and nutrients. The B-value, needed as a reference of isotopic discrimination when fully reliant on atmospheric N, was generated by growing A. mangium in an N2-free sand culture in the glasshouse. Isotopic discrimination occurring during N2 fixation and metabolic processes indicated variation of d15N values in the order of nodules[old leaves[young leaves[stems[litterfall and roots of the trees grown in the field, with values ranging from -0.8 to 3.5% except nodules which were enriched and significantly different from other plant parts (P\0.0001). Isotopic discrimination was not affected by tree age (P[0.05). Plants grown in N free sand culture exhibited the same pattern of isotopic discrimination as plants grown in the field. The estimated B-value for the whole plant of A. mangium was -0.86%. Mature tree stands of 12 years accumulated up to 1994 kg N ha-1 in aboveground biomass. Average proportion of N derived from N2 fixation of A. mangium was 54% (±22) and was not affected by age (P[0.05). Average yearly quantities of N2 fixed were 128 kg N ha-1 in above-ground biomass amounting to 1208 kg N fixed ha-1 over 12 years. Harvest of 12-year old trees removed approximately 91% of standing aboveground biomass from the site as timber and fuel wood. The resulting net N balance was ?151 kg N ha-1 derived from remaining leaves, twigs, standing litter, and ?562 kg N ha-1 when tree roots were included in the calculation. The fast growing A. mangium appears to be a viable fallow option for managing N in these systems. However, other nutrients have to be replaced by using part of the timber and fuel wood sales to compensate for large amounts of nutrient removed in order for the system to be sustainable. N2 fixation, B value, Isotopic discrimination DOI 10.1007/s10457-010-9309-8 Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. 2010. Positive nitrogen balance of Acacia mangium woodlots as fallows in the Philippines based on 15N natural abundance data of N2 fixation. Agroforestry Systems. : P. 1-13. GRP 2 2414 BC 308 BC0308-10 Payments for Ecological Services: Experiences in Carbon and Water Payments in the Philippines Rodel D. Lasco and Grace B.Villamor James Roumasset, Kimberly M. Burnett and Arsenio Molina Balisacan 2010 Sustainability Science for Watershed Landscapes Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 103-124 Soft cover ISBN: 978-981-4279-96-3 Hard cover ISBN: 978-981-4279-60-4 Philippines English Lasco RD and Villamor GB. 2010. Payments for Ecological Services: Experiences in Carbon and Water Payments in the Philippines. In: Roumasset J, Burnett KM and Balisacan AM,eds. Sustainability Science for Watershed Landscapes. Singapore. : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 103-124. GRP 5, GRP 6 2413 BC 307 BC0307-10 Biodiversity and climate change: perspectives, research needs, and institutions Percy E. Sajise, Mariliza V. Ticsay, Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr., Rodrigo U. Fuentes and Rodel D. Lasco Percy E. Sajise, Mariliza V. Ticsay and Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr. 2010 Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 231-254 Climate change is no longer a prediction or a speculation. It is already taking place in many places around the world including Southeast Asia. Long-term data on temperature and sea levels in an archipelagic country like the Philippines, and a partly continental country like Thailand and Vietnam, as reported in the chapters on country perspectives, indicate an increasing trend over the years. Philippines English Sajise PE, Ticsay MV, Saguiguit, Jr. GC, Fuentes RU and Lasco RD. 2010. Biodiversity and climate change: perspectives, research needs, and institutions. In: Sajise PE, Ticsay MV and Saguiguit, Jr. GC,eds. Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity. Singapore. : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 231-254. 2412 BC 306 BC0306-10 Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Philippines: Potential Impacts and Adaptation Strategies Florencia B Pulhin and Rodel D. Lasco Percy E. Sajise, Mariliza V. Ticsay and Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr. 2010 Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 141-164 The richness of the Philippines forest resources is manifested by the presence of very diverse species of flora and fauna. In fact, the country's biodiversity is comparable with that of Madagascar, one of the countries. Which is considered as having the richest biodiversity resources in the world. Because of the species richness present in the Philippines, Conservation International (CI) designated it as one of the world's 17 megadiversity countries. Philippines English Pulhin FB and Lasco RD. 2010. Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Philippines: Potential Impacts and Adaptation Strategies. In: Sajise PE, Ticsay MV and Saguiguit, Jr. GC,eds. Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity. Singapore. : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 141-164. GRP 5 2411 BC 305 BC0305-10 Climate change, biodiversity, livelihoods, and sustainagility in Southeast Asia Meine van Noordwijk Percy E. Sajise, Mariliza V. Ticsay and Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr. 2010 Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 55-83 The IPCC (2007) has compiled strong scientific evidence that the global climate is changing at rates not seen in recent geological history. This change is causally linked to changes in the composition of the atmosphere. This in turn is largely caused by an increase of the greenhouse Gas (GHG) effect due to emissions of CO2 that had been stored in the past as energy-rich organic compounds or ascalcium carbonate. The CO2 are released by use of fossil fuel or cement. About 20 per cent of the increase in GHGs gasses is caused by the release of CO2 that has been stored for hundreds or thousands of years, in aboveground forest biomass or peat soils. International agreement on emission reduction is hard to reach mainly due to the large differences in per capita emissions between countries. Countries with high historical emissions do not want accept equal per capita emission rights. Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M. 2010. Climate change, biodiversity, livelihoods, and sustainagility in Southeast Asia. In: Sajise PE, Ticsay MV and Saguiguit, Jr. GC,eds. Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity. Singapore. : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 55-83. 2410 BC 304 BC0304-10 Climate change in the Montane Mainland Southeast Asia: reflections on water resources and livelihoods Xu Jianchu and David Thomas Percy E. Sajise, Mariliza V. Ticsay and Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr. 2010 Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 31-53 The mountainous area, which includes Southwest China (Yunnan Province, part of Sichuan and eastern Tibetan Plateau), together with Northern Mainland Southeast Asia, is the source of headwaters and major tributaries leading into seven major tivers that drain into an area of nearly 4 M km2. These water resources have impacts on the lives of more than 696 M people. China English Xu Jianchu and Thomas D. 2010. Climate change in the Montane Mainland Southeast Asia: reflections on water resources and livelihoods. In: Sajise PE, Ticsay MV and Saguiguit, Jr. GC,eds. Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity. Singapore. : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 31-53. 2409 BC 303 BC0303-10 Issues on climate change and biodiversity in Southeast Asia Rodel D. Lasco Percy E. Sajise, Mariliza V. Ticsay and Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr. 2010 Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Singapore 11-29 "?warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and [the] rising global average sea level? (Denman et al. 2007)."]]> Philippines English Lasco RD. 2010. Issues on climate change and biodiversity in Southeast Asia. In: Sajise PE, Ticsay MV and Saguiguit, Jr. GC,eds. Moving forward. Southeast Asian Perspectives on climate change and biodiversity. Singapore. : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. P. 11-29. GRP 5 2408 JA 384 JA0384-10 Fallow to forest: Applying indigenous and scientific knowledge of swidden cultivation to tropical forest restoration Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, Nuttira Kavinchan, Chawapich Vaidhayakarn, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt and Stephen Elliott 2010 Forest Ecology and Management Elsevier B.V. Rotational swidden cultivation systems, with fallow periods long enough for the regeneration of secondary forests are capable of maintaining forest cover and plant diversity in a dynamic balance in swidden cultivation landscapes. Regeneration of secondary forests through several successional stages and by a combination of coppicing and seedling development is still poorly understood, especially the influence of different swiddening practices and the role of animals as seed dispersers. Swidden cultivators possess a vast knowledge of plants growing in swidden fallows and of fallow dynamics as well. Forest restoration in Thailand has been carried out mainly on the basis of experimental research on the potential of indigenous tree species to promote natural forest regeneration and biodiversity recovery; the so-called framework species. Another viable source of knowledge for forest restoration can be the study of the semi-natural revegetation processes in fallows and the indigenous knowledge of swiddeners of these processes. The research presented here was carried out to attain a better understanding of forest regeneration on fallow swiddens under different swiddening regimes and how it may be applied to practical forest restoration, We investigated the vegetation characteristics of from various stages of secondary succession in fallow swiddens of the Karen and Lawa ethnic groups in the Mae Chaem watershed, Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand. Indigenous knowledge on the use of species and traditional ecological processes in swiddening was recorded by questioning key informants. The data were analyzed and discussed with respect to their application in forest restoration and participatory forest management. Ethnobotany; Northern Thailand; Secondary succession; Swidden cultivation; Traditional knowledge doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.042 Thailand English Wangpakapattanawong P, Kavinchan N, Vaidhayakarn C, Schmidt-Vogt D and Elliott S. 2010. Fallow to forest: Applying indigenous and scientific knowledge of swidden cultivation to tropical forest restoration. Forest Ecology and Management. : P. . 2407 BC 302 BC0302-10 Forest cover in global water governance Anders Malmer, Jonas Ardo, David Scott, Raffaele Vignola and Xu Jianchu Gerardo Mery, Pia Katila, Glenn Galloway, RenΓ© I. Alfaro, Markku Kanninen, Maxim Lobovikov and Jari Varjo 2010 Future of forests ? Responding to global changes International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) China 1-32 Globally, water is recognised as a key resource for growing cities and to sustainably increase production of food and energy under threat from climate chance. There is also increasing recognition of the need for more sustainable and transparent management of water resources. Trees and forests, be they cultivated more or less intensively or natural forests in various degrees of degradation and fragmentation, have a central role in water cycling and for protecting water quality. This chapter reviews the role and function of forests in water cycling and management, but also how this knowledge and/or beliefs affect policies and governance of forests with regard to water management. The main objective is to develop a common understanding of the basis of the role of forest management in water governance and a readiness for the diversity of scenarios in a global change perspective on these issues. The chapter gives a short review of the biophysical understanding of forest and water relationships, and also how this leads to different perceptions and policies on the ecological services, or benefits, that forests provide. Perceptions of such benefits are dependent on a number of factors, including what characteristics of water quality or quantity are desired, and also what are the different dependencies and perceptions of the values provided by the forests themselves, apart from their effects on water resources. In relation to this, descriptions of current and developing governance systems, such as ?payment for environmental services? are given. In conjunction, the strong link between the role of trees in soil and water management, and the increasing role of forests for carbon sequestration and climate change adaptation are discussed. Major conclusions include emphasis on preparedness for solutions where forest management is part of water governance in landscape perspectives to meet the needs of many different land users. In this sense, we emphasise that general policies cannot meet sound forest and water governance, but locally/regionally based models and scenarios need to be used as the basis for governance systems. In many parts of the developing world, this puts demand on more empirical data as well as national capacities for research and governance, including transparency and local involvement of stakeholders. trees, water quality, water supply, water use, flood control, green water, PES, REDD, drought, climate change, modeling ISBN: 978-3-901347-93-1, ISSN: 1016-3263 China English Malmer A, Ardo J, Scott D, Vignola R and Xu Jianchu . 2010. Forest cover in global water governance. In: Mery G, Katila P, Galloway G, Alfaro RI, Kanninen M, Lobovikov M and Varjo J,eds. Future of forests – Responding to global changes. China. : International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO). P. 1-32. GRP 5 2406 JA 383 JA0383-10 Climate change and sediment flux from the Roof of the World X.X. Lu, Shurong Zhang and Xu Jianchu 2010 Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35 6 732–735 Potential rises in global temperature are likely to have major impacts on high altitude environments, including glacier recession and permafrost degradation. In turn, these could have far-reaching impacts on riverine sediment fl ux. Such impacts are emerging in the Himalayas and Tibet Plateau region, one of the world?s largest and most environmentally-sensitive cold regions. Closer monitoring is urgently required to track changing trends of sediment load from the interactions of glacial recession treat, rainfall changes and human interventions, and to study the implications of such changes for the large Asian river systems of the region. climate change; glacial and snow melting; riverine sediment; the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (HKH); large Asian rivers DOI: 10.1002/esp.1924 China English Lu X, Zhang S and Xu Jianchu . 2010. Climate change and sediment flux from the Roof of the World. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35(6):P. 732–735. GRP 5 2405 JA 382 JA0382-10 Sensitivity of streamflow from a Himalayan catchment to plausible changes in land-cover and climate Xing Ma, Xu Jianchu and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 Hydrological Processes 24 11 1379–1390 Global climate change will likely increase temperature and variation in precipitation in the Himalayas, modifying both supply of and demand for water. This study assesses combined impacts of land-cover and climate changes on hydrological processes and a rainfall-to-streamflow buffer indicator of watershed function using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Kejie watershed in the eastern Himalayas. The Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 (HadCM3) was used for two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios (A2 and B2), for 2010?2099. Four land-cover change scenarios increase forest, grassland, crops, or urban land use, respectively, reducing degraded land. The SWAT model predicted that downstream water resources will decrease in the short term but increase in the long term. Afforestation and expansion in cropland will probably increase actual evapotranspiration (ET) and reduce annual streamflow but will also, through increased infiltration, reduce the overland flow component of streamflow and increase groundwater release. An expansion in grassland will decrease actual ET, increase annual streamflow and groundwater release, while decreasing overland flow. Urbanization will result in increases in streamflow and overland flow and reductions in groundwater release and actual ET. Land-cover change dominated over effects on streamflow of climate change in the short and middle terms. The predicted changes in buffer indicator for land-use plus climate-change scenarios reach up to 50% of the current (and future) range of inter-annual variability mountain watershed; land-cover change; climate change; scenarios; SWAT model; water resources DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7602 China English Ma X, Xu Jianchu and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Sensitivity of streamflow from a Himalayan catchment to plausible changes in land-cover and climate. Hydrological Processes. 24(11):P. 1379–1390. GRP 5 2404 NL 44 NL0044-10 Integrating traditional and scientific knowledge of forest regeneration in swidden cultivation systems of Northern Thailand for tropical forest regeneration Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, Nuttira Kavinchan and Stephen Elliott 2010 Global Land Project March 2010 6 3-5 The project was a joint one-year undertaking of the Biology Department of Chiang Mai University in Thailand and the Asian Institute of Thailand - the former affiliation of the second author of this contribution - carried out from 2007 to 2008. The main focus of the project was to collect empirical data and indigenous knowledge on forest regeneration on swidden fallows in Northern Thailand in order to assist tropical forest restoration activities in Thailand and neighboring countries. Field research was carried out in two villages of Mae Chaem district in Northern Thailand applying a combination of biological and ethnoscience methodology. China English Wangpakapattanawong P, Schmidt-Vogt D, Kavinchan N and Elliott S. 2010. Integrating traditional and scientific knowledge of forest regeneration in swidden cultivation systems of Northern Thailand for tropical forest regeneration. Global Land Project. GRP 6 2403 JA 381 JA0381-10 Relating plant diversity to biomass and soil erosion in a cultivated landscape of the eastern seaboard of Thailand Rajendra P. Shrestha, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt and Nalina Gnanavelrajah 2010 Climate Change and Applied Geography ? Place, Policy, and Practice Elsevier Ltd 30 4 606-617 Plant diversity can affect ecological processes through effects on biomass and soil condition. A study was carried out in an agricultural watershed of Thailand to document plant species richness of different agricultural land uses and to assess its relationship with biomass and soil erosion. A nested sampling design of 20 x 20 m, 10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m and 1 x 1 m quadrats was employed to study species richness of three categories of plants: herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. Interviews were conducted with farmers who owned the cultivated fields where sampling plots were located. Plant diversity was assessed by computing Shannon index, Simpson index, and Species richness. Species utility index, which is the percentage of species identified as useful, was also estimated for each land use. Biomass was estimated using methodology recommended by FAO and soil erosionwas estimated using the universal soil loss equation (USLE). From among the different land use types, mixed orchard ranked first in terms of plant diversity while paddy ranked last. Land uses with monocropping of shrubs, such as cassava, pineapple and sugarcane had lower plant diversity than land uses with monocropping of trees, such as coconut and para rubber. Monocropping of eucalyptus was an exception. Rotations of monocrops, namely pineapple?cassava and sugarcane?cassava, or intercropping, namely coconut?cassava, also had a higher plant diversity as compared to monocropping of shrubs. The highest species utility index of 61 was found in orchards, the lowest of 9 was found in Eucalyptus plantations. Plant diversity was found to have a significant positive correlation with biomass and a negative, though non-significant, correlation with soil erosion. Plant diversity, Agricultural land uses, Biomass, Erosion, Thailand China English Shrestha RP, Schmidt-Vogt D and Gnanavelrajah N. 2010. Relating plant diversity to biomass and soil erosion in a cultivated landscape of the eastern seaboard of Thailand. Applied Geography. : P. 1-12. GRP 6 2402 JA 380 JA0380-10 Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: a cross-regional study of perceptions and practices Sujata Manandhar, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, Sylvain R. Perret and Futaba Kazama 2010 Regional Environmental Change Springer-Verlag 14 Climate change is a global challenge that has a particularly strong effect on developing countries such as Nepal, where adaptive capacity is low and where agriculture, which is highly dependent on climatic factors, is the main source of income for the majority of people. The nature and extent of the effects of climate change on rural livelihoods varies across Nepal in accordance with its highly diverse environmental conditions. In order to capture some of this variability, a comparative study was performed in two different ecological regions: Terai (lowland) and Mountain (upland) in the western development region of Nepal. The study focuses on perceptions of, and on adaptations to climate change by farmers. Information was collected from both primary and secondary data sources. Climate data were analyzed through trend analysis. Results show that most farmers perceive climate change acutely and respond to it, based on their own indigenous knowledge and experiences, through both agricultural and non-agricultural adaptations at an individual level. The study also shows that there is a need to go beyond the individual level, and to plan and provide support for appropriate technologies and strategies in order to cope with the expected increasing impacts of climate change. Climate change, Ecological regions, Indigenous knowledge, Adaptation, Nepal DOI 10.1007/s10113-010-0137-1 China English Manandhar S, Schmidt-Vogt D, Perret SR and Kazama F. 2010. Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: a cross-regional study of perceptions and practices. Regional Environmental Change. : P. 14. GRP 5 2401 BC 301 BC0301-10 Accessibility as a Determinant of Environmental Dynamics and Socio-economic Disparities in Mainland Southeast Asia Michael Epprecht, Andreas Heinimann, Peter Messerli, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt and Urs Wiesmann Hans Hurni, Urs Wiesmann and an international group of co-editors 2010 Global Change and Sustainable Development A Synthesis of Regional Experiences from Research Partnerships Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Compe-tence in Research (NCCR) North-South, University of Bern Bern, Switzer-land 5 371-384 ISBN: 978-3-905835-13-7 Access and accessibility are important determinants of people?s ability to utilise natural resources, and have a strong impact on household welfare. Physical accessibility of natural resources, on the other hand, has generally been regarded as one of the most important drivers of land-use and land-cover changes. Based on two case studies, this article discusses evidence of the impact of access to services and access to natural resources on household poverty and on the environment. We show that socio-cultural distances are a key limiting factor for gaining access to services, and thereby for improved household welfare. We also discuss the impact of socio-cultural distances on access to natural resources, and show that large-scale commercial exploitation of natural resources tends to occur beyond the spatial reach of socio-culturally and economically marginalised population segments. We conclude that it is essential to pay more attention to improving the structural environment that presently leaves social minority groups marginalised. Innovative approaches that use natural resource management to induce poverty reduction ? for example, through compensation of local farmers for environmental services ? appear to be promising avenues that can lead to integration of the objectives of poverty reduction and sustainable environmental stewardship. Accessibility; social distance; poverty; forest cover change; Southeast Asia China English Epprecht M, Heinimann A, Messerli P, Schmidt-Vogt D and Wiesmann U. 2010. Accessibility as a Determinant of Environmental Dynamics and Socio-economic Disparities in Mainland Southeast Asia. In: Hurni H, Wiesmann U and an international group of co-editors ,eds. Global Change and Sustainable Development A Synthesis of Regional Experiences from Research Partnerships. Bern, Switzer-land. : Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Compe-tence in Research (NCCR) North-South, University of Bern. P. 371-384. 2400 JA 379 JA0379-10 The myth of community and sustainable grassland management in China Andreas Wilkes, Jingzheng Tan and Mandula 2010 Frontiers of Earth Science in China Springer 4 1 59-66 Within national and international domestic academic circles, there are increasing calls for enhanced involvement of communities in formulating and implementing grassland management arrangements. In contrast to the current national policy of contracting grasslands to households, many scholars call for support for collective grassland use arrangements. Several reasons are given for increased recognition and support for community-based management of grasslands, including lower costs of exclusion and dispute resolution, economies of scale in herding and marketing, mitigation of environmental risk, and ensuring equitable access to grassland resources. One conclusion from this literature is that devolving authority for designing and implementing grassland management systems to communities would lead to more sustainable grassland use, a position that I term as the ?myth of community.? This paper presents the results of a study of grazing systems in two communities in Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province. Each community uses its grasslands collectively. However, the study found evidence of severe overgrazing, especially in winter pastures, suggesting that community-based management of grasslands is not necessarily sustainable. The paper discusses three potential policy innovations required to support sustainable grazing systems in China?s grassland areas: overcoming constraints in labor and land markets, and payments for environmental services that reward sustainable stocking levels. community, grassland management, sustainable development DOI 10.1007/s11707-010-0009-5 China English Wilkes A, Tan J and Mandula . 2010. The myth of community and sustainable grassland management in China. Frontiers of Earth Science in China. 4(1):P. 59-66. GRP 6 2399 JA 378 JA0378-10 Agrobiodiversity and biocultural heritage in the Dulong valley, China Shicai Shen, Andreas Wilkes, Jie Qian, Lun Yin, Jian Ren and Fudou Zhang 2010 Mountain Research and Development the International Mountain Society (IMS) 30 3 205-211 Swidden agriculture is central to the livelihoods and culture of the Dulong people in northwest Yunnan, China. In 2002, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) was first being implemented in the Dulong Valley. Under this program, all swidden land and most permanent arable lands were converted to forest, in return for which villagers received grain subsidies. In view of the importance of traditional agriculture in Dulong livelihoods and culture, and the potential uniqueness of agrobiodiversity in the Dulong Valley, the Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge (CBIK), a nongovernmental organization based in Yunnan, has been undertaking surveys and action research on the impacts of the SLCP since 2005. By drawing on previous studies, data provided by the local government, and a new survey of the current status of traditional crop cultivation conducted in 2 villages in 2009, this article describes some of the impacts of the SLCP on agrobiodiversity, livelihoods, and traditional culture in the Dulong Valley. Results of surveys found that, before 2002, at least 12 crop types were commonly planted in swiddens, including 7 underutilized species. By 2009, only a minority of households continued to cultivate these crops. Changes in land use and grain availability have also led to a significant reduction in the number of livestock raised, and, in some cases, animal genetic diversity is being threatened. Elder Dulong villagers are concerned that these changes will lead to the erosion of traditional culture. The article also describes activities that are now being conducted to conserve agrobiodiversity and support cultural transmission in Dulong Valley. Events such as seed fairs, arts competitions, and revival of swidden cultivation on a small scale have attracted the attention of villagers and local government, and conservation of agrobiodiversity through value addition is now on the agenda. Swidden agriculture, Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), agrobiodiversity, conservation, Dulong, Yunnan, China China English Shen S, Wilkes A, Qian J, Yin L, Ren J and Zhang F. 2010. Agrobiodiversity and biocultural heritage in the Dulong valley, China. Mountain Research and Development. 30(3):P. 205-211. GRP 6 2398 JA 377 JA0377-10 The importance of ethnoveterinary treatments for pig illnesses in poor, ethnic minority communities: a case study of Nu people in Yunnan, China Shicai Shen, Andreas Wilkes and Vernooy Ronnie 2010 International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Solutions LLC 8 1 53-59 This paper reports the results of research on farmers? pig health practices in three poor Nu villages in Yunnan, China. The research found that pigs are an important household asset; illness and disease are major constraints on pig rearing; farmers have rich knowledge of traditional ethnoveterinary practices; for most illnesses, farmers choose to use traditional curative practices rather than seek formal veterinary service providers. Factors influencing the farmers? choice of treatment and provider include: availability of alternatives, distance to providers, indirect costs of travel, and direct costs of treatments. Farmers? animal health care practices depend to a high degree on traditional knowledge and there are obstacles to accessing formal providers. In this situation there is potential value in validating ethnoveterinary practices and spreading knowledge of practices that are found to be effective. Ethnoveterinary treatment, pig illness, Nu people, Yunnan China English Shen S, Wilkes A and Ronnie V. 2010. The importance of ethnoveterinary treatments for pig illnesses in poor, ethnic minority communities: a case study of Nu people in Yunnan, China. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine. 8(1):P. 53-59. GRP 1 2397 JA 376 JA0376-10 Water Policies in China: A Critical Perspective on Gender Equity Lu Caizhen 2010 Gender, Technology and Development Gender and Development Program of the Asian Institute of Technology 13 3 319-339 China embarked on water reform in 2002 by revising the ?Water Law of The People?s Republic of China? to promote participatory irrigation management to ensure water users? access to water and enhance their participation in sustainable water management. This article analyses how social and gender equity is addressed at the national, local, and institutional levels in the water reform process, with particular attention to how strategic gender needs are addressed in water policies and institutions. The article shows how social equity is only partly covered in some of the policies and that not all policies and institutions are sensitive to social and gender issues. Many water-related aspects of policy fail to address gender equity in the explicit terms of women?s strategic gender needs. To ensure gender equity in future water policy, all policies and institutions in the water sector at central and at local levels should have a clear mandate to include a perspective on social and gender equity to address women?s strategic gender needs, particularly among water users who are small-scale producers. China, gender equity, integrated water resource management, strategic gender needs, water reform, water user association DOI: 10.1177/097185241001300301 China English Caizhen L. 2010. Water Policies in China: A Critical Perspective on Gender Equity. Gender, Technology and Development. 13(3):P. 319-339. GRP 5 2396 JA 375 JA0375-10 Who is poor in China? A comparison of alternative approaches to poverty assessment in Rural Yunnan Lu Caizhen 2010 Journal of Peasant Studies 37 2 407 - 428 Despite widespread recognition of the multidimensionality of poverty among social scientists and policymakers, the monetary approach still dominates poverty assessment. However, it is possible that different poverty assessment methodologies identify dissimilar households as poor, leading to disparate policies for poverty reduction. This empirical research applies four approaches to poverty identification to the same population of rural households in Wuding County, Yunnan Province, PRC. These approaches include China's official poverty identification method, participatory poverty assessment (PPA), the monetary approach to poverty assessment, and use of multidimensional poverty indicators (MDI). This study discovered that these four approaches generate different aggregate poverty incidences, identifying different households with distinctly different characteristics as poor. Each approach evaluates different aspects and dimensions, highlighting some characteristics while concealing others. There is very little overlap among the poor households identified by each methodology. This has implications at the conceptual, methodological, and policy levels. The conceptual understanding of poverty should be broadened to include multidimensional and multidisciplinary socioeconomic indicators. Multiple approaches must be applied in order to avoid marginalising some aspects of poverty. Poverty reduction strategies should shift from promoting short-term income-generating activities to a broader combination of strategies that address the inter-linked structural causes of poverty. poverty assessment; poor; alternative approaches; China; Asia China English Caizhen L. 2010. Who is poor in China? A comparison of alternative approaches to poverty assessment in Rural Yunnan. Journal of Peasant Studies. 37(2):P. 407 - 428. GRP 5 2392 JA 374 JA0374-10 People, money, and protected areas: the collection of the caterpillar mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Southwest China Caroline S. Weckerle, Yongping Yang, Franz K. Huber and Qiaohong Li 2010 Biodiversity and Conservation Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 19 9 2685-2698 Ophiocordyceps sinensis<\i> (syn. Cordyceps sinensis<\i>) is among the most valuable mushrooms in the world, and plays a major role for the local economies in its distribution area on the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions. Large proportions of its habitat fall into protected areas, and best practice of sustainable harvest is under discussion, considering both, O. sinensis<\i> as a valuable income source for rural poor and protection of its populations and habitat. This study aims for a detailed analysis of O. sinensis<\i> collection in a nature reserve in Southwest China. We found that harvesting is unevenly distributed among households and villages, with households who have access to the resource but lack adequate alternatives for income generation such as rewarding wage labor, fertile agricultural fields or harvest of other high value products being most involved. Although collection is de jure forbidden, authorities of the nature reserve apply adaptive management strategies for sustainable resource use. This includes the allocation of collection areas to communities based on their traditional land use strategies and the control of harvesters from outside, triggering self-policing of the resource by the local people. The strategies applied provide a promising model also for other protected areas where the caterpillar mushroom is collected.]]> Cordyceps sinensis<\i> Β· Medicinal mushroom Β· Natural resources Β· Tibet Β· Yunnan]]> DOI 10.1007/s10531-010-9867-0 China English Weckerle CS, Yongping Y, Huber FK and Li Q. 2010. People, money, and protected areas: the collection of the caterpillar mushroom Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, Southwest China. Biodiversity and Conservation. 19(9):P. 2685-2698. GRP 3 2391 RP 261 RP0261-10 Improving Economic Outcomes for Smallholders Growing Teak in Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 2010 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and World Agroforestry Research-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Annual Report 2010 Southeast Asia English Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office . Improving Economic Outcomes for Smallholders Growing Teak in Agroforestry Systems in Indonesia.. Annual Report 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and World Agroforestry Research-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 2390 JA 373 JA0373-10 Tamarindus indica tropical populations genetic structure P. Nyadoi, Ramni Jamndadass, P. Okori, J.B.L Okullo, J Obua, Magogo Nassoro, Haji Saleh, Pushpakumara DKN, James M Roshetko, Antoine Kalinganire, A. Muchugi, August B Temu, S. Fluch and K. Burg 2010 Gene Conserve Gene Conserve 9 37 152-166 Tamarindus<\i>]]> Southeast Asia English Tamarindus indica<\i> tropical populations genetic structure. Gene Conserve. 9(37):P. 152-166.]]> GRP 1 2389 JA 372 JA0372-10 Globalised forest-products: commodification of the matsutake mushroom in Tibetan villages, Yunnan, Southwest China Jun He 2010 International Forestry Review The Commonwealth Forestry Association 12 1 27-37 Recent economic policies in China demonstrate a growing recognition of the potential of the commercial utilization of Non-timber forest products to contribute to sustainable forest management and improve local livelihoods. However, little attention has been paid to understanding the socio-political contexts or the distributional effects of NTFP commercialization. This commodity chain analysis of the matsutake mushroom market in Yunnan Province, Southwest China, identifies the different actors involved in the trade and mechanisms that shape their access to, and benefits from, the market. This study finds that market regulations meant to promote exports have constrained market development and limited participation at the most lucrative node in the chain to a few powerful actors. Also, while economic activities continue to be structured by local cultural, historical and political forces, the interactions between local and global processes significantly shape distributional equity in the matsutake commodity chain. Commodity Chain, Political Ecology, Access to Resource, NTFP, Middlemen China English 0 He J. 2010. Globalised forest-products: commodification of the matsutake mushroom in Tibetan villages, Yunnan, Southwest China. International Forestry Review. 12(1):P. 27-37. GRP 3 2388 RP 260 RP0260-10 Eco-certified Natural Rubber from Sustainable Rubber Agroforestry in Sumatra, Indonesia Beria Leimona and Laxman Joshi 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Project Final Report 36 This project applies an action research method to analyze and test eco-certification of jungle rubber as a mechanism for conserving biodiversity and enhancing the livelihood of rubber-growers in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Jungle rubber is a traditional agroforestry system practiced by farmers in rural areas of Jambi. This system has been practiced since 1904 and the rubber plantation commences with slash and burning land after which rain-fed paddy and perennials are planted. Farmers then allow natural vegetation to grow amongst the rubber trees. They selectively nurture some economically valuable plants to create a mix of food, medicine, timber and fibre-producing trees. This system is also commonly called ?rubber agroforestry?. Southeast Asia English 0 Leimona B and Joshi L. Eco-certified Natural Rubber from Sustainable Rubber Agroforestry in Sumatra, Indonesia. Project Final ReportBogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 36 p. GRP 3 2387 MA 46 MA0046-10 Meranti (Dipterocarpaceae) in rubber agroforests: Does it need ectomycorrhizal inoculation? Hesti L. Tata 2008 Majalah Kehutanan Indonesia 1 27-29 Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 1, GRP 2 2386 PP 291 PP0291-10 Can rubber agroforests conserve biodiversity in Jambi (Sumatra)? Hesti L. Tata, Saida Rasnovi, Meine van Noordwijk and Marinus J.A. Werger 2008 Proceedings of the Indonesian Students? Scientific Meeting Delft, The Netherlands 1-6 10 cm dbh, selective thinning by farmers leads to reduction of species diversity. Ex-situ conservation in RAF is challenging and will need to be based on a participatory approach to increase awareness of opportunities and threats, and has to provide appropriate incentives to maintain the endangered species and enrich the RAF with trees that have direct use values for farmers and the local community that traditionally had access to RAF under customary law.]]> Indonesia, species richness, vegetation structure Southeast Asia English Tata HL, Rasnovi S, van Noordwijk M and Werger MJ. 2008. Can rubber agroforests conserve biodiversity in Jambi (Sumatra)?. Proceedings of the Indonesian Students’ Scientific Meeting. Delft, The Netherlands. GRP 6 2385 PP 290 PP0290-10 Forests as provider of tree diversity in rubber agroforest in lowland Sumatra Hesti L. Tata, Meine van Noordwijk, Saida Rasnovi and Marinus J.A. Werger 2009 XIII World Forestry Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina 11 Agroforests combine farmer-planted trees with selective retention of trees from natural forest regeneration to provide vegetation that is enriched in useful species, at low cost of labour and input relative to ?plantations?. The forest context in the landscape is the main source of tree germplasm and as such provides an ?environmental service? to the fa rmer. This service is poorly quantified and probably under-appreciated. This study compared tree diversity in seedling, sapling and tree stages in rubber agroforest (RAF) and natural forest in Jambi (Sumatra, Indonesia). The tree species in forest and RAF were classified based on seed dispersal types and IUCN red list. Intensity of RAF management by farmer was grouped. The data were analysed to clarify natural processes and farmer management in species turnover. Main conclusions are: 1) RAF and forest provide similar habitat, but RAF contains less species with known dependence on ectomycorrhiza, 2) Species richness and species accumulation curves for the seedling and sapling stages were similar between RAF and natural secondary forest, with under representation of large-seeded (autochorous) short-distance dispersal mode in RAF, 3) Major loss of tree diversity occurs in RAF between sapling and tree stage by selective culling, 4) Most trees retained in RAF have known use for local livelihoods and/or markets, 5) RAF plays some, but modest, role in survival of endangered tree species in the landscape, as evident from ?red list? trees of ?critically endangered? and ?endangered? species. We conclude that the forest matrix around rubber agroforests has so far provided the service of a continuous influx of a very diverse tree flora that includes many useful trees. With the rapid loss of natural forest from the landscape, this service is at risk and more pro-active tree recruitment by farmers will be necessary if they want to maintain agroforests with high diversity. Agroforest, conservation, dispersal, Dipterocarpaceae, species richness Southeast Asia English 0 Tata HL, van Noordwijk M, Rasnovi S and Werger MJ. 2009. Forests as provider of tree diversity in rubber agroforest in lowland Sumatra. XIII World Forestry Congress. Buenos Aires, Argentina. GRP 6 2384 JA 371 JA0371-10 Climate change and tree genetic resource management: maintaining and enhancing the productivity and value of smallholder tropical agroforestry landscapes. A review Ian K. Dawson, Barbara Vinceti, John C. Weber, Henry Neufeldt, Joanne Russell, Ard G. Lengkeek, Antoine Kalinganire, Roeland Kindt, Jens-Peter B. LillesΓΈ, James M Roshetko and Ramni Jamnadass 2011 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 81 1 67-78 Anthropogenic climate change has significant consequences for the sustainability and productivity of agroforestry ecosystems upon which millions of smallholders in the tropics depend and that provide valuable global services. We here consider the current state of knowledge of the impacts of climate change on tree genetic resources and implications for action in a smallholder setting. Required measures to respond to change include: (1) the facilitated translocation of environmentally-matched germplasm across appropriate geographic scales, (2) the elevation of effective population sizes of tree stands through the promotion of pollinators and other farm management interventions; and (3) the use of a wider range of ?plastic? species and populations for planting. Key bottlenecks to response that are discussed here include limitations in the international exchange of tree seed and seedlings, and the absence of wellfunctioning delivery systems to provide smallholders with better-adapted planting material. Greater research on population-level environmental responses in indigenous tree species is important, and more studies of animal pollinators in farm landscapes are required. The development of well-functioning markets for new products that farmers can grow in order to mitigate and adapt to anthropogenic climate change must also consider genetic resource issues, as we describe. Tropical smallholder agroforestry, Tree genetic resources, Climate change ISSN: 0167-4366 (Print) 1572-9680 (Online) DOI: 10.1007/s10457-010-9302-2 Southeast Asia English 0 Dawson IK, Vinceti B, Weber JC, Neufeldt H, Russell J, Lengkeek AG, Kalinganire A, Kindt R, LillesΓΈ JB, Roshetko JM and Jamnadass R. 2010. Climate change and tree genetic resource management: maintaining and enhancing the productivity and value of smallholder tropical agroforestry landscapes. A review. Agroforestry Systems. : P. 12. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 5, GRP 6, TAMMU 2383 PB 9 PB0009-10 Reducing emissions from all land uses - REALU. An approach toward reduce emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD/REDD+) and national appropriate mitigation action - NAMA (in Vietnam language) ICRAF Vietnam 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 2. Cross-sectoral efforts including land-use planning for an effective REDD+ implementation is recommended
3. The REALU approach increases the possibilities to achieve a sustainable REDD+ as ir provides a more effective approach in addressing leakages drivers of deforestation and degradation and enhancing participation of land users including indigenous people in to REDD process
4. The two most challenging issues for REDD+ and cross-sectoral approach: a. The country still locks a uniform REDD-related database, including a unified land classification
b. Applicable methods and tools for cross-sectoral and cross-level REDD+ coordination and implementation]]> Vietnam Vietnamese ICRAF Vietnam. 2010. Reducing emissions from all land uses - REALU. An approach toward reduce emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD/REDD+) and national appropriate mitigation action - NAMA (in Vietnam language). Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. GRP 5 2382 PB 8 PB0008-10 Reducing emissions from all land uses - REALU. An approach toward reduce emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD/REDD+) and national appropriate mitigation action - NAMA ICRAF Vietnam 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 2. Cross-sectoral efforts including land-use planning for an effective REDD+ implementation is recommended
3. The REALU approach increases the possibilities to achieve a sustainable REDD+ as ir provides a more effective approach in addressing leakages drivers of deforestation and degradation and enhancing participation of land users including indigenous people in to REDD process
4. The two most challenging issues for REDD+ and cross-sectoral approach: a. The country still locks a uniform REDD-related database, including a unified land classification
b. Applicable methods and tools for cross-sectoral and cross-level REDD+ coordination and implementation]]> Vietnam English ICRAF Vietnam. 2010. Reducing emissions from all land uses - REALU. An approach toward reduce emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD/REDD+) and national appropriate mitigation action - NAMA. Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. GRP 5 2381 WP 133 WP0133-10 Agroforestry competencies and human resources needs in the Philippines Lutgarda L. Tolentino, Leila Landicho and Jesus C. Fernandez 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 99 21
At present, most national and local line agencies and development organizations avail themselves of such manpower requirement by tapping external experts and/or by retooling their existing staff through short-term training programs and mentoring. The Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network (PAFERN) and the National Agroforesters? Association of the Philippines (NAAP) are expected to play key roles in creating continuing formal and informal education activities and enhancing the necessary linkages to meet the agroforestry competency requirements of organizations engaged in agroforestry development in the country.]]> agroforestry education, agroforestry competencies, agroforestry human resources needs, Philippines Southeast Asia English Tolentino LL, Landicho L and Fernandez JC. 2010. Agroforestry competencies and human resources needs in the Philippines. Working paper no 99Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 21 p. GRP 6 2380 WP 132 WP0132-10 Case study approach to region-wide curriculum and teaching materials development in agroforestry education in Southeast Asia Jesus. C Fernandez and Per G Rudebjer 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no. 101 27
SEANAFE's project experiences have proven that building capacity to develop region-wide urriculum frameworks and teaching materials using the case study approach is feasible. The approach has also helped promote participatory curriculum development, maximize experiential and peer-based learning among teachers in the region, and enhance collaboration among SEANAFE member institutions.]]> agroforestry education, capacity building, curriculum development, teaching materials development, Southeast Asia, agroforestry marketing, agroforestry landscape analysis Southeast Asia English 0 Fernandez JC and Rudebjer PG. 2010. Case study approach to region-wide curriculum and teaching materials development in agroforestry education in Southeast Asia. Working paper no. 101Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 27 p. GRP 6 2379 PO 233 PO0233-10 Pemanfaatan aliran sungai sebagai sumber energi alternatif Jasnari and Damsir Chaniago 2009 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Muara Bungo, Indonesia Southeast Asia Indonesian Jasnari and Chaniago D. Pemanfaatan aliran sungai sebagai sumber energi alternatif. : Muara Bungo, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2009. GRP 2, GRP 6 2378 PO 232 PO0232-10 Hutan desa Lubuk Beringin Ratna Akiefnawati and Iman Budisetiawan 2009 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Muara Bungo, Indonesia Lubuk Beringin berada di kecamatan Bathin III Ulu, Kabupaten Bungo, Propinsi Jambi. Secara topografi datar sampai bergelombang dengan ketinggian 450-1.316 m dpl. Jumlah penduduk 331 jiwa (157 jiwa laki-laki dan 174 perempuan) dalam 89 KK. Mayoritas penduduk beragama islan dan asal etnis Melayu Jambi Southeast Asia Indonesian Akiefnawati R and Budisetiawan I. Hutan desa Lubuk Beringin. : Muara Bungo, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2009. GRP 2, GRP 6 2377 BK 143 BK0143-10 RaTA: A Rapid Land Tenure Assessment manual for identifying the nature of land tenure conflicts Gamma Galudra, Martua T Sirait, Gamal Pasya, Chip C Fay, S. Suyanto, Meine van Noordwijk and Ujjwal Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 80 979-3198-48-4
1. To provide a practical introduction to the relationship between land tenure and land claims, whether we are talking about how land claim issues function as causal or aggravating factors in conflict, or whether we are thinking about land claims that arise in post-conflict settings.

2. To contribute towards the improvement of land tenure policies through a better understanding of land tenure systemdynamics and pluralism.

3. To familiarize practitioners with a range of interventions and to sensitize officers to the fact that confusing policies can inadvertently cause competing land claims to erupt.

The Manual is not a comparative analysis of different systems andmethods, nor is it a theoretical investigation on land tenure approaches. Many rapid appraisal methods share similar global objectives and principles, and different methodological frameworks can be used. The Manual does not intend to provide an overall view of these methods. Instead, the Manual is primarily an educational instrument for readers looking for new, efficient and adapted methods and tools. It aims to obtain immediate results by offering a tried and tested methodology for immediate field use. The Manual offers practical tools developed all over Indonesia in World Agroforestry Centre-South East Asia projects and used by other development agencies in the past few years. It should also contribute, however, to improved investigation and development skills amongst those carrying out field studies. This is even more important because it is also a self-training process for those carrying out the project.

The target audience includes development technicians working in national institutions in charge of land conflict and competing claims, NGO field experts, and government officers. The Manual also aims to help technicians and consultantswho have been working on land conflict issues and are carrying out land tenure studies, and are proposing policies to improve land tenure.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Galudra G, Sirait MT, Pasya G, Fay CC, Suyanto S, van Noordwijk M and Pradhan U. 2010. RaTA: A Rapid Land Tenure Assessment manual for identifying the nature of land tenure conflicts. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 80 p. GRP 6 2376 PB 7 PB0007-10 Penilaian kondisi daerah aliran sungai dengan metode PaLA dan model Flow persistence Erik Setiawan, Tonni Asmawan and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Policy brief no. 08 4 Flow Persistence, namun terdapat potensi ancaman kerusakan baik pada aspek biofisik dan aspek kelembagaan kelompok petani hutan.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian flow persistence<\i>. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p.]]> GRP 6 2375 PB 6 PB0006-10 Sistem agroforestri di kawasan penyangga hutan lindung Sesaot: potensinya sebagai penambat karbon Subekti Rahayu, Erik Setiawan and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Policy brief no. 07 4
Peningkatan jumlah pohon (kayu dan MPTs) yang ditanam dalam suatu luasan akan meningkatkan serapan karbon

Sistem agroforestri pada lahan milik yang didominasi pohon kayu-kayuan dan buahbuahan menyimpan karbon lebih banyak karena umur tanamannya lebih tua

Penurunan kesuburan tanah pada sistem agroforestri di lahan kawasan relatif lebih rendah daripada di lahan milik.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Rahayu S, Setiawan E and Suyanto S. 2010. Sistem agroforestri di kawasan penyangga hutan lindung Sesaot: potensinya sebagai penambat karbon. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 2 2374 PB 5 PB0005-10 Noviana Khususiyah, R. Yana Buana and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Policy brief no. 06 4
Proporsi pendapatan dari lahan kawasan berkisar antara 33% - 59%

Kepastian hukum melalui pemberian ijin HKm sangat diperlukan sebagai insentif untuk meningkatkan pengelolaan lahan yang lebih baik

Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No. P 13/ Menhut-II/2010, dapat dijadikan acuan dalam mempercepat penetapan areal kerja Hkm

Saat ini baru satu kelompok yang memperoleh ijin pengelolaan HKm, sehingga diperlukan fasilitasi bagi kelompok HKm lainnya di Sesaot.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2373 PB 4 PB0004-10 Local Incentive-Based Policy for Vegetable-Agroforestry: a locally-appropriate adaptation and mitigation action (LAAMA) to climate change Delia Catacutan and Caroline Duque-PiΓ±on 2010 SANREM and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines) Laguna, Philippines VAF Policy Brief Series, Issue No. 3 4 This policy brief series is developed for policy-makers, to help improve their understanding on existing gaps between national and local policies in relation to smallholder investments in Vegetable- Agroforestry (VAf) in the Philippines. In the fi rst brief, we presented a snapshot of the policy environment surrounding VAf. We highlighted the importance of developing local policies to address particular needs of smallholders, where national policies are slow to address. In the second brief, we discussed the roles of smallholders in national economic development as embodied in the Magna Carta for Small Farmers. In this brief, we highlight the experience of Lantapan Municipality in developing an incentive-based policy to promote VAf as a locally-appropriate adaptation and mitigation action (LAAMA) to climate change. Philippines English 0 Catacutan D and Duque-PiΓ±on C. 2010. Local Incentive-Based Policy for Vegetable-Agroforestry: a locally-appropriate adaptation and mitigation action (LAAMA) to climate change. Laguna, Philippines. SANREM and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines). 4 p. GRP 6 2372 JA 370 JA0370-10 Biodiversity and agricultural sustainagility: from assessment to adaptive management Louise Jackson, Meine van Noordwijk, Janne Bengtsson, William Foster, Leslie Lipper, Mirjam Pulleman, Mohammed Said, Jake Snaddon and Raymond Vodouhe 2010 Current opinion in Environmental Sustainability Elsevier B.V. 2 1-2 80-87 Rapid changes in land use, food systems, and livelihoods require social?ecological systems that keep multiple options open and prepare for future unpredictability. Sustainagility refers to the properties and assets of a system that sustain the ability (agility) of agents to adapt andmeet their needs in newways. In contrast, sustainability tends to invoke persistence along current trajectories, and the resilience to return to current baselines. With three examples, the use and conservation of agrobiodiversity is explored along temporal, spatial, and human institutional scales for its role in sustainagility: first, farmers? seed systems; second, complex pollination systems; and third, wildlife conservation in agricultural areas with high poverty. Incentives are necessary if agrobiodiversity is to provide benefits to future generations. Southeast Asia English 0 Jackson L, van Noordwijk M, Bengtsson J, Foster W, Lipper L, Pulleman M, Said M, Snaddon J and Vodouhe R. 2010. Biodiversity and agricultural sustainagility: from assessment to adaptive management. Current opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2(1-2):P. 80-87. GRP 6 2371 WP 131 WP0131-10 Stewardship agreement to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD): Lubuk Beringin's hutan desa as the first village forest in Indonesia Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Farid Zulfikar, Iman Budisetiawan, Elok Mulyoutami, Asep Ayat and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 102 39 Contested rules between the state and local communities over the use and protection of forests are a threat to Indonesia?s forests, environmental services and livelihoods. Success in forest protection and reducing emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD) requires conflict resolution. The recent village forest (Hutan Desa) regulation by the Minister of Forestry (P.49/Menhut-II/2008) details how to reconcile forest management targets and livelihood interests of forest-edge villages within the framework of a permanent forest estate. Lubuk Beringin in Bungo district, Jambi Province, Sumatra, became the first village in Indonesia to secure such an agreement. Our analysis of the process, stakes and social capital that bridged local, district and national levels for the Hutan Desa agreement aims to help in reducing transaction costs for wider application as part of any REDD schemes, identifies locally appropriate mitigation action as part of national strategies and examines co-investment in stewardship for local, national and global benefits. Action research, Community Forest Management, Hutan Desa, REDD+, village forest Southeast Asia English Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Zulfikar F, Budisetiawan I, Mulyoutami E, Ayat A and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Stewardship agreement to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD): Lubuk Beringin's hutan desa as the first village forest in Indonesia. Working paper no 102Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 39 p. GRP 2, GRP 6 2370 WP 130 WP0130-10 Hot Spot of Emission and Confusion: Land Tenure Insecurity, Contested Policies and Competing Claims in the Central Kalimantan Ex-Mega Rice Project Area Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, S. Suyanto, Idris Sardi and Ujjwal Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper no 98 34
The area described here became a hot spot of conflict over land-use rights when the central government initiated the Mega Rice Project in 1995. This project did not fully recognize the land-use rights of existing local communities in that area, and brought in new stakeholders with claims derived from central authority. Consequently, conflicts erupted. Historically, the rights of the local community had been recognized and legalized during Dutch Colonial rule, at a time that external interest focused elsewhere. However, in the 1970s, an agrarian study conducted by the government found no evidence let alone proof of local community land rights in the area. Based on this study, the government issued logging concessions and then began a peatland conversion project without considering local community land-use rights as legitimate rights. When the Mega Rice Project was axed in 1999 to become the Ex Mega Rice Project, no government institution was in place to manage the area and coordinate. The local government initiatives encouraged oil palm investors and passed two local regulations on spatial land use planning, in 2002 and 2003. Consequently, several oil palm plantations commenced operation. After wider public debate and international attention for the high emission estimates for drained peatland in 2007, the central government passed a decree that limited the operations of oil palm plantations and targeted the area as a pioneer for ecological restoration and emission reduction. This condition created uncertainty regarding who actually owned the rights to use the land. Multiple claims on land-use rights occurred not only between the government and local communities, but also among the local communities and between local and central government. Contestation over various aspects of rights pervaded through many entities and scales of government.

A business-as-usual approach (a top down approach by not taking into account existing institutions and practices and conflicts) to forest policies and governance cannot be an option if climate change mitigation is to be achieved by reducing emissions from this ex-forest landscape that still contains substantial tree cover and ecological value. REDD cannot be effective in such a peat dome landscape unless a governance and collective action scheme emerges that acknowledges rights and claims that derive from the various phases of local history. International development and recognition of REDD mechanisms must include tools to monitor the implementation of governance and other reforms necessary for the recognition of local rights, negotiated relations and rights, along with incentives t o support an alternative development pathway.]]> Southeast Asia English -1 Galudra G, van Noordwijk M, Suyanto S, Sardi I and Pradhan U. 2010. Hot Spot of Emission and Confusion: Land Tenure Insecurity, Contested Policies and Competing Claims in the Central Kalimantan Ex-Mega Rice Project Area. Working Paper no 98Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 34 p. GRP 6 2369 RP 259 RP0259-10 Designing a procurement auction for reducing sedimentation: a field experiment in Indonesia Beria Leimona, Broke Kelsey Jack, Betha Lusiana and Rachman Pasha 2010 EEPSEA research report Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) Singapore 2009-RR10 45 56 The setting of this study is a watershed area in Lampung, Indonesia, where soil erosion has broad implications for both on-site and off-site environmental damage. Payment for environmental services (PES) is a conditional and voluntary policy option that, in this study, provides incentives for maintaining watershed functions. A key condition of PES is transparency regarding the conditions under which incentives or rewards can be granted. Balanced information and the power of transaction are the basis for any environmental service (ES). A contract procurement auction is an alternative mechanism for extracting information from ES providers on levels of payments or incentives that will cover their costs when joining a conservation program. In this paper we focus on designing a procurement auction method to reveal hidden information on the opportunity costs of supplying environmental services. This is an initial application of a procurement auction method in a rural setting in a developing country. Our study resulted in a set of auction rules for determining how limited watershed rehabilitation funds could be allocated. We examined the applicability of such an auction design in an Indonesian rural setting by testing: (1) auction design factors, such as: participants? understanding of auction rules, the ease-of-use of these rules, the appropriateness of the participants? bid offered during the auction, and the fairness of the auction process; (2) social factors, such as: impact on relationship between contracted and non-contracted farmers, general interpersonal relationships between communities, and information exchange amongst farmers; (3) environmental factors, such as: awareness of soil and water conservation and the rate of contract completion. Our results show that a sealed-bid, multiple round, second-price Vickrey auction with a uniform price can be applied where most of the auction participants have a low education level, low asset endowment, small plot size, and where market-based competitiveness is not common. Our finding is that farmers? bids to be involved in conservation contracts is more dependent on their learning process during the auction than observable factors such as their socioeconomic background, their awareness of conservation, and their social capital state. It was also found that introducing procurement auction as a market-based approach to rural communities does not harm their social relationships and is an applicable method in a rural setting. Nevertheless, this learning process does not guarantee the successful accomplishment of a conservation contract. The rate of contract accomplishment was moderate and this may be influenced by many other factors such as the farmer groups? leadership and their institutional arrangements for conducting conservation activities. The implication of these findings is that designing a proper conservation auction method and estimating the 'right' value for contracts form only minimal requirements for the success of any conservation contract. Southeast Asia English 0 Leimona B, Kelsey Jack B, Lusiana B and Pasha R. Designing a procurement auction for reducing sedimentation: a field experiment in Indonesia. 2009-RR10Singapore. : Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA). 2010. 45 p. GRP 6, RUPES 2368 JA 369 JA0369-10 Importance and impacts of intermediary boundary organizations in facilitating payment for environmental services in Vietnam Pham Thu Thuy, Bruce M Campbell, Stephen Garnett, Heather Aslin and Hoang Minh Ha 2010 Environmental Conservation Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1-9 Intermediaries are seen as important actors in facilitating payments for environmental services (PES). However, few data exist on the adequacy of the services provided by intermediaries and the impacts of their interventions. Using four PES case studies in Vietnam, this paper analyses the roles of government agencies, non-government organizations, international agencies, local organizations and professional consulting firms as PES intermediaries. The findings indicate that these intermediaries are essential in supporting PES establishment. Their roles are as service and information providers, mediators, arbitrators, equalizers, representatives, watchdogs, developers of standards and bridge builders. Concerns have been raised about the quality of intermediaries? participatory work, political influence on intermediaries? activities and the neutral status of intermediaries. Although local organizations are strongly driven by the government, they are important channels for the poor to express their opinions. However, to act as environmental services (ES) sellers, local organizations need to overcome numerous challenges, particularly related to capacity for monitoring ES and enforcement of contracts. Relationships amongst intermediaries are complex and should be carefully examined by PES stakeholders to avoid negative impact on the poor. Each of the intermediaries may operate at a different level and can have different functions but a multi-sector approach is required for an effective PES implementation. environmental services, intermediaries, local organizations, payment for environmental services, pro-poor, Vietnam doi:10.1017/S037689291000024X Vietnam English Thuy PT, Campbell BM, Garnett S, Aslin H and Hoang MH. 2010. Importance and impacts of intermediary boundary organizations in facilitating payment for environmental services in Vietnam. Environmental Conservation. : P. 1-9. GRP 6 2362 BK 142 BK0142-10 The case of Pantabangan-Carranglan watershed assessing climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation Rodel D. Lasco, Rex Victor O. Cruz, Juan M. Pulhin and Florencia B Pulhin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Laguna, Philippines 1 83 978-971-9353-8-4 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report concludes that climate change is becoming a present reality as warming of the climate system has become unequivocal (IPCC 2007). All general circulation models (GCMs) predict an enhanced hydrological cycle and an increase in area-averaged annual mean rainfall in Asia. Th is is expected to exacerbate pressure on the region?s natural resources that are already under severe stress from rising population. Developing countries will be most vulnerable, as they have limited resources and capacity to adapt to the eff ects of climate change. Philippines English 0 Lasco RD, Cruz RV, Pulhin JM and Pulhin FB. 2010. The case of Pantabangan-Carranglan watershed assessing climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. Laguna, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 83 p. GRP 5 2361 BK 141 BK0141-10 Sistem informasi geografis. Untuk pengelolaan bentang lahan berbasis sumber daya alam. Buku 2 analisa spasial untuk perencanaan wilayah yang terintegrasi menggunakan ILWIS open source Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata and Feri Johana 2009 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 230 978-979-3198-43-9
Mengacu pada SPPN, rencana pembangunan dituangkan dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (RPJP), Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJM), dan Rencana Pembangunan Tahunan. RPJP adalah produk perencanaan yang dijadikan sebagai rujukan produk perencanaan di bawahnya dan dibuat berdasarkan referensi waktu selama 25 tahun. RPJP terdiri dari rencana pembangunan jangka panjang di tingkat nasional dan di tingkat daerah. Selain dibagi dalam skala waktu, proses perencanaan juga dibagi dalam tingkat pemerintahan dengan struktur berjenjang. RPJP Nasional (RPJN) merupakan penjabaran dari tujuan dibentuknya pemerintahan Indonesia yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 dalam bentuk visi, misi, dan arah pembangunan nasional.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Dewi S, Ekadinata A and Johana F. 2009. Sistem informasi geografis. Untuk pengelolaan bentang lahan berbasis sumber daya alam. Buku 2 analisa spasial untuk perencanaan wilayah yang terintegrasi menggunakan ILWIS open source. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 230 p. GRP 6, ReGrin 2360 WP 129 WP0129-10 CES/COS/CIS paradigms for compensation and rewards to enhance environmental services Meine van Noordwijk and Beria Leimona 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper no 100 30 The terminology of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) has rapidly gained popularity with its focus on market-based mechanism for environmental service (ES) enhancement. Current use of the term, however, covers a broad spectrum of interactions between Essuppliers and ES-beneficiaries. A broader class of mechanisms aims at ES enhancement through compensation or rewards (CRES). Such mechanisms can be analyzed on the basis of the way they meet four principles: Realistic, Conditional, Voluntary and Pro-poor. For each principle a set of criteria is presented. Based on direct involvement in action research mode in evolving practices in Asia in the RUPES program since 2002, we examine three paradigms: ?Commoditized ES?, ?Compensation for Opportunities Skipped? and ?Co-Investment in Stewardship?, CES, COS and CIS, respectively. Among the RUPES action research sites in Asia, there are several examples of CIS, co-investment in and shared responsibility for stewardship, with a focus on ?assets? (natural + human + social capital) that can be expected to provide future flows of environmental services. CES, equivalent to a strict definition of PES, may represent an abstraction rather than a current reality. COS is a challenge when the legality of opportunities to reduce environmental services is contested. The primary difference between CES, COS and CIS is in the way ?conditionality? is achieved, with additional variation in the scale (individual, household, community) at which the ?voluntary? principle takes shape. CIS approaches have the biggest opportunity to be ?pro-poor?, as both CES and COS presuppose property rights that the rural poor often don?t have. CIS requires and reinforces trust-building after initial conflicts over the impacts of resource use on environmental services have been clarified and a ?realistic? joint appraisal is obtained. CIS will often be part of a multi-scale approach to the regeneration and survival of natural capital, alongside respect and appreciation for the guardians and stewards of landscapes Asia, boundary organizations, criteria and indicators, livelihood, payment for environmental services, RUPES Southeast Asia English 0 van Noordwijk M and Leimona B. 2010. CES/COS/CIS paradigms for compensation and rewards to enhance environmental services. Working Paper no 100Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 30 p. GRP 6 2359 BK 140 BK0140-10 Teaching forest policy analysis. A guide for forestry departments and university faculties in Southeast Asia SEANAFE and RECOFTC 2010 RECOFTC Bangkok, Thailand 56 Increasing concern about environmental degradation and the resulting environmental movement in the 1970s is one reason for the many and varied demands that forests are expected to meet. This was expressed in increasingly vocal concerns about deforestation as well as the establishment of protected areas, to be managed for conservation purposes. A related concern arose from the energy crisis (rapid increase of fossil fuel prices) at around the same time. This led to increasing interest in energy, the discovery of the fuelwood crisis, and recognition that many rural and urban people in developing countries depend on wood as a source of energy. To address these needs, forestry for rural development was regarded as a solution. This also contributed to the recognition of ?trees outside the forest? and agricultural activities inside areas classified as forest, leading to the ?discovery? of agroforestry in the 1980s. However the international demand for timber kept growing and the exploitation of natural forests in Southeast Asia rose sharply from the 1960s to the 1980s. Many forest concessions were allocated to timber companies, fuelling timber booms that contributed considerable resources to the private sector and some to the public sector. It proved difficult for forestry institutions to capture the rents generated by the companies. One reason for this difficulty is that the great potential for rent seeking and seizing contributed to a ?natural resource curse.? Powerful interests became involved in the allocation of concessions and undermined the capacity of state forest organizations to manage the concessionaires, and administer their activities. In response, logging bans were imposed in many Southeast Asian countries, usually after most of the forest had been logged (Durst et al. 2001). Southeast Asia English 0 SEANAFE and RECOFTC . 2010. Teaching forest policy analysis. A guide for forestry departments and university faculties in Southeast Asia. Bangkok, Thailand. : RECOFTC. 56 p. GRP 6 2358 BL 36 BL0036-10 An innovative strategy to reward Asia's upland poor for preserving and improving our environment - in Khmer Language Grace B.Villamor and Beria Leimona 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 26 Southeast Asia Khmer - English 0 An innovative strategy to reward Asia's upland poor for preserving and improving our environment - in Khmer Language. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 26 p. GRP 6 2357 JA 368 JA0368-10 Carbon dioxide emission in land use transitions to plantation Fahmuddin Agus, Eleonora Runtunuwu, Tania June, Erni Susanti, Herna Komara, Haris Syahbuddin, Irsal Las and Meine van Noordwijk 2009 Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 28 4 119-126 Carbon dioxide emission assessment associated with land use transitions to agriculture is important for designing strategies in reducing green house gas emission. Net CO2 emissions is the sum of 1) the above ground biomass C loss of the initial land use because of land clearing, 2) the above ground C accumulation by the subsequent plantation crops, 3) soil organic matter decomposition, and 4) soil organic C burning if land management or land clearing involves fire. For mineral soils, in most cases, conversion of primary and secondary forests with time average C stocks of about 300 and 132 t/ha, respectively, results in a net C emission. However, if shrub or Imperata grassland, with respective C stocks of 15 and 2 t/ha is rehabilitated to plantation, it generally results in a net C sequestration. For peat soil, CO2 emission is caused by peat decomposition, peat burning (if any), and the aboveground C decomposition and/or burning. Rehabilitating peat shrub (with assumed C stock of about 15 t/ha and average drainage depth of 40 cm) instead of clearing peat forest (with assumed C stock of about 200 t/ha and drainage depth of 0) for agriculture reduces CO2 emissions of about 862 t CO2-e/ha/25 year (34 t CO2-e/ha/year) because of substantial reduction in the plant biomass and possible peat soil carbon loss due to burning. Peat shrub remains as peat shrub emits about 22 t CO2-e/ha/year. If peat shrub is rehabilitated to paddy field, rubber plantation or oil palm plantation, the emission levels become 11, 7, and 30 t CO2-e/ha/year, respectively. This means that rehabilitating peat shrub to paddy field or rubber plantation, results in net emission reduction of 11 and 15 t CO2-e/ha/year, respectively, whereas rehabilitating it to oil palm plantation increases net emission of only 8 t CO2-e/ha/year, relative to leaving the peat shrub as is. Therefore, new plantation development should be prioritized on mineral soils? shrub and Imperata grasslands or on peat shrub as these conversions, in most cases, result in the net CO2 sequestration and potentially improve the livelihood of the communities. Carbon dioxide emission, carbon sequestration, land use transition, plantations, peatlands, mineral soils Southeast Asia English Agus F, Runtunuwu E, June T, Susanti E, Komara H, Syahbuddin H, Las I and van Noordwijk M. 2009. Carbon dioxide emission in land use transitions to plantation. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 28(4):P. 119-126. GRP 5 2356 PP 289 PP0289-10 Financing mechanisms for sustainable forest management in Indonesia: the role of public financing instruments Beria Leimona, Hendrayanto, Joko Prihatno and Nanang Roffandi 2009 Strategies and financial mechanisms for sustainable use and conservation of forests: experiences from Latin America and Asia. Proceedings of an Inter-Regional Workshop Chiang Mai, Thailand, 20-22 November 2006 FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) Bangkok, Thailand 78-87 This paper presents the public financing instruments for forestry of Indonesia, especially the Re-greening Fund. The conclusion is that a gap in financing mechanisms exists. The development of a new financing institution that is autonomous and independent to address current issues in forest financing is proposed. It is also be stressed that any new initiatives in forest conservation, including the introduction of forest financing instruments, should be predicated on solving the underlying causes of failure. Therefore, a discussion of the current problems and necessary pre-conditions for achieving sustainable forest management and rehabilitation is also provided. Finally, payment for environmental services (PES) is briefly covered. The definition of ?payment for environmental services?, the various types of environmental services provided, as well as the role of governments, are clarified. The paper concludes by offering some recommendations for addressing forest financing problems in Indonesia. Southeast Asia English Leimona B, Hendrayanto , Prihatno J and Roffandi N. 2009. Financing mechanisms for sustainable forest management in Indonesia: the role of public financing instruments. Strategies and financial mechanisms for sustainable use and conservation of forests: experiences from Latin America and Asia. Bangkok, Thailand. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP). GRP 6 2355 JA 367 JA0367-10 Assessing soil conservation strategies for upland cropping in Northeast Thailand with the WaNuLCAS model W. Pansak, T Hilger, Betha Lusiana, T. Kongkaew, C. Marohn and G. Cadisch 2010 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V 22 Soil conservation approaches and agroforestry systems can play an important role in controlling erosion from tropical hillside cropping systems. Experimental testing of their potential application domain and design, however, is costly and time consuming. We, therefore, tested the ability of the Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in Agroforestry Systems (WaNuLCAS) model. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) to evaluate the WaNuLCAS model for predicting water induced erosion under different soil conservation strategies, (ii) to use the model for a better understanding of various soil conservation measures in controlling erosion, and (iii) to assess the magnitude and dynamics of key processes influencing the efficiency of soil conservation measures. A 3-year-data set (2003?2005) from a field experiment from the Loei province in Northeast Thailand on the impact of soil conservation (Leucaena hedgerow, Jack bean relay cropping) under minimum tillage on runoff and soil loss was tested. Results indicated thatWaNuLCAS was able to predict soil loss and runoff well at the test site; i.e. R2 = 0.80 and 0.82, respectively. In the calibration procedure a sub data set was used, where adjusting crop development parameters was an important step for improving simulated soil loss (R2 = 0.75) and runoff (R2 = 0.89). Soilconservation measures such as Leucaena hedges were effective techniques to control runoff and soil loss. Implementing a dynamic soil structure module in combination with minimum tillage reduced runoff and soil loss via an increase in available macropores and hence drainage over time which improved simulation results. Relay cropping with Jack bean played an important role in the control treatment in reducing soil loss during the third year due to its additional soil cover and positive impact on soil fertility as suggested by the model. Hence, the WaNuLCAS model is a valuable tool to study and understand processes and to explore management options for improving tropical hillside cropping threatened by soil degradation. Zea mays L. ; Runoff ; Soil loss ; Relay cropping ; Minimum tillage ; Hedgerows ; Modelling]]> DOI 10.1007/s10457-010-9290-2 Southeast Asia English Pansak W, Hilger T, Lusiana B, Kongkaew T, Marohn C and Cadisch G. 2010. Assessing soil conservation strategies for upland cropping in Northeast Thailand with the WaNuLCAS model. Agroforestry Systems. : P. 22. GRP 2, GRP 6 2354 MA 45 MA0045-10 Jusupta Tarigan, Sonya Dewi and Kurniatun Hairiah 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 3 1 11-13
Salah satu tujuan dari pelatihan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kapasitas sumberdaya manusia di wilayah Indonesia bagian timur khususnya Papua dalam memahami teknik pengukuran cadangan karbon di tingkat plot sampai pada tingkat bentang lahan di berbagai sistem penggunaan lahan. Metode yang digunakan adalah "Rapid Carbon Stock Apraisal" (RaCSA) yang dikembangkan oleh ICRAF dengan melibatkan pengukuran karbon untuk tanah gambut yang metodenya dikembangkan oleh BBPSLP.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian kitong belajar menghitung karbon di tanah pu sendiri". "Kiprah Agroforestri. Vol.3: 11-13]]> GRP 5 2353 MA 44 MA0044-10 Pemodelan pertumbuhan tanaman, pohon dan perubahan lansekap Degi Harja and Subekti Rahayu 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 3 1 8-10 Saat ini pemerintah sedang gencargencarnya mencanangkan penanaman pohon terutama di lahan-lahan kritis. Setelah sekian juta pohon tertanam, apa yang terjadi 30, 40 atau 50 tahun yang akan datang pada lokasi tersebut? Tak ada yang tahu, dan si penanam pun belum tentu dapat menyaksikan hasil jerih payahnya. Namun salah satu motivasi utama bagi mereka adalah ?menanam untuk anak cucu?. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2, GRP 6 2352 MA 43 MA0043-10 Forum diskusi multipihak dan forest governance learning group Bungo Ratna Akiefnawati and Imam Budisetiawan 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 3 1 6-7
Ternyata, kedua instansi yang merupakan kunci keberhasilan pembangunan kehutanan di Kabupaten Bungo tersebut tidak ada yang bisa diajak bekerja sama dalam membahas program kehutanan maupun rencana pembangunan daerah di Kabupaten Bungo. Namun, sekarang keadaan sudah berubah. Sejak tahun 2005 geliat sektor kehutanan multipihak di Kabupaten Bungo mulai terlihat. Pemerintah kabupaten, masyarakat desa, LSM dan peneliti sudah merasa jenuh dengan peraturanperaturan yang selalu berubah, dan program kerja yang hanya seperti paket kerja saja tanpa memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2351 MA 42 MA0042-10 Mengurai benang kusut mitigasi iklim dari Kopenhagen Meine van Noordwijk 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 3 1 3-4
Maka dari itu, menetapkan tindakan yang tepat untuk meringankan masalah global (Globally Appropriate Mitigation Action- GAMA) sangat diperlukan dalam rangka menjaga kenaikan suhu global di bawah o 2 C akibat kecerobohan manusia. Tindakan untuk menjaga kenaikan suhu o global di bawah 2 C tersebut harus dimulai dari tingkat nasional (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions-NAMA) dan lokal (Locally Appropriate Mitigation Actions-LAMA). Jika semua negara memaparkan strategi nasionalnya dengan tindakan yang tepat untuk mengurangi emisi (NAMA), kemungkinan tindakan mitigasi mengenai masalah emisi secara global (GAMA) tidak dibutuhkan lagi. Meskipun demikian, negosiasi yang mendasar masih diperlukan lebih lanjut.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 5 2350 WP 128 WP0128-10 Agroforestry education in the Philippines: Status report from the Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE) Leila Landicho and Jesus Fernandez 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper no 96 23
The survey results indicated a significant growth in agroforestry education in the Philippines since 1976 because of the perceived need to continuously produce manpower to help rehabilitate the upland areas. Currently, there are already 34 academic institutions offering different types of agroforestry programs in the country. These programs include BS Agriculture major in Agroforestry (BSA-AF), BS Forestry major in Agroforestry (BSF-AF), BS Agroforestry (BSAF), BS Agroforestry Entrepreneurship (BSAE), terminal and ladderized Diploma/Certificate in Agroforestry, and Master of Science in Agroforestry (MSAF).

The past two decades have also shown considerable improvements in the qualifications of teaching staff in academic institutions offering BSAF program. Teaching materials, though limited in number, were always made available to students. The Policy, Standards and Guidelines (PSG) for BSAF issued by the Philippine Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in 2006 has helped standardize the curriculum for the said program among institutions surveyed. Nevertheless, agroforestry courses were still being taught in other related programs. While interest to conduct research and extension activities among faculty was increasing, opportunities were nevertheless limited for them due to resource constraints and heavy workload. On the other hand, students? interest to pursue a BSAF degree was observed to be declining due to limited job prospects after graduation. Incidents of drop out among BSAF students were also occurring in most academic institutions because of financial constraints.

There is a need for academic institutions and agroforestry networks, such as PAFERN and the National Association of Agroforesters of the Philippines (NAAP), to establish more innovative recruitment, curricular review, and job placement programs to make agroforestry education more attractive to students and prospective employers. PAFERN and NAAP should also take the lead to lobby with the local government units (LGUs) to create core positions for agroforestry graduates and provide financial support to implement collaborative agroforestry research and extension programs for rural development with learning institutions. A database of essential agroforestry teaching materials and facilities available in the country would facilitate effective and efficient sharing of the same among the learning institutions and ensure the quality of teaching agroforestry to students.]]> agroforestry education, status, assessment, Philippines Southeast Asia English 0 Landicho L and Fernandez J. 2010. Agroforestry education in the Philippines: Status report from the Southeast Asian Network for Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE). Working Paper no 96Bo gor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 23 p. GRP 6 2349 MA 41 MA0041-10 Menuntut ilmu setinggi harga pupuk Arif Rahmanulloh 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 2 12-13 Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 3 2348 MA 40 MA0040-10 Menuju Batang Toru lestari Jusupta Tarigan 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 2 11-12 Di dalam kawasan hutan Batang Toru terdapat lima wilayah daerah aliran sungai (DAS), yaitu Batang Toru, Bila, Aek Kolang, Barumun dan Batang Gadis.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 1, GRP 6 2347 MA 39 MA0039-10 Ketika harga getah kurang berkah: cara bertahan petani Lubuk Kayu Aro, Jambi, menghadapi krisis harga karet Dudi Iskandar 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 2 8-10 Dalam menghadapi krisis harga karet petani masih menggantungkan upaya mendapatkan sumber kehidupan dari alam sekitarnya. Mendulang emas menjadi peralihan yang utama. Tetapi itu tidak bisa berkelanjutan dan lebih bergantung pada keberuntungan. Petani mengupayakan pelestarian pola hutan karet (agroforestri). Pola agroforestri dimana tanaman atau pohon lain tumbuh di antara pohon karet memberikan penghasilan ketika getah karet tidak bisa diandalkan. Petai, misalnya, bisa dijual di pasar. Demikian juga buah-buahan, seperti durian dan duku. Di saat krisis petani sangat terbantu dengan berbagai hasil dari hutan karet. Mereka masih bisa mendapatkan kayu bakar untuk memasak dan sayuran untuk lauk nasi. Mereka juga masih bisa berburu, untuk kebutuhan protein dari hewan. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2, GRP 3 2346 MA 38 MA0038-10 Pendapatan baru dari agroforestri kopi Ign. Kristianto M 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 2 6-7 Panen anakan anis merah memberi tambahan pendapatan yang signifikan bagi petani agroforestri kopi di Bali. Terlebih, panen anis merah berlangsung setelah musim panen kopi, sehingga petani dapat memperoleh penghasilan sepanjang tahun. Meski hasilnya lebih sedikit dibanding hasil panen kopi, namun investasi dan tenaga yang diperlukan untuk mendapatkannya juga sangat rendah. Keberadaan sarang anis merah merupakan dampak dari pengelolaan agroforestri kopi yang dikombinasikan dengan pemeliharaan kambing atau sapi. Pemilihan jenis perindang dan tanaman pencampur juga berdampak bagi keberadaan sarang anis merah pada areal agroforestri yang dikelola. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2 2345 MA 37 MA0037-10 Menyulap lumpur menjadi listrik Erik Setiawan and Rachman Pasha 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 2 4-5 Dibawah fasilitasi staf lapangan program penelitian RUPES (Rewarding Upland People for Environmental Services), PLTA dan masyarakat Buluh Kapur menandatangani sebuah kontrak imbal jasa lingkungan. PLTA berjanji membantu pembangunan sebuah pembangkit listrik mikrohidro untuk penduduk Buluh Kapur bila masyarakat berhasil menurunkan sedimentasi sungai sebesar 30%. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2344 MA 36 MA0036-10 Rimbo karet dan hutan desa dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam berbasis masyarakat Dudi Iskandar and Endri Martini 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 2 3 Bagi masyarakat Lubuk Beringin, Rimbo Karet merupakan sumber mata pencaharian utama sejak lama. Melalui Rimbo Karet, kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat terpenuhi dengan penyadapan getah karet. Untuk menambah penghasilan terutama pada saat harga karet turun seperti saat ini, petani bisa menjual hasil non karet seperti petai, jengkol, duku dan durian. Jika tidak bisa dijual mereka bisa pakai untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari seperti untuk kayu bakar, kayu bahan bangunan, makanan dan obat-obatan tradisional. Mereka tidak perlu pergi ke hutan, karena kebutuhannya telah tersedia di Rimbo Karet. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2, GRP 3 2343 MA 35 MA0035-10 Mikoriza: Korporasi saling menguntungkan antara tanaman dan jamur Hesti L. Tata 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 1 14-15 Interaksi antar makhluk hidup merupakan hal lazim. Demikian pula dalam dunia tumbuhan. Dalam proses tumbuh dan berkembang, tumbuhan berinteraksi dengan lingkungan biotik maupun abiotik. Salah satu contoh interaksi tumbuhan yang bersifat biotik adalah dengan jamur. Hubungan tersebut bisa berupa hubungan yang saling merugikan (parasitisme) karena menyebabkan pohon/tanaman menjadi sakit, atau hubungan yang saling menguntungkan (mutualisme), misalnya mikoriza. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2, GRP 3 2342 MA 34 MA0034-10 Merintis pembibitan mandiri di Aceh Jusupta Tarigan 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 1 12-13 Keberadaan Program NOEL di Aceh Jaya makin dikenal oleh masyarakat semenjak ikut berpartisipasi dalam pameran peringatan 3 tahun bencana Tsunami pada 26 Desember 2007 di Calang. Sehari setelah penutupan pameran, permintaan pelatihan dari masyarakat terus mengalir. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2 2341 MA 33 MA0033-10 Berguru pada petani, menghormati pengetahuan lokal Elok Mulyoutami 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 1 10-11 Narasumber yang dipilih adalah petani atau tokoh yang dianggap paling berpengalaman dalam bidangnya. Biasanya, pemilihan narasumber ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda 'snowball sampling', diawali dari orang yang dikenal, kemudian terus bergulir seperti bola salju dari satu narasumber ke narasumber lain. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2 2340 MA 32 MA0032-10 Bila bohong, itu urusan mereka! Menelurusi mekanisme pemasaran sayur katuk Lia Dahlia 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 1 7-8 Berkendaraan di belakang mobil pengangkut sayuran menjadi pengalaman yang sangat menarik. Iwan dan teman-temannya menjadi paham resiko membawa muatan sayuran dari Ciampea ke Jakarta. Bukan hanya karena udara panas yang membuat sayuran layu, tapi karena sepanjang perjalanan mobil bak terbuka yang penuh muatan itu menjadi sasaran empuk pungli (pungutan liar). Kalau sedang apes Pak Kastolani harus merogoh koceknya lebih dalam untuk membayar petugas jalan raya atau polisi yang menyetop kendaraannya dengan dalih memeriksa surat-surat. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 3 2339 MA 31 MA0031-10 Aren-aren yang menghidupi. Cerita dari pinggiran habitat orangutan Batang Toru, Sumatera Utara Arif Rahmanulloh and Elok Mulyoutami 2009 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 2 1 1-3 Di Desa Sibulan-bulan dan Pagaran Tulason yang berada pada ketinggian antara 600-800 m dpl, karet masih menjadi sumber penghidupan utama, meskipun masyarakat setempat memelihara aren. Di kedua desa tersebut, aktifitas pembuatan gula aren hanya bersifat sampingan. Berbeda dengan di Desa Paran Julu yang berada pada ketinggian 800-1.200 m dpl, gula aren menjadi sumber penghasilan utama setelah padi sawah. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2, GRP 1 2338 MA 30 MA0030-10 Memetakan konflik dengan RaTA Gamma Galudra and Aunul Fauzi 2008 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 1 2 9-10 Tahun 2003, melalui Departemen Kehutanan, pemerintah menetapkan kawasan Gunung Halimun-Salak seluas 113.357 hektar yang terletak di wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat dan Banten sebagai kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak (TNGHS). Penetapan ini didasarkan pada zonasi yang dilakukan pemerintah Belanda pada masa kolonial serta pemerintah Indonesia antara tahun 60an dan 80an. Penetapan sebuah kawasan sebagai taman nasional berarti selain yang berhak tidak diperbolehkan masuk apalagi memanfaatkan segala sesuatu yang berada di dalam lingkup kawasan. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2337 MA 29 MA0029-10 Pendekatan bottom-up dalam menghitung biaya untuk menurunkan emisi karbon (abatement cost) dari deforestasi dan degradasi Aunul Fauzi and Sonya Dewi 2008 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 1 2 8-9 Metode bottom-up sudah dicoba ICRAF di 3 provinsi di Indonesia, yaitu Jambi, Lampung, dan Kalimantan Timur. Data tutupan lahan tahun 1990 dibandingkan dengan tahun 2000 dan 2005. Ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui emisi karbon yang ditimbulkan karena konversi lahan. Secara umum bisa dikatakan bahwa lebih dari 80% emisi karbon akibat konversi atau perubahan lahan di ketiga provinsi tersebut memiliki nilai ekonomi yang rendah (di bawah US$ 5), sehingga disimpulkan bahwa skema kompensasi dalam mekanisme REDD cukup menarik untuk ketiga provinsi tersebut. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 5, GRP 6 2336 MA 28 MA0028-10 Inovasi agroforestri untuk meningkatkan produktifitas karet Aunul Fauzi, Ratna Akiefnawati and Janudianto 2008 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 1 2 6-7 Di Jambi, pembukaan lahan untuk kebun karet dengan pola tebastebang - bakar sudah menjadi tradisi. Lahan yang sudah bersih lalu ditanami secara tumpangsari, yaitu tanaman pangan dengan karet. Ketika tajuk karet mulai menaungi sehingga produksi tanaman pangan menurun, petani meninggalkan kebun karet mudanya tanpa pemeliharaan dan kembali lagi saat karet siap sadap. Karena lama tak terurus, produksi karet dari kebun tidak memuaskan. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2 2335 MA 27 MA0027-10 Agroforestri jati Gunung Kidul. Peluang dan tantangan Aunul Fauzi and Iwan Kurniawan 2008 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 1 2 1-2 Potensi agroforestri jati di Jawa memang sangat besar. Dengan luas hamparan sekitar 1,5 kali luas perkebunan jati berskala besar, tingginya permintaan, dan harga yang relatif bagus, peluang ini semestinya dapat menjawab berbagai persoalan kehidupan petani kecil, termasuk kemiskinan. Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 3 2334 MA 26 MA0026-10 Forum SIG Aceh Barat Andree Ekadinata 2008 Kiprah Agroforestri 1 1 6 Walaupun belum resmi terbentuk karena masih menunggu pengesahan lewat SK Bupati, Forum SIG (Sistem Informasi Geografis) Aceh Barat sudah memiliki kapasitas yang memadai untuk memulai tugasnya. Tugas yang akan diemban antara lain meliputi penyusunan basis data spasial Kabupaten Aceh Barat yang akan digunakan untuk memberi dukungan terhadap proses perencanaan tata ruang di kabupaten tersebut Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2333 MA 25 MA0025-10 Mengukur karbon di lahan Subekti Rahayu 2008 Kiprah agroforestri 1 1 3-4 Awal tahun 2008, ICRAF kembali bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya untuk mengadakan pelatihan pengukuran karbon di tingkat plot dan ekstrapolasinya ke tingkat bentang lahan menggunakan SIG (Sistem Informasi Geografi) bagi peserta nasional dari berbagai lembaga penelitian, perguruan tinggi dan LSM. Pelatihan di Malang, Jawa Timur tersebut diadakan dalam rangka implementasi program RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) yang dikembangkan oleh ICRAF Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 2, GRP 6 2332 MA 24 MA0024-10 Iwan Kurniawan 2008 Kiprah Agroforestri 1 1 2-3 ?Keduanya harus serentak,? jawab Haji Udi, petani dari Desa Parakan Muncang, Kecamatan Nanggung, Bogor, ketika ditanya mana yang lebih dahulu dikerjakan, bercocok tanam ataukah memastikan tersedianya pasar tempat menjual hasil. Umum diketahui bahwa selama ini berbagai pihak telah membantu petani meningkatkan hasil pertanian, tetapi saat panen tiba petani kebingungan karena tidak tahu kemana akan menjual hasilnya. Pasar tidak disiapkan! Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 3 2331 WP 127 WP0127-10 Boundary organizations, objects, and agents: linking knowledge with action in agroforestry watersheds Elizabeth C. McNie, Meine van Noordwijk, William C Clark, Nancy M. Dickson, Niken Sakuntaladewi, S. Suyanto, Laxman Joshi, Beria Leimona, Kurniatun Hairiah and Noviana Khususiyah 2008 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya Working Paper No. 80 41
The purpose of this workshop was threefold:
? The ICRAF/Harvard research team wanted to share their initial assumptions about the role of boundary organizations as understood from northern/western literature;
? The ICRAF/Harvard team wanted to learn from the expert scholars and practitioners gathered for the workshop experience in linking knowledge with action for sustainable agroforestry and watershed management based on their own experiences and research in Indonesia.
? The ICRAF/Harvard team wanted to synthesize the initial findings from their research with perspectives of the workshop attendees in order to inform the research project and thus broaden their understanding of the role of boundary organizations in sustainable development in Indonesia.

Findings from the workshop indicated that significant differences exist between northern/western notions of boundary organizations, boundary work, and boundary agents and the RUPES (Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services) model. These findings suggest that future efforts to link knowledge with action for sustainable development should consider the following observations when designing their institutions and organizations to achieve desired policy objectives. What follows is a summary of the most important discoveries from the workshop.]]> sustainable development, environmental policy, sustainability, boundary work, boundary organizations, agroforestry systems, watersheds Southeast Asia English McNie EC, van Noordwijk M, Clark WC, Dickson NM, Sakuntaladewi N, Suyanto S, Joshi L, Leimona B, Hairiah K and Khususiyah N. 2008. Boundary organizations, objects, and agents: linking knowledge with action in agroforestry watersheds. Working Paper No. 80Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). 41 p. GRP 6 2330 PO 231 PO0231-10 Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) Implementation at Sumber Brantas Watershed, Malang Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, Sudarto and Iva Dewi Lestariningsih 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), SEA Regional Office and Brawijaya University Bogor, Indonesia 2. Development of reward mechanism to local community to support community action plan
3 Good will enhancing payment to the local community to improve their livelihood
4. Incentives to community groups to rehabilitate land and forest, avoid degradation and reducing threats to watershed functions
]]> Southeast Asia English Widianto, Suprayogo D, Sudarto and Lestariningsih ID. Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) Implementation at Sumber Brantas Watershed, Malang. : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), SEA Regional Office and Brawijaya University. 2010. GRP 6 2329 PO 230 PO0230-10 Estimation of Carbon Stock Changes in the Kalikonto sub-watershed (Malang), Using Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RaCSA) Kurniatun Hairiah, Syahrul Kurniawan, Fitri Khusyu Aini, Nina Dwi Lestari, Iva Dwi Lestari, Widianto and Thoha Zulkarnaen 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 2. Carbon lost from natural forest was about 1.09 Mg ha-1 yr-1, tree plantations lost 0.25 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Carbon lost from coffee-based agroforestry systems was about 0.05 Mg ha-1 yr-1.
3. Planting more trees (damar, pinus, mahogany) in the landscape through the Reforestation Program in the 1990-2005 period was not able to replenish the C lost from the landscape, planting more trees in the landscape through agroforestry and plantation may compensate the loss of C through forest conversion.]]> Southeast Asia English Hairiah K, Kurniawan S, Aini FK, Lestari ND, Lestari ID, Widianto and Zulkarnaen T. Estimation of Carbon Stock Changes in the Kalikonto sub-watershed (Malang), Using Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RaCSA). : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6, ALLREDDI 2328 PO 229 PO0229-10 Can Coffee-Based Agroforestry System Converse Biodiversity? Rapid Agro-Biodiversity Appraisal (RABA) in the Kalikonto sub-watershed (Malang) Kurniatun Hairiah, Fitri Khusyu Aini, Syahrul Kurniawan and Nina Dwi Lestari 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 2. Maintaining hydrological function of watershed and protecting water spring which needed by community and by hydropower (PLTA) Selorejo
3. Home for many plant and animal species but sensitive fauna and flora to fragmentation will not survive.
4. Maintaining belowground biodiversity and its function, BUT little known by farmers due to invisible without microscopic and limited information.]]> Southeast Asia English Hairiah K, Aini FK, Kurniawan S and Lestari ND. Can Coffee-Based Agroforestry System Converse Biodiversity? Rapid Agro-Biodiversity Appraisal (RABA) in the Kalikonto sub-watershed (Malang). : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 2 2327 PO 228 PO0228-10 RUPES Supporting IFAD's Investment Projects in Many Countries RUPES 2010 World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Bogor, Indonesia In Indonesia, RUPES provided inputs to the IFAD?s Rural Empowerment for Agricultural Development Program in Central Sulawesi. Similar support is now being discussed for the Post-crises Program for Participatory Integrated Development in Rainfed Areas (PIDRA) Project, also in Indonesia. In Nepal, RUPES works with the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Southeast Asia English RUPES. RUPES Supporting IFAD's Investment Projects in Many Countries. : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2010. GRP 6, RUPES 2326 PO 227 PO0227-10 RUPES's Approach to Bridge Institutional Constraints RUPES 2010 World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Bogor, Indonesia Recognizing that lack of political will or institutional capacity, lack of supportive legal framework and financial resources, and even limited community interest and commitment, RUPES is active to provide solutions by facilitating independent national environmental service (ES) networks in Indonesia and the Philippines. Southeast Asia English RUPES. RUPES's Approach to Bridge Institutional Constraints. : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2010. GRP 6, RUPES 2325 PO 226 PO0226-10 Environmental Service Rewards for Saving Rangelands RUPES 2010 World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Bogor, Indonesia China's rangelands, located at the 'Roof of Asia', provide essential environmental services to more than billion downstream inhabitants. Rangeland degradation is a national and regional ecological security concern. Degradation also directly affects the livelihood of herders, who are not only among the poorest in the country, but also marginalized from policy making processes. As policy makers begin to design a large-scale Payment for Environmental Services scheme targeting the nation's rangelands, RUPES is working with national policy advisors to improve their understanding of potential impacts on herders' livelihoods and to incorporate herders' perspectives into policy recommendations. Southeast Asia English RUPES. Environmental Service Rewards for Saving Rangelands. : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2010. GRP 6, RUPES 2324 PO 225 PO0225-10 Voluntary Carbon Trade, Now Come True! RUPES 2010 World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Bogor, Indonesia RUPES facilitates the deal and will provide technical assistance during the contract period. The stakeholders of Singkarak integrated watershed management have now enjoyed the fruit of long process of trust building and scientific-based decision making facilitated by RUPES since 2005. Singkarak watershed is RUPES II action research site. Southeast Asia English RUPES. Voluntary Carbon Trade, Now Come True!. : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2010. GRP 6, RUPES 2323 PO 224 PO0224-10 Revealing the True Values of Jungle Rubber RUPES 2010 World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Bogor, Indonesia When RUPES first started working with jungle rubber farmers in Bungo of Jambi Province, Indonesia, many said they would convert their jungle rubber to monoculture plantations if they had enough money. But now, after analyzing with RUPES facilitators the economics of their situation, they have concluded that substituting to monoculture plantations would not yield all the anticipated gains. Southeast Asia English RUPES. Revealing the True Values of Jungle Rubber. : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2010. GRP 6, RUPES 2322 PO 223 PO0223-10 Lubuk Beringin Village Forest: The First in Indonesia RUPES 2010 World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Bogor, Indonesia On March 30, 2009, more than 2,000 people witnessed the inauguration of the first village forest (Hutan Desa) by the Forestry Minister at Lubuk Beringin village of Jambi Province. The 2,356 ha of the Bukit Panjang - Rantau Bayur forest is designated under the management of Lubuk Beringin village administration. Under the Forestry Minister Regulation No. P.49/Menhut-II/2008, village communities can be granted legal right to manage state forests for their own prosperity. Southeast Asia English RUPES. Lubuk Beringin Village Forest: The First in Indonesia. : Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2010. GRP 6, RUPES 2321 JA 366 JA0366-10 A Profile of Conservation International Russell A. Mittermeier, Claude Gascon and Thomas M. Brooks 2009 International Journal of Wilderness International Journal of Wilderness 15 2 31- 34, 48 Conservation International (CI) is a global conservation organization with a twist. Uniquely, the organization is committed to predicting, measuring, and holding itself accountable for the benefits to human well-being-across a wide range of dimensions-of all the biodiversity conservation work that it conducts or supports. The rationale is that although biodiversity conservation as a human enterprise is successfully making small-scale gains in a number of places, the aggregate global trend remains negative because most of human society does not realize why preventing biodiversity loss is so important to themselves, their families, and their nations; to future generations; and to the global eradication of poverty. Philippines English Mittermeier RA, Gascon C and Brooks TM. 2009. A Profile of Conservation International. International Journal of Wilderness. 15(2):P. 31- 34, 48. GRP 6 2320 JA 365 JA0365-10 Evaluating the Success of Conservation Actions in Safeguarding Tropical Forest Biodiversity Thomas M. Brooks, S. Joseph Wright and Douglas Sheil 2009 Conservation Biology Society for Conservation Biology 23 6 1448-1457 We reviewed the evidence on the extent and efficacy of conservation of tropical forest biodiversity for each of the classes of conservation action defined by the new International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification. Protected areas are the most tested conservation approach, and a number of studies show they are generally effective in slowing deforestation. There is some documentation of the extent of sustainable timber management in tropical forest, but little information on other landscape-conservation tactics. The extent and effectiveness of ex situ species conservation is quite well known. Forty-one tropical-forest species now survive only in captivity. Other single-species conservation actions are not as well documented. The potential of policy mechanisms, such as international conventions and provision of funds, to slow extinctions in tropical forests is considerable, but the effects of policy are difficult to measure. Finally, interventions to promote tropical conservation by supporting education and livelihoods, providing incentives, and furthering capacity building are all thought to be important, but their extent and effectiveness remain poorly known. For birds, the best studied taxon, the sum of such conservation actions has averted one-fifth of the extinctions that would otherwise have occurred over the last century. Clearly, tropical forest conservation works, but more is needed, as is critical assessment of what works in what circumstances, if mass extinction is to be averted. conservation actions, extinction rates, landscape conservation, protected areas, species management, tropical forests Philippines English Brooks TM, Wright SJ and Sheil D. 2009. Evaluating the Success of Conservation Actions in Safeguarding Tropical Forest Biodiversity. Conservation Biology. 23(6):P. 1448-1457. GRP 6 2319 JA 364 JA0364-10 Swidden Transformations and Rural Livelihoods in Southeast Asia R.A. Cramb, Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Wolfram Dressler, Pinkaew Laungaramsri, Quang Trang Le, Elok Mulyoutami, Nancy L. Peluso and Reed L. Wadley 2009 Human Ecology Springer Netherlands 37 3 259-392 This paper explores the major interactions between the transformation of swidden farming and the pursuit of rural livelihoods in the uplands of Southeast Asia. The paper draws on selected literature, workshop reflections, and six case studies to describe the causal processes and livelihood consequences of swidden change. Householdlevel livelihood responses have included both the intensification and ?dis-intensification? of swidden land-use, the insertion of cash crops, the redeployment of household labour, and the taking on of broader (often non-rural) livelihood aspirations and strategies. At the community level there have been emerging institutional arrangements for management of land and forests, and varying degrees of participation in or resistance to government schemes and programs. Swidden change has led to the loss and also the reassertion, realignment, and redefinition of cultures and identities, with important implications for access to resources. The impacts of these changes have been varied. Cash crops have often improved livelihoods but complete specialisation for the market increases vulnerability. Thus swidden can still provide an important safety net in the face of market fluctuations. Improved access to markets and social provision of education and health care have mostly improved the welfare of previously isolated groups. However, growing differences within and between communities in the course of swidden transformations can leave some groups marginalized and worse off. These processes of differentiation can be accentuated by heavy-handed state interventions based on swidden stereotypes. Nevertheless, communities have not passively accepted these pressures and have mobilized to protect their livelihood assets and strategies. Thus swidden farmers are not resisting appropriate and supportive forms of development. They are adopting new practices and engaging with markets, but in many situations swidden is still important to their livelihood strategies, providing resilience in the face of turbulent change. Active involvement of local people is essential in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating development and conservation programs in swidden lands. Positive market incentives and supportive government policies are better than standardised, top-down directives. Agrarian change . Uplands . Livelihood strategies . Resource tenure . Food security . Agency Southeast Asia English 0 Cramb RC, Colfer CJ, Dressler W, Laungaramsri P, Trang Le Q, Mulyoutami E, Peluso NL and Wadley RL. 2009. Swidden Transformations and Rural Livelihoods in Southeast Asia. Human Ecology. 37(3):P. 259-392. GRP 2, GRP 5 2318 NL 43 NL0043-10 Kiprah Agroforestri 5 Degi Harja, Dudi Iskandar, Iman Budisetiawan, Jusupta Tarigan, Kurniatun Hairiah, Martua T Sirait, Meine van Noordwijk, Ratna Akiefnawati and Sonya Dewi 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 3 1 16
KIPRAH juga menyajikan artikel mengenai pentingnya pengetahuan dalam menyelesaikan tumpang tindih klaim kawasan hutan. Bekerja sama dengan Working Group Tenure, ICRAF melaksanakan serangkaian kegiatan pelatihan perangkat analis tenurial dengan menggunakan tiga metode, yaitu RATA, HuMa-Win dan AGATA.

Jangan lagi sulit bila ingin bertemu dengan pegawai dinas Kehutanan & Perkebunan, itulah harapan kawan-kawan LSM tentang Pemerintah Kabupaten Bungo. Diskusi demi diskusi diadakan dalam rangka membahas program kehutanan dan mengetahui rencana pembangunan daerah. Gayungpun bersambut, Forum Diskusi Multipihak Bungo pun terbentuk, dan kini keadaan sudah berubah.

Masih dengan artikel menarik lain, kami hadirkan juga model simulasi. Contoh simulasi sederhana dari pencanang program dengan menggambarkan suatu sistem yang nyata. Model ini membantu suatu penelitian untuk memprediksi apa yang terjadi 30, 40 atau 50 tahun yang akan datang dengan hasil penanaman pohon kita.

Belajar dan terus belajar, sebuah kata yang sangat sering terdengar. Tapi apa yang terjadi jika belajar menghitung cadangan karbon diadakan di Jayapura, Papua? Proyek ALLREDDI yang salah satu mandatnya untuk meningkatkan kapasitas sumberdaya manusia terutama dalam memahami pengukuran cadangan karbon akan memberikan sekelumit cerita yang menarik didalam edisi ini.

Rawana, pemenang poster terbaik dari sekitar 300 judul poster lain dalam forum World Agroforestry Congress ke-2 di Nairobi, begitu tertegun dan tak mampu mengucapkan sepatah katapun. Baca kisah bahagianya disini.

Beberapa info tambahan juga dapat anda temukan. Semoga di tahun 2010 ini, inovasi baru, semangat dan karya-karya terbaik dapat terus ditingkatkan untuk menunjang dunia penelitian dan berkontribusi positif terhadap misi penyelamatan alam semesta.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Harja D, Iskandar D, Budisetiawan I, Tarigan J, Hairiah K, Sirait MT, van Noordwijk M, Akiefnawati R and Dewi S. 2010. Kiprah Agroforestri. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2317 MN 45 MN0045-10 Tree nursery sourcebook. Options in support of sustainable development James M Roshetko, Enrique L. Tolentino, Jr., Wilfredo M Carandang, Manuel Bertomeu, Alexander U.Tabbada, Gerhard Manurung and Calixto E. Yao 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), SEA Regional Office and Winrock International Bogor, Indonesia 52 978-979-3198-47-7 Southeast Asia English -1 Roshetko JM, Tolentino, Jr. EL, Carandang WM, Bertomeu M, Tabbada AU, Gerhard Manurung G and Yao CE. 2010. Tree nursery sourcebook. Options in support of sustainable development. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), SEA Regional Office and Winrock International. 52 p. GRP 1 2316 PP 288 PP0288-10 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation-Overcoming Barriers of Smallholder Forests Carbon Development Racquel C. Lopez, Rodel D. Lasco and Paul L.G. Vlek Andres B. Masipiquena, Merlijn van Weerd and Racquel G. Udto 2009 Changing landscapes. Proceeding of the sixth international conference on environment and development Isabela State University and Cagayan Valley Program on Environment and Development (CVPED) Quezon City, Philippines 50-51
There is an increasing interest in Philippines to help mitigate climate change through carbon forestry projects. Carbon markets present an additional new source of income for smallholder farmers which could encourage them to adopt a wide range of sustainable land management practices while making important contribution to climate change mitigation through both emissions reductions and carbon sequestration. Finding synergies to help mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration while not neglecting other environmental services (e.g. biodiversity conservation), is also a big challenge. In addition, being vulnerable to the impact of global warming, the smallholders are also faced the challenge of undertaking measures to adapt climate variability while securing its food source and livelihood.

Land (forest and agricultural land) area management through agroforestation (tree farming and agroforestry system) have great potential for carbon sequestration and simultanouely buffering farmers against climate variability while providing food source and livelihood.

A research is being undertaken to explore the potential of the smallholder forestry projects in the Philippines as carbon sequestration projects to be viable in markets for carbon emission reduction credits, and to explore in which way smallholder agroforestation projects participation can be facilitated and benefit in such markets. The study aims to identify technological innovations, institutional approaches, and policy reforms necessary for Philippines so as to reduce the barriers associated with smallholder participation.]]> Climate Change, Mitigation and Adaptation, Forest carbon, Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), agroforestation, Land Management Philippines English Lopez RC, Lasco RD and Vlek PL. 2009. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation-Overcoming Barriers of Smallholder Forests Carbon Development. In: Masipiquena AB, van Weerd M and Udto RG,eds. Changing landscapes. Proceeding of the sixth international conference on environment and development. Quezon City, Philippines. Isabela State University and Cagayan Valley Program on Environment and Development (CVPED). GRP 5