2687 JA 433 JA0433-12 Impacts of rattan cane harvesting on vegetation structure and tree diversity of Conservation Forest in Buton, Indonesia Atiek Widayati and Bruce Carlisle 2012 Forest Ecology and Management Elsevier B.V. 266 2012 206-215 Lambusango Forest, Buton, Indonesia, is an example of the potential for conflict between forest conservation and long standing local extraction of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs), in this case rattan cane harvesting. This paper investigates the impacts of rattan harvesting on tree and understorey vegetation structure, species richness and diversity. Tree and understorey vegetation characteristics and soil and topographic variables were recorded in forest plots. Interviews with rattan harvesters recorded information on harvesting techniques and locations. The relationships between tree and understorey vegetation characteristics and soils, topography and rattan harvesting techniques were assessed with the multivariate ordination technique of Redundancy Analysis (RDA). Analysis of the relationships with rattan harvesting proximity and forest designation zone used Multivariate Analyses of Covariance (MANCOVA). Tree species richness and diversity are primarily affected by slope gradient and altitude, while tree size is affected mainly by soil chemical factors. Only a small part of the variation in tree structure measures can be attributed to the impacts of rattan cane harvesting. Stronger adverse effects on understorey vegetation density, including tree saplings and seedlings, were found. This is thought to be a case of rattan harvesting exacerbating the effects of competition between rattan plants and other understorey vegetation. Longer term monitoring of forest characteristics could provide stronger understanding of the impacts. However, rattan harvesting appears to have little effect on forest structure and diversity in Lambusango Forest, suggesting that relatively small scale NTFP extraction does not necessarily conflict with forest conservation. Non-timber forest product, Forest conservation, Rattan cane harvesting, Forest structure, Buton Island Southeast Asia English Widayati A and Carlisle B. 2012. Impacts of rattan cane harvesting on vegetation structure and tree diversity of Conservation Forest in Buton, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management. 266(2012):P. 206-215. 2686 BK 152 BK0152-12 Burung-burung Agroforest di Sumatera Asep Ayat Ani Mardiastuti 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 112 978-979-3198-60-6 Agroforest merupakan salah satu tipe penggunaan lahan yang banyak diterapkan oleh masyarakat di Sumatera karena dianggap memiliki fungsi dalam mendukung kebutuhan ekonomi masyarakat dari tanaman utamanya dan memiliki fungsi ekologi dalam menjaga kelestarian sumber daya air, kesuburan tanah, pengatur iklim dan habitat bagi keanekaragaman hayati.
Hasil penelitian di Sumatera menunjukkan bahwa sekitar 300 jenis burung ditemukan pada kawasan agroforest dan sekitarnya. Hal ini menjadi indikasi nyata bahwa kawasan agroforest di Sumatera mampu memberikan daya dukung sebagai habitat burung. Artinya, kawasan agroforest dapat menyediakan kebutuhan hidup seperti pakan dan tempat tinggal bagi berbagai jenis burung.
Buku ini dirancang untuk pegangan bagi masyarakat dan pemerhati keanekaragaman hayati agar dapat mengenali jenisjenis burung sehingga tertarik untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut tentang kehidupan dan manfaatnya. Penulis berharap masyarakat dan para pemerhati keanekaragaman hayati dapat memberikan kontribusi pada pelestarian jenis-jenis burung sebagai indikator lingkungan dari aspek keanekaragaman hayati.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian -1 Ayat A. 2011. Burung-burung Agroforest di Sumatera. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 112 p. GRP 2 2685 PO 289 PO0289-12 Rice fish ? land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials ? In Vietnamese language Elisabeth Simelton, Hoang Thi Hieu, Dam Viet Bac, Nguyen Thi Hoa and Pham Thanh Loan 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change Response The objective of this research is to identify pathways towards multifunctional land-uses, in particular identify socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs associated with these transitions. Here we present the results for rice-fish cultivation ? a traditional way of organic agriculture and land use diversification.]]> Vietnam Vietnamese Simelton E, Hoang TH, Dam VB, Nguyen TH and Pham TL. Rice fish – land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials – In Vietnamese language. : Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change ResponseHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 2684 PO 288 PO0288-12 Rice fish ? land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials Elisabeth Simelton, Hoang Thi Hieu, Dam Viet Bac, Nguyen Thi Hoa and Pham Thanh Loan 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change Response The objective of this research is to identify pathways towards multifunctional land-uses, in particular identify socioeconomic and environmental trade-offs associated with these transitions. Here we present the results for rice-fish cultivation ? a traditional way of organic agriculture and land use diversification.]]> Vietnam English Simelton E, Hoang TH, Dam VB, Nguyen TH and Pham TL. Rice fish – land use diversification with many socioeconomic and environmental potentials. : Poster presented at Workshop on Ethnic Minority People in Disaster Management and Climate Change ResponseHanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2011. 2683 LE 174 LE0174-12 Frequently asked questions and answers on payment for forest environmental services - Basis for designing locally appropriate mechanisms of payment for environmental services- In Vietnamese language Do Trong Hoan, Alba Saray-Teran, Dam Viet Bac and Hoang Minh Ha 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnam Vietnamese Do Trong H, Saray-Teran A, Dam VB and Hoang MH. 2010. Frequently asked questions and answers on payment for forest environmental services - Basis for designing locally appropriate mechanisms of payment for environmental services- In Vietnamese language. [Leaflet].Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. GRP 6 2682 PB 36 PB0036-12 Farmers? tree nurseries in Vietnam: opportunities and constraints Hoang Minh Ha, James M Roshetko, Marc Dumas-Johansen, Nguyen Thi Hoa, Doan Duc Lan, Dinh Ngoc Lan and Ramni Jamnadass 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 12 Farmers? nursery can play an inportant rol in supporting government reforestration programs as well as the development of local agroforestry systems that enhance the livelihoods of farmers. They have the protential to be commercial enterprises that enhance the livelihood of farmer-operators. However a lack of access to quality gerplasm, technical support and markets limits the development and success of farmers? nursery. The policy brief has also shown the main way to overcome these constraints. Vietnam English Hoang MH, Roshetko JM, Dumas-Johansen M, Nguyen TH, Doan DL, Dinh NL and Jamnadass R. 2011. Farmers’ tree nurseries in Vietnam: opportunities and constraints. Hanoi, Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 12 p. GRP 6 2681 NL 50 NL0050-12 Agfor Sulawesi - Januari 2012 Lia Dahlia, James M Roshetko and Robert Finlayson 2012 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Januari 2012 1-6 The Agroforestry and Forestry in Sulawesi: Linking Knowledge with Action (AgFor Sulawesi) project works with local communities, governments and non-government organizations to improve farmers' incomes through agroforestry and landscape-management systems. Agroforestry is a combination of agriculture and forestry: trees that farmers want are grown on their farms or community land, often mixed with other crops and livestock. When these agroforests grow old they often look more like natural forests than tree farms because they are usually a mix of different types of trees. Experience has shown that agroforests can improve farmers' incomes and help protect natural forests. AgFor Sulawesi plans to solve several problems in order to improve people's lives and help protect the environment. Southeast Asia Indonesian - English Dahlia L, Roshetko JM and Finlayson R. 2012. Agfor Sulawesi - Januari 2012. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1 2680 BK 151 BK0151-12 Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam ? In Vietnamese language Neil Powell, Asa Gerger Swartling and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 263 One of the major coclusions of this book is that owing to the gaps and inefficiencies in present rural development policies, stakeholders can either completely bypass many pollicies or adapt them in such a way that they are better aligned to their direct needs, Cast in a negative light, this outcome could be viewed as a problem in terms policy of compliance. Findings from the different cases suggest, however, that this trend can instead be viewed as a means to pave the way for a precess that has already begum ? power sharing and negotiation between the state, the commercial sector and civil society, This conclusion has been taken on board when formulating the PEARL concet, in which Sweden can share its lessons learned on co-governance on a level playing field. Vietnam Vietnamese 2011. Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam – In Vietnamese language. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 263 p. 2679 BK 150 BK0150-12 Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam Neil Powell, Asa Gerger Swartling and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Hanoi, Vietnam 167 One of the major coclusions of this book is that owing to the gaps and inefficiencies in present rural development policies, stakeholders can either completely bypass many pollicies or adapt them in such a way that they are better aligned to their direct needs, Cast in a negative light, this outcome could be viewed as a problem in terms policy of compliance. Findings from the different cases suggest, however, that this trend can instead be viewed as a means to pave the way for a precess that has already begum ? power sharing and negotiation between the state, the commercial sector and civil society, This conclusion has been taken on board when formulating the PEARL concet, in which Sweden can share its lessons learned on co-governance on a level playing field. Vietnam English 2011. Stakeholder Agency in Rural Development Policy: Articulating Co-governance in Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 167 p. 2678 TD 167 TD0167-12 Payments for environmental services (PES) from tourism: A realistic incentive to improve local livelihoods and sustain forest landscapes in Viet Nam?s northern highlands Kira de Groot 2011 Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, The Netherlands 113 Department of Environmental Sciences Msc Vietnam English de Groot K. 2011. Payments for environmental services (PES) from tourism: A realistic incentive to improve local livelihoods and sustain forest landscapes in Viet Nam’s northern highlands. Wageningen, The Netherlands. : Wageningen University and Research Centre. 113 p. GRP 6 2677 JA 432 JA0432-12 Benefit distribution across scales to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Vietnam Hoang Minh Ha, Do Trong Hoan, Minh Thoa Pham, Meine van Noordwijk and Peter A Minang 2012 Journal of Land Use Policy Elsevier Ltd 1-15 Research questions were how to incorporate international, national and local stakeholders? investments into any distribution scheme; and how to sustain and manage an efficient, effective and equitable funding scheme for environmental services, including REDD+ revenues. Multiple data collection and analytical methods (including participatory approaches) were used to answer both research questions. Additionally, for the second question, we employed cost-benefit, opportunity cost and economic analyses.
Three key concepts formed the research frame for this paper: (1) benefit-distribution systems; (2) reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation plus conservation (REDD+); and (3) the broader concept of payments or rewards for ecosystem services; as well as lessons learned from existing, similar schemes.
This results shows that an appropriate benefit-sharing system for REDD+ revenues can be developed in such a way that meets international regulations as well as national and sub-national circumstances, particularly for the environmental services? providers who directly protect forests. Vietnam?s payments for forest environmental services? and integrated conservation schemes (where conservation and rural development are integrated) serve as a base for the development of a REDD+ benefit-distribution system.
We discuss ways of bundling such schemes with REDD+ ?service? payments and income streams from forestry and agroforestry ?goods? to provide short-term food- security/economic return and long-term environmental benefits. This combination is expected to provide sustainable incentives, but further effort is needed in the use of participatory methods and a ?bottom-up? approach to provide a strong base for an effective and equitable REDD+ mechanism at landscape level.
Experience drawn from Vietnam, in general, and in Bac Kan, in particular, can be replicated and directly contribute to reducing carbon emissions globally.]]> REDD+, Benefit sharing 16 system, Payment for environmental services, Equity, Transparency, Accountability, Effectiveness, Watershed management, Participatory Vietnam IN PRESS English Hoang MH, Do Trong H, Pham MT, van Noordwijk M and Minang PA. 2011. Benefit distribution across scales to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Vietnam. Journal of Land Use Policy. : P. 1-15. GRP 6 2676 JA 431 JA0431-12 Soil map classified by the soil classification system of the FAO-UNESCO Dam Xuan Van, Dam Viet Bac and Le Thi Thanh Van 2011 Journal of science and technology Thai Nguyen University 1-5 Soil map of Vo Nhai district are oriented establishments to offer appropriately land use for each land unit that using of advantages as well as troubleshoot limitations of each land unit, and propose the suitable solution in the soil reform. Vietnam Vietnamese Dam XV, Dam VB and Le TT. 2011. Soil map classified by the soil classification system of the FAO-UNESCO. Journal of science and technology. : P. 1-5. 2675 JA 430 JA0430-12 Driving forces of land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005) Dam Viet Bac and Dam Xuan Van 2011 Journal of science and technology Thai Nguyen University 1-14 The study was conducted at the Ngoc Phai Commune, Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. The aimed to determine land-use changes (LUCs) and their driving forces for the last 15 years (1990-2005) of Doi Moi (renovation) era in the mountainous region of northern Vietnam. The proximate (direct) driving forces of land-use change include wood extraction and slash-and-burn, shift in agricultural expansion, cattle ranching, demographic factors, biological factors (soil degradation) and physical factors (slope, elevation and distance from location of LUCs to the main road). In contrast, the underlying (indirect) driving forces of LUCs were Land Allocation Program 1992-1997, Five Million-Hectare Forest Restoration Program 1998-2010, Land Law 1993, Market-driven and Financial Aids in Forest Development. During the first period (1990-1998), the implementation of the forest allocation program became in allocated forest areas. Unfortunately, high rate of forest disturbance happened in the unallocated areas. During second period (1998-2005), after implementation of the land allocation program, market-driven and technological change created different effects on both gain of forest area and loss of forest areas. This period marked a strong economic transformation on agricultural production activities (shift in agricultural sector) and supports from government?s program. However, the forest protection and management seemed to be less effective compared to the first period, during land allocation implementation. driving forces, land use change, mountainous region, northern Vietnam Vietnam English Dam VB and Dam XV. 2011. Driving forces of land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005). Journal of science and technology. : P. 1-14. GRP 6 2674 JA 429 JA0429-12 Forest land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005) Dam Viet Bac and Dam Xuan Van 2011 Journal of science and technology Thai Nguyen University 1-6 The study was conducted at the Ngoc Phai Commune, Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. The aimed to determine land-use changes (LUCs) for the last 15 years (1990-2005) of Doi Moi (renovation) era in the mountainous region of northern Vietnam. For spatial data, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was applied as a tool for determining LUCs. Three land-use maps (1990, 1998 and 2005) were overlaid and grouped into two intervals (1990-1998 and 1998-2005). Several thematic maps were created such as slope, elevation, drainage and road maps. Moreover, the study site was divided into 204-grid cells with 500 m x 500 m/cell or 25 ha/cell to identify and quantity the area and location of the land-use changes associated with the grid cell level. For the period 1990-1998, the total area of forest degradation was 109.31 ha. This occurred at 15�-35� slope, 500-700 masl and at a distance of 500-1000m from location of LUCs to the main road. Forest restoration for the same time period was 108.30 ha mainly at 15�-35� slope, 400-700 mal and at a distance of 100-250 m followed by 250-500 m and 500-750 m. For the period 1998-2005, forest degradation had a total area of 625.47 ha mainly at 15�-35�slope, 400-600 masl and at a distance of 250-500 m followed by 500-750 m and 750 ? 1000 m. Forest restoration for the same time period was 657.94 ha mainly at 15�-35� slope, 400-700 mal and at a distance of 250-500 m followed by 500-750 m and 750-1000 m. Vietnam English Dam VB and Dam XV. 2011. Forest land-use change in Ngoc Phai commune, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam (1990-2005). Journal of science and technology. : P. 1-6. GRP 6 2673 MA 78 MA0078-12 Strategi usaha tani menghadapi fluktuasi harga Rudi Hilmanto and Subekti Rahayu 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 13-15 Harga komoditi pertanian umumnya menurun pada musim panen raya, sehingga petani rentan mengalami kerugian. Rendahnya harga jual membuat petani berhadapan dengan pilihan sulit, yaitu antara menjual komoditi tetapi rugi karena harus mengeluarkan biaya pemanenan dan transportasi atau membiarkan komoditi tidak dipanen. Di sisi lain, petani harus memiliki uang tunai untuk modal usaha tani pada musim tanam berikutnya dan juga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari. Sebaliknya, pada saat tertentu harga komoditi bisa meningkat, karena barang yang tersedia hanya sedikit. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2672 MA 77 MA0077-12 Monitoring Cadangan Karbon oleh Masyarakat: Uji Coba di Propinsi Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia dan Nghe An, Vietnam Subekti Rahayu, Michael Poulsen, Yuyun Kurniawan and Hultera 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 10-12 Monitoring cadangan karbon merupakan salah satu tahapan yang harus dilakukan ketika mekanisme pengurangan emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan nantinya diterapkan. Hasil dari monitoring ini harus bisa dilaporkan dan diverifikasi dengan menunjukkan tingkat akurasi dari pengukurannya, baik dalam skala plot maupun dalam skala bentang lahan. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2671 MA 76 MA0076-12 Bibit karet: penyokong kehidupan rumah tangga Ibu Sumariah Ratna Akiefnawati 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 8-9 Melalui usaha pengembangan bibit karet tersebut, keluarga Ibu Sumariah mendapat perhatian dan kunjungan dari masyarakat, baik nasional maupun internasional. Petani-petani karet dari Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam (NAD), Sumatra Barat, Riau dan Lampung datang untuk belajar penangkaran bibit karet unggul. Semua pengunjung merasa puas dengan penjelasan mengenai teori dan praktek membuat pembibitan dengan cara okulasi. Melihat kesuksesan tersebut, para petani pengunjung berniat mengikuti jejak usaha keluarga ini. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2670 MA 75 MA0075-12 Bensin Aren: Mungkinkah Menjadi Sumber Bahan Bakar Alternatif? Endri Martini and James M Roshetko 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 4 3 5-7 Bensin yang saat ini kita gunakan merupakan hasil tambang dan berasal dari fosil yang sudah berproses ribuan tahun lamanya sehingga membentuk minyak bumi. Seperti barang tambang lainnya, minyak bumi merupakan sumberdaya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui. Oleh karena itu, jumlahnya semakin berkurang sehingga harganya semakin mahal. Semakin mahal dan berfluktuasinya harga minyak mentah dunia menyebabkan banyak pihak mencari alternatif bahan bakar lain dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap bahan bakar fosil seperti minyak bumi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2669 MA 74 MA0074-12 Menanam aren bukan mitos lagi Max Harry Kaunang and Endri Martini 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 4 3 3-4 Aren dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai sumber bahan baku gula, sapu lidi, ijuk, kolang-kaling, sagu dan minuman sudah sejak ratusan tahun yang lalu. Kontribusi aren bagi penghidupan masyarakat di Indonesiapun cukup nyata. Akan tetapi, seiring dengan bertambahnya penduduk dan semakin banyaknya alternatif sumber bahan baku gula selain aren, menyebabkan ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap pohon aren menurun. Pohonpohon aren yang sudah tuapun tidak diremajakan, sehingga mati dengan sendirinya. Hal ini mengakibatkan penurunan jumlah pohon aren di beberapa daerah. Jika dibiarkan terus-menerus, maka masyarakat yang menggantungkan hidupnya pada aren akan kehilangan penghidupan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan program penanaman aren terutama di daerah-daerah sentra aren. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2668 NL 49 NL0049-12 Kiprah Agroforestri 10 Max Harry Kaunang, Endri Martini, James M Roshetko, Ratna Akiefnawati, Subekti Rahayu, Michael Poulsen, Yuyun Kurniawan, Hultera and Rudi Hilmanto 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 4 3 1-16 Diawali dengan kisah masyarakat yang memanfaatkan aren sebagai bahan baku untuk gula, sapu lidi, ijuk, kolang kaling juga sebagai minuman segar. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan ini, masyarakat tergerak untuk mulai menanam aren, meskipun masih dianggap tabu atau pamali. Mengapa demikian?
Selain pemanfaatan bahan baku di atas, aren juga berpeluang menjadi sumber bahan bakar alternatif. Meskipun masih menjadi wacana, namun pengembangan aren menjadi bensin merupakan suatu peluang.
Tidak hanya aren, bibit karetpun menjadi sumber daya alam yang mampu memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga. Dari usaha pembibitan karet, seorang ibu di Jambi berhasil menyekolahkan dua orang anaknya hingga lulus perguruan tinggi.
Meskipun sumberdaya alam merupakan modal dasar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga, namun harus dikelola dengan bijaksana agar dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan. Salah satu upaya pengelolaan sumber daya adalah dengan mengurangi emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi hutan. Kegiatan ini tidak hanya dilakukan oleh para peneliti, tetapi mengikutsertakan masyarakat dalam pemantauan sumber daya alam merupakan salah satu cara untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran akan pentingnya pengelolaan yang baik. Pelatihan pengukuran karbon di kalangan masyarakat menjadi langkah awal pelibatan masyarakat dalam pemantauan pengelolaan sumber daya alam.
Tentunya, kesuksesan petani dalam mengelola sumber daya alam juga dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan pemerintah dan strategi petani itu sendiri dalam menghadapi fluktuasi harga komoditas.
]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian -1 Kaunang MH, Martini E, Roshetko JM, Akiefnawati R, Rahayu S, Poulsen M, Kurniawan Y, Hultera and Hilmanto R. 2011. Kiprah Agroforestri 10. In: Rahayu S and Tarigan J,eds. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2666 BL 40 BL0040-12 LUWES: Land use planning for Low Emission Development Strategy Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Gamma Galudra, Putra Agung and Feri Johana 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 47 978-979-3198-58-3 Land Use Planning for Low Emission Development Strategy (LUWES) is a platform for developing a multiple stakeholder decision-making process to establish land use plans for sustainable development, which can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from land-based activity while simultaneously maintaining economic growth. It can simulate emissions reduction scenarios within specific zones of a landscape, or across an entire landscape, in order to produce ex ante emissions reduction and opportunity cost forecasts. It also recognizes the impact of land use allocation policies and distribution on tenure and livelihood. LUWES can accommodate the integration process between multiple modalities of land-based emission reductions (such as REDD+; Locally Appropriate Mitigation Action (LAMA); and the voluntary carbon market) at the planning stage across a common landscape. Draft Southeast Asia English -1 Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Galudra G, Agung P and Johana F. LUWES: Land use planning for Low Emission Development Strategy. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 47 p. 2665 JA 428 JA0428-12 An Assessment of Potential Benefits to Smallholders of REDD+ Components in the Philippines Rodel D. Lasco, Florencia B Pulhin, Leonida Bugayong and Marlo Mendoza 2011 Annals of Tropical Research Visayas State University 33 1 31–48 Many sectors in the Philippines are looking at the potential of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation-plus (REDD+) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to help finance forest protection and rehabilitation in the country. However, one major problem is that there is little information on the potential benefits the country can expect under REDD+. Specifically, it is not known how each component activities of REDD+ can benefit smallholder farmers. Thus, this paper assesses the potential benefits of activities under REDD+ to smallholder farmers in the country. The key question is what the potential of REDD+ in the Philippines is for improving the sequestration potential of the forest sector and to serve as a form of supplemental livelihood for rural forest dwellers? The main approach of the paper is to summarize what is known about: the historical pattern of deforestation and degradation, the driving forces behind them, communitybased forest management (CBFM), tenure and rights, and to analyze the implications of Copenhagen and Cancun meetings for the Philippines. The main finding of the study is that depending on which REDD+ activity is implemented, smallholder farmers under CBFM areas would have varying roles and potential benefits. Smallholder farmers will benefit the most from avoiding forest degradation and enhancing of forest stocks activities because these activities pose the highest potential carbon credits. Due to the rising total forest cover of the country, very few carbon credits are expected from avoiding deforestation. This implies that government policies and programs could focus on preparing local communities and institutions for activities that decrease forest degradation and enhance carbon stocks. In addition, there are many uncertainties and information gaps remaining. For example, the rate of biomass degradation in Philippines forests and the drivers of forest degradation are still unknown. The ability of government agencies to implement REDD+ is still inadequate. A strong capacity building program is therefore essential. climate change mitigation, REDD, forest conservation, climate policy Philippines English Lasco RD, Pulhin FB, Bugayong L and Mendoza M. 2011. An Assessment of Potential Benefits to Smallholders of REDD+ Components in the Philippines. Annals of Tropical Research. 33(1):P. 31–48. GRP 5 2664 JA 427 JA0427-11 Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, S. Suyanto, Idris Sardi, Ujjwal P. Pradhan and Delia Catacutan 2011 International Forestry Review The Commonwealth Forestry Association 13 4 431-441 In the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, expectations of payments for reducing carbon emissions shape the discourse over natural resource management as a means of influencing policy and exercising power. Different types of actors have their own choice of argument and interpretation of facts, rules and norms over resource use or conservation. This article examines the discursive strategies used by contestants in the struggle over property rights in a failed development project (?ex-Mega Rice Area?) in Central Kalimantan and traces their changes and developments in the justification for policy influence in the face of REDD++ implementation. Shifting national policy priorities have affected the distribution of power that shapes the practice and use of forest peatland. The case study highlights the historical baggage of perceived injustice between state and local communities and the contest between national and provincial government authorities that complicates the debate on current efforts to mitigate climate change by emission reduction. discourse, decentralization, REDD, land tenure, carbon rights Southeast Asia English 0 Galudra G, van Noordwijk M, Suyanto S, Sardi I, Pradhan UP and Catacutan D. 2011. Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Forestry Review. 13(4):P. 431-441. 2663 JA 426 JA0426-11 Analisis ekonomi sistem wanatani berbasis karet rakyat di Kalimantan Barat: implikasi bagi pengembangan karet Yuliana Cahya Wulan, Abi Ismarrahman, Suseno Budidarsono and Laxman Joshi 2010 Warta Perkaretan Pusat Penelitian Karet 29 1 44-56 Analisis neraca usaha tani merupakan alat untuk memahami kinerja ekonomi dari suatu kegiatan pertanian, utamanya digunakan untuk menilai dampak dari intervensi teknologi, perubahan harga dan kebijakan. Analisis tersebut membantu memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan dari beragam kegiatan pertanian. Analisis usaha tani yang disajikan dalam makalah ini menggunakan perangkat lunak Olympe, yaitu perangkat lunak pemodelan usaha tani yang dikembangkan oleh Institut National ded la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD) dan Mediterranean Agronomic Institite of Montpellier (IAMM). Sebagai salah satu perangkat lunak pemodelan sistem usaha tani, olympe merupakan alat bantu yang cukup efisien dalam memberikan gambaran yang menyeluruh mengenai kondisi petani dan mengaitkannya dengan inovasi dan praktik teknis. Serangkaian analisis dapat dilakukan termasuk dampak ekonomis dari pemilihan suatu teknik, pengaruh ketidakteraturan iklim ataupun kondisi ekonomi, dan dampak lingkungan dari penggunaan lahan. Teknologi sistem wanatani berbasis karet (RAS) di Sanggau, Kalimantan barat, dikembangkan untuk diadaptasi oleh petani kecil yang modalnya terbatas. Hasil penelitian dan kajian menggunakan Olympe menunjukkan bahwa walaupun RAS membutuhkan modal yang lebih besar, profitabilitas lahan dan penerimaan petani (return to labor) memiliki nilai yang lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan sistem karet tradisional petani. Penerimaan petani pada RAS bisa lebih tinggi dari penerimaan petani pada sistem usaha tani karet monokultur yang biasanya dilakukan secara intensif. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa teknologi RAS memiliki kelebihan dari segi ekonomi dan lingkungan dibandingkan sistem budidaya karet monokultur dan kelapa sawit monokultur. kinerja sistem usaha tani, neraca usaha tani, profitabilitas lahan, penerimaan petani, sistem wanatani berbasis karet (RAS), Kalimantan Barat Southeast Asia Indonesian Wulan YC, Ismarrahman A, Budidarsono S and Joshi L. 2010. Analisis ekonomi sistem wanatani berbasis karet rakyat di Kalimantan Barat: implikasi bagi pengembangan karet. Warta Perkaretan. 29(1):P. 44-56. 2662 JA 425 JA0425-11 Agrobiodiversity pada sistem wanatani berbasis karet klonal Janudianto, Subekti Rahayu, Budi, Laxman Joshi and Diah Wulandari 2010 Warta Perkaretan Pusat Penelitian Karet 29 1 7-14 agroforest karet. Agroforest karet memiliki nilai lebih dari sisi keanekaragaman jenis tanaman (agrobiodiversity), karena tingginya keragaman spesies tanaman selain karet. Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS), adalah teknologi yang mengintroduksikan bahan tanam karet klonal ke dalam agroforest karet. Teknologi RAS mampu mengakomodasi dan memberikan keleluasaan kepada petani untuk memperkaya kebunnya dengan memilih tanaman sela yang tumbuh dan ditanam di antara karet. RAS 1, salah satu tipe dari teknologi RAS yang setara dengan hutan karet rakyat dengan pengelolaan yang minimal dan penggunaan karet klonal terbukti mampu mempertahankan keanekaragaman jenis tanaman bila dibandingkan dengan monokultur. Perkayaan jenis tanaman di dalam sistem RAS sangat penting artinya bagi petani karena mampu memberikan nilai lebih dalam memnuhi kebutuhan hidupnya sehari-hari. Dilihat dari sisi agrobiodiversity, perkayaan jenis tanaman ini sangat penting perannya dalam menjaga kelestarian species-species tanaman tertentu.]]> Hevea brasiliensis, agroforest karet, teknologi RAS, perkayaan jenis tanaman, agrobiodiversity]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Agrobiodiversity pada sistem wanatani berbasis karet klonal. Warta Perkaretan. 29(1):P. 7-14.]]> 2661 RP 278 RP0278-11 Towards a sustainable Southeast Asia: transforming lives and landscapes: highlights of 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Program 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 17
In 2010, we continued to find innovative methods to bring to light issues of critical importance to poor farmers, development agencies, governments and donors.

We have strategically focussed on global issues with local impact across the Southeast Asian region, ensuring that sustainability is at the forefront of all we do. With programs reaching across Asia Highlights World Agroforestry Centre Southeast Asia Program 2010 Ujjwal Pradhan, Regional Coordinator from Tibet to the Philippines and from the DPR Korea to Indonesia, and encompassing a range of activities from REDD to the red ape, from farmers' field schools to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the Centre's scope is far-reaching and focussed on linking science with sustainability on the ground.]]> Southeast Asia English World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Program. Towards a sustainable Southeast Asia: transforming lives and landscapes: highlights of 2010. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 17 p. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2660 WP 156 WP0156-11 Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal: Kalahan, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines Grace B.Villamor, Nelson Pampolina, Reginald Forcadilla, Nonoy Bugtong, Jerome Alano, Delbert Rice, Tina Omas, Reymar Castillo and Dennis Pulan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper nr 106 87
There were several key results of the appraisal.
? Land-use types and farming practices. The majority of Ikalahan are swidden farmers practising traditional farming (for example, pang-omis, which involves integrating tree seedlings of species such as Alnus in the swidden farms). Five major land-use and land-cover types were identified and assessed, that is, agriculture, agroforest, grassland, reforestation and secondary forests.
? Plot-level carbon stocks. The estimated carbon stock of land-use systems in the KFR ranged 0.61?77.86 Mg/ha for aboveground carbon; and 21.8?67.4 Mg/ha for belowground. Total (above- and belowground) carbon stock was estimated to range 54.31?151.13 Mg/ha. These results are low compared to other carbon assessments conducted in the country.
? Land-use and land-cover changes. Land-use and land-cover changes within KFR between 1981 and 2001 were assessed. A decrease in forest, pine and agriculture occurred while there was an increase in old pine and reforestation (for example, mahogany). Carbon values from monitoring plots in 1994 and 2003 were used to extrapolate the land-cover types of the 1981 and 2001 maps, respectively. Based on the results, total carbon stock was approximately 375.8 Gg in 1994 and 452.1 Gg in 2003, that is, a 21% increase in 12 years.
? Carbon emissions. From the land-cover changes, we estimated that the KFR sequestered carbon annually at an average of 0.5 Gg and that 1.4 Gg of carbon was emitted each year over the period 1989 to 2001.
? The Kalahan Educational Foundation is the major stakeholder in the KFR. It has established its own rules and regulations related to natural resources development and has supported traditional farming practices and management strategies (for example, their ?forest improvement technology?) to enhance the carbon stock within the KFR. Currently, the Foundation is exploring the Clean Development Mechanism market. Future options and their implications for the KFR are included in the paper.]]> carbon stock assessment, farming practices, Ikalahan Ancestral Domain, land-use change Southeast Asia English Villamor GB, Pampolina N, Forcadilla R, Bugtong N, Alano J, Rice D, Omas T, Castillo R and Pulan D. 2010. Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal: Kalahan, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. Working paper nr 106Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 87 p. GRP 6 2659 WP 155 WP0155-11 Improving smallholders? rubber quality in Lubuk Beringin, Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia: an initial analysis of the financial and social benefits Beria Leimona, Ratna Akiefnawati, Rachman Pasha and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper nr 105 11 toke, who mostly are not transparent about the real value of dry rubber content and the market price.

Our hypothesis was that by providing incentives to ?jungle rubber? farmers they would be willing to conserve their rubber-tree gardens, delay or obviating their conversion to other land uses that provide less environmental services, such as monoculture rubber and oil palm.

This report describes the different procedures employed in harvesting, post-harvesting and marketing in traditional and improved production systems. It highlights changes in the ratio of revenue and costs that were borne by farmers, through the deployment of technical innovations and collective action.

Our results showed that improving rubber quality could increase farmers? incomes from agroforestry systems when the dry rubber content (DRC) of their rubber slabs was more than 70% and they sold to agents who could transparently advise on the DRC and fairly determine the price according to the DRC level. When the DRC was lower than 70% and the price at minimum or average levels, selling rubber to toke was more profitable compared to selling direct to the factory.

The activities that improved the rubber quality, which were coordinated by the World Agroforestry Centre and partners, also increased farmers? knowledge and skills. These included practical skills to enhance their livelihoods as well as the capability to organize collective action, which, in the end was able to increase the efficiency of their smallholding rubber businesses. Moreover, neighbouring villages considered these activities useful and profitable, indicating a potential for expansion.

Raising awareness about the ecological importance of rubber agroforestry was constantly needed in this area since there was no formal agreement that only farmers practising ?jungle rubber? agroforestry could enjoy access to innovative technologies and sell direct to factories. From the perspective of an environmental friendly rubber business, it is essential for rubber industries to recognise the environmental and economic value of rubber slabs coming from jungle rubber so that farmers are encouraged to maintain this ecosystem.]]> rubber agroforestry, improving rubber quality, financial and social benefit analysis Southeast Asia English Leimona B, Akiefnawati R, Pasha R and Suyanto S. 2010. Improving smallholders’ rubber quality in Lubuk Beringin, Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia: an initial analysis of the financial and social benefits. Working Paper nr 105Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 11 p. GRP 2, GRP 6 2658 WP 154 WP0154-11 Komoditisasi atau koinvestasi jasa lingkungan? Skema Imbal Jasa Lingkungan Program Peduli Sungai di DAS Way Besai, Lampung, Indonesia Rachman Pasha, Tonni Asmawan, Beria Leimona, Erik Setiawan and Chandra Irawadi Wijaya 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ICRAF Working paper nr 104 32
Hasil akhir program menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat mampu menjalankan isi kontrak kesepakatan dengan baik dengan persentase keberhasilan kegiatan sebesar 86 %. Hasil analisis perubahan konsentrasi sedimen menunjukkan penurunan sebesar 20% yang dilihat dari perbandingan antara nilai slope baseline awal sebesar 299.08 dengan nilai slope pada akhir tahun sebesar 239.27. Dengan hasil tersebut maka sebenarnya masyarakat tidak berhasil mencapai target penurunan sedimentasi sebesar 30% untuk mendapatkan kompensasi/penghargaan berupa mikrohidro yang dijanjikan. Namun demikian, pihak PT.PLN-SBDL sangat menghargai upaya masyarakat untuk menurunkan konsentrasi sedimen di sungai Air Ringkih sehingga memutuskan untuk tetap memberikan mikrohidro. Sikap PT.PLN-SBDL ini memberikan dampak yang besar pada peningkatan peran masyarakat untuk menjaga lingkungannya terutama daerah aliran sungai. Hal inilah yang menjadi tujuan utama dari suatu mekanisme imbal jasa lingkungan. Masyarakat di daerah hulu tetap melanjutkan pengelolaan lahan mereka dengan menerapkan teknik konservasi tanah dan air sehingga sumberdaya alam tetap terjaga dan penurunan laju sedimentasi bisa tercapai.

Contoh kasus Program Peduli Sungai tersebut menunjukkan terjadinya pergeseran paradigma IJL, yaitu dari paradigma ?komoditisasi jasa lingkungan? yang berfokus pada pasar atau jual beli jasa lingkungan menjadi paradigma ?koinvestasi dalam pelestarian lansekap? yang berfokus pada investasi bersama dalam menjaga kelestarian DAS. Secara praktis, ?koinvestasi? dalam implementasi IJL mendorong partisipasi seluruh pemangku kepentingan, termasuk masyarakat hulu dan hilir, pemerintah dan pihak swasta, untuk mempertimbangkan efisiensi dan kesetaraan, membangun kepercayaan parapihak, mengutamakan transparansi dan kebersamaan dalam mengelola DAS secara berkelanjutan]]> pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai, pendekatan partisipatif, program peduli sungai, pembayaran jasa lingkungan, koinvestasi pelestarian lansekap Southeast Asia Indonesian Pasha R, Asmawan T, Leimona B, Setiawan E and Wijaya CI. 2010. Komoditisasi atau koinvestasi jasa lingkungan? Skema Imbal Jasa Lingkungan Program Peduli Sungai di DAS Way Besai, Lampung, Indonesia. ICRAF Working paper nr 104Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 32 p. GRP 6 2657 JA 424 JA0424-11 Boundary work for sustainable development: Natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) William C. Clark, Thomas P Tomich, Meine van Noordwijk, David Guston, Delia Catacutan, Nancy M. Dickson and Elizabeth McNie 2011 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) The National Academy of Sciences of the USA Previous research on the determinants of effectiveness in knowledge systems seeking to support sustainable development has highlighted the importance of ?boundary work? through which research communities organize their relations with new science, other sources of knowledge, and the worlds of action and policymaking. A growing body of scholarship postulates specific attributes of boundary work that promote used and useful research. These propositions, however, are largely based on the experience of a few industrialized countries. We report here on an effort to evaluate their relevance for efforts to harness science in support of sustainability in the developing world. We carried out a multicountry comparative analysis of natural resource management programs conducted under the auspices of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. We discovered six distinctive kinds of boundary work contributing to the successes of those programs?a greater variety than has been documented in previous studies. We argue that these different kinds of boundary work can be understood as a dual response to the different uses for which the results of specific research programs are intended, and the different sources of knowledge drawn on by those programs. We show that these distinctive kinds of boundary work require distinctive strategies to organize them effectively. Especially important are arrangements regarding participation of stakeholders, accountability in governance, and the use of ?boundary objects.? We conclude that improving the ability of research programs to produce useful knowledge for sustainable development will require both greater and differentiated support for multiple forms of boundary work. doi/10.1073/pnas.0900231108 Southeast Asia English Clark WC, Tomich TP, van Noordwijk M, Guston D, Catacutan D, Dickson NM and McNie E. 2011. Boundary work for sustainable development: Natural resource management at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). : P. . 2656 RP 277 RP0277-11 Recognising biodiversity in rubber plantations Hesti L. Tata, Elok Mulyoutami, Zuraidah Said, Harti Ningsih, Asep Ayat and Pandam Nugroho Prasetyo Hesti L. Tata 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 95
Deforestation and transformation of forest cover to other land uses results in a decline in biodiversity. Our study focused on a biodiversity survey on land-cover change in the Dolok Merangir and Aek Tarum rubber plantation areas over the period 1970 to 2010, and the diversity and species composition of vegetation in the rubber plantations compared with rubber smallholder and forest areas surrounding the plantations. Animal diversity studies of birds and bats that play important roles in the ecosystem as pollinators, seed dispersal agents and biological controllers were also undertaken in those three habitats at two sites.

Furthermore, humans as an integral component in the ecosystems play the most important role with a direct influence over land-cover change. The perceptions of local people and their understanding of local activities and their effects on biodiversity were also studied in the research. The overall objective of the research was to assess biodiversity data from the study sites and to make recommendations on how to improve biodiversity in the plantations on the Bridgestone Sumatra Rubber Estate (PT BSRE).]]> Bridgestone report Southeast Asia English Tata HL, Mulyoutami E, Said Z, Ningsih H, Ayat A and Prasetyo PN. Recognising biodiversity in rubber plantations. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 95 p. GRP 6 2655 PB 35 PB0035-11 Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Provinsi Jambi Andree Ekadinata, Putra Agung, Feri Johana, Gamma Galudra, A Palloge, G Usman and N Aini 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No. 18 6 Tanjung Jabung Barat (Tanjabar) adalah salah satu kabupaten di propinsi Jambi yang memiliki tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca, akibat perubahan penggunaan lahan, yang cukup tinggi dibandingkan kabupaten lain di Propinsi Jambi. Pada tahun 2005-2009, emisi rata-rata di kabupaten ini mencapai 9,66 ton CO2,/(ha.thn). Penyebab utama emisi gas rumah kaca di kabupaten ini adalah konversi hutan bekas tebangan menjadi karet dan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Kebijakan pembangunan di tingkat nasional juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap laju emisi gas rumah kaca,misalnya saja percepatan pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri (HTI) yang pada kenyataan merupakan bentuk pemanfaatan lahan dominan di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Southeast Asia Indonesian Ekadinata A, Agung P, Johana F, Galudra G, Palloge A, Usman G and Aini N. 2011. Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Provinsi Jambi. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2654 PB 34 PB0034-11 Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Merangin Provinsi Jambi Feri Johana, Putra Agung, Gamma Galudra, Andree Ekadinata, D Fadila, S Bahri and Erwinsyah 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief No 17 6 Merangin adalah salah satu kabupaten di Provinsi Jambi dengan luas wilayah 7,679 km atau sekitar 15% dari luas wilayah provinsi (BPS Merangin, 2009). Merangin memiliki tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca akibat perubahan penggunaan lahan cukup tinggi dibandingkan kabupaten lain di Propinsi Jambi. Pada tahun 2005-2010, emisi rata-rata di kabupaten ini mencapai 16,62 ton CO2 eq./(ha.th). Penyebab utama emisi gas rumah kaca di kabupaten ini adalah penurunan kualitas hutan dari hutan primer menjadi hutansekunder, hutan sekunder kerapatan tnggi menjadi hutan sekunder kerapatan rendah dan karet campur. Southeast Asia Indonesian Johana F, Agung P, Galudra G, Ekadinata A, Fadila D, Bahri S and Erwinsyah . 2011. Merencanakan pembangunan rendah emisi di Kabupaten Merangin Provinsi Jambi. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2653 PB 33 PB0033-11 Recognizing traditional tree tenure as part of conservation and REDD+ strategy: Feasibility study for a buffer zone between a wildlife reserve and the Lamandau river in Indonesia's REDD+ Pilot Province Janudianto, Elok Mulyoutami, Laxman Joshi, D. Andrew Wardell and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB Policy Brief No. 22 4 Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD ) should focus on places where such emissions occur. Protected Areas (PAs) are, in theory, protected and hence, should have no emissions associated with land use/land cover change. In practice protection is incomplete. Can PAs + be included in REDD schemes? Can 'paper parks' be included that exist on paper rather than in reality? How concrete should threats be before we call carbon (C) protection 'additional'? The dilemma may be more manageable if + protected areas are included in a broader landscape approach to REDD . + Some REDD project proponents currently focus on 'buffer zones' where protection is incomplete, but biodiversity co-benefits of additional C + protection can be large. The results of a REDD feasibility appraisal in an area surrounding the Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve in Central + Kalimantan, Indonesia's REDD pilot province illustrate the challenges of finding synergies between sustaining livelihoods for local communities, protecting orangutans and globally appropriate mitigation actions. Southeast Asia English 0 Janudianto, Mulyoutami E, Joshi L, Wardell DA and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Recognizing traditional tree tenure as part of conservation and REDD+ strategy: Feasibility study for a buffer zone between a wildlife reserve and the Lamandau river in Indonesia's REDD+ Pilot Province. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. GRP 2, GRP 5, GRP 6 2652 MN 51 MN0051-11 Pengukuran Cadangan Karbon Tanah Gambut. Petunjuk Praktis. Fahmuddin Agus, Kurniatun Hairiah and Anny Mulyani 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 58 978-979-3198-57-6 Lahan gambut merupakan penyimpan karbon dalam jumlah sangat besar. Karbon yang terkandung di dalam tanah gambut bersifat tidak stabil. Dalam keadaan hutan alam karbon tersebut bertahan dalam bentuk bahan organik, namun apabila hutan gambut dibuka dan didrainase maka karbon yang disimpannya akan mudah terdekomposisi dan menghasilkan CO2; salah satu gas rumah kaca terpenting. Selain itu drainase lahan gambut yang berlebihan menyebkan lahan gambut rentan terhadap kebakaran. Proses dekomposisi, konsolidasi (pemadatan) dan kebakaran meyebabkan gambut akan mengalami penyusutan (subsidence) dan kehilangan berbagai fungsinya dalam menyangga lahan sekitarnya dari kebanjiran dan kekeringan. Southeast Asia Indonesian Agus F, Hairiah K and Mulyani A. 2011. Pengukuran Cadangan Karbon Tanah Gambut. Petunjuk Praktis.. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 58 p. GRP 5 2651 PP 308 PP0308-11 Cadangan karbon sebagai penyedia jasa lingkungan dan sumber pendapatan masyarakat Hesti L. Tata, Ni'matul Khasanah and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 Prosiding Seminar Nasional: Harmonisasi kawasan konservasi sebagai penghela ekonomi kehutanan berbasis taman nasional Pusat Riset Perubahan Iklim, Unicersitas Indonesia Jakarta, Indonesia 2011-03-23 00:00:00 93-106 Alam Indonesia yang kaya memberikan sumbangan yang besar bagi kehidupan. Berbagai sumber daya alam, baik berupa materi dan jasa, dimanfaatkan bagi kelangsungan hidup manusia. Oleh karena itu, kelangsungan hidup manusia sangat tergantung akan kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati. Dalam suatu ekosistem terjadi interaksi yang kompleks antara pojon, binatang, komuniats mikroorganisme dan benda tak hidup sebagai sebuah unit, serta manusia menjadi bagian integral di dalamnya. Southeast Asia Indonesian Tata HL, Khasanah N and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Cadangan karbon sebagai penyedia jasa lingkungan dan sumber pendapatan masyarakat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional: Harmonisasi kawasan konservasi sebagai penghela ekonomi kehutanan berbasis taman nasional. Jakarta, Indonesia. Pusat Riset Perubahan Iklim, Unicersitas Indonesia. GRP 5, GRP 6 2650 BC 321 BC0321-11 Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as sources of environmental services Beria Leimona, Meine van Noordwijk, Laxman Joshi, Delia Catacutan, Thomas Yatich, Johannes Dietz, Hosea Mwangi, John Mwangi Gathenya, Catherine Muthuri, Fergus Sinclair, Sanjeeb Bhattarai, Leah Onyango, S. Suyanto, Antoine Kalinganire, Qureish Noordin... Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 44 79-121 In this final section we will discuss the interrelationships among people, trees and local climate (the inner circle of the diagram), and all the surrounding issues at national and international levels, and then relate our current understanding and knowledge of these interrelations to opportunities for action. We pick up the thread from Chapter D and return to the issue of multifunctionality of landscapes and the way human drivers and institutions that influence the landscape can themselves be modified. ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Southeast Asia English Leimona B, van Noordwijk M, Joshi L, Catacutan D, Yatich T, Dietz J, Mwangi H, Gathenya JM, Muthuri C, Sinclair F, Bhattarai S, Onyango L, Suyanto S, Kalinganire A, Noordin Q, Bayala J, Gebrekirstos A, Tscherning K and Duque-Piñon C. 2011. Supporting multifunctionality through realistic, conditional and voluntary actions to enhance trees as sources of environmental services. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 79-121. 2649 BC 320 BC0320-11 Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change Ramni Jamnadass, Aster Gebrekirstos, Henry Neufeldt, Catherine Muthuri, Ian Dawson, Roeland Kindt, Ylva Nyberg, Johannes Dietz, Jules Bayala, Shem Kuyah, Chin K Ong, Carmen Sotelo Montes, John Weber, Kurniatun Hairiah and Meine van Noordwijk Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 16 63-77 In this section we provide a more in-depth look at the role trees play in the provision of goods and services in multifunctional landscapes. Tree growth is, however, vulnerable to climate variability, depending on the physiological properties of the tree and characteristics of the site. A further quantification of climate variability and climate change is needed to advise on what types of trees can be grown where, to be ready for the likely local climate-change during their lifetime. This leads to a discussion of the two-way relationship between climate change adaptation and rewards for environmental services in multifunctional landscapes as a way to reduce vulnerability to climate change. ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Head Quarters English Jamnadass R, Gebrekirstos A, Neufeldt H, Muthuri C, Dawson I, Kindt R, Nyberg Y, Dietz J, Bayala J, Kuyah S, Ong CK, Montes C, Weber J, Hairiah K and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Trees as providers of environmental services in multifunctional landscapes are vulnerable to climate change. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 63-77. 2648 BC 319 BC0319-11 Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes Meine van Noordwijk, Leah Onyango, Antoine Kalinganire, Laxman Joshi, Hoang Minh Ha, Nestry Ndichu and Ramni Jamnadass Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 26 37-61 The main argument in this section is that changing (or 'transforming') landscapes and lives are mutually dependent on each other, as they are closely linked in time and space. Within the landscape continuum, the roles of landscape elements in supplying goods and services to local livelihoods, however, shift with the stage of development and substitution of traded and imported goods and services for those provided locally and potentially used as sources of income. ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Head Quarters English van Noordwijk M, Onyango L, Kalinganire A, Joshi L, Hoang MH, Ndichu N and Jamnadass R. 2011. Rural livelihoods in changing, multifunctional landscapes. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 37-61. 2647 BC 318 BC0318-11 Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options Henry Neufeldt, Isabel van de Sand, Johannes Dietz, Hoang Minh Ha, Thomas Yatich, Rodel D. Lasco and Meine van Noordwijk Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 22 15-35 This section introduces some basic concepts surrounding the climate system, climate change and climate variability. We will provide some insights into the challenges of climate modelling and what the inherent uncertainty really means for us, before exploring the way adaptation has so far been discussed and institutionalised ISBN: 978-979-3198-56-9 Head Quarters English Neufeldt H, van de Sand I, Dietz J, Hoang MH, Yatich T, Lasco RD and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Climate change, climate variability and adaptation options. In: van Noordwijk M, Hoang MH, Neufeldt H, Oborn I and Yatich T,eds. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). P. 15-35. 2646 JA 423 JA0423-11 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) for livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the orangutan habitat of Batang Toru, North Sumatra, Indonesia: mixed prospects for domestication Endri Martini, James M Roshetko, Meine van Noordwijk, Arif Rahmanulloh, Elok Mulyoutami, Laxman Joshi and Suseno Budidarsono 2011 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 1-17 Domestication of desirable forest resources in agroforestry is expected to contribute to community based forest conservation efforts, but there may be an optimum level of domestication in this respect. Aren or sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) is a multipurpose tree that provides livelihoods for local people and food for other biota in the landscape. However, its domestication is still limited in many places, such as in Batang Toru Forest Block, an area of high conservation value, including habitat for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Options for aren management were prioritized as part of a landscapescale conservation study by comparing domestication levels in the area. Data on economic indicators and ecological knowledge were gathered through interviews with key farmers, focus groups and transect walks. Four representative villages were selected for the study, that is, (i) two villages with no domestication of aren; and (ii) two villages with aren cultivation in rubber-based land-use systems. Costbenefit analyses suggested that in a rich biodiversity area, such as Batang Toru, although aren was one of the sources of local livelihoods, additional investment for domestication beyond cultivation was not an option considered by farmers. Farmers still perceived wildlife as an efficient mode of aren regeneration, supported by the coexistence of people and other biota in the area. It appears the value of aren for local people?s livelihoods and conservation can be enhanced by increasing its stocking density. There is also scope for improving market access and share of end-user value received by farmers. Natural regeneration, Enrichment, Planting, Aren DOI 10.1007/s10457-011-9441-0 Southeast Asia English 0 Martini E, Roshetko JM, van Noordwijk M, Rahmanulloh A, Mulyoutami E, Joshi L and Budidarsono S. 2011. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.) for livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in the orangutan habitat of Batang Toru, North Sumatra, Indonesia: mixed prospects for domestication. Agroforestry Systems. : P. 1-17. GRP 1, GRP 3 2645 MN 50 MN0050-11 Measuring Carbon Stocks Across Land Use Systems: A Manual Kurniatun Hairiah, Sonya Dewi, Fahmuddin Agus, Sandra J.Velarde, Andree Ekadinata, Subekti Rahayu and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 154 978-979-3198-55-2 Carbon stocks of forests, agroforestry systems and other land uses have become of interest to many stakeholders in the global debate on greenhouse gas emissions and efforts to reduce such emissions. This manual evolved from efforts in the early 1990s when the Alternative to Slash and Burn (ASB) program started efforts to collect consistent data across the humid tropics. The Manual is consistent with the Good Practice Guideline (GPG) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that is to be used for national accounting of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions. The first part discusses reasons for measurement of carbon stocks across land use systems, at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Part 2 proved a 7-step rapid carbon appraisal process (RaCSA), combining analysis of remote sensing imagery and a nested-design for sampling trees, understorey, litter and other necromass, roots and soil organic matter. Allometric relationships between tree dimater and total biomass are discussed in relation to wood density. A case study describes all steps for the Kali Konto watershed in East Java (Indonesia) Southeast Asia English 0 Hairiah K, Dewi S, Agus F, Velarde SJ, Ekadinata A, Rahayu S and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Measuring Carbon Stocks Across Land Use Systems: A Manual. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 154 p. GRP 5 2644 BL 39 BL0039-11 Perubahan Pola Perladangan: Pergeseran persepsi mengenai para peladang di Indonesia Elok Mulyoutami, Meine van Noordwijk, Niken Sakuntaladewi and Fahmuddin Agus 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 101 978-979-3198-54-5 Alternatives to Slash and Burn? atau ASB yang dilakukan lima belas tahun lampau, menunjukkan ?tebas dan bakar? sebagai metoda pembersihan lahan tidak hanya dilakukan masyarakat peladang namun juga oleh para transmigran, perkebunan skala besar serta dalam industri kayu. Aktivitas tebas dan bakar tidaklah selalu dikonotasikan sebagai perladangan berpindah tradisional. Program ASB pun kemudian berkembang menjadi studi perubahan penggunaan lahan yang komprehensif, serta tetap memperhatikan konsekuensi sosial, lingkungan dan ekonomi. ASB melakukan analisis ?trade off? untuk menyelaraskan lingkungan dengan program pembangunan.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Mulyoutami E, van Noordwijk M, Sakuntaladewi N and Agus F. Perubahan Pola Perladangan: Pergeseran persepsi mengenai para peladang di Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 101 p. GRP 5, GRP 6 2643 JA 422 JA0422-11 China?s new forests aren?t as green as they seem Xu Jianchu 2011 Nature Nature Publishing Group 477 371 Earlier this month, President Hu Jintao pledged that China would do even more. He told a meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in Beijing that the nation would increase its total area of forest by 40 million hectares over the next decade. China, he said, is ready to make new contributions to green, sustainable growth.]]> China English Xu Jianchu. 2011. China’s new forests aren’t as green as they seem. Nature. 477: P. 371. 2642 MA 73 MA0073-11 An ecomonic-ecological mosaic Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 10 Southeast Asia English 2641 MA 72 MA0072-11 Climate smart rural development Rodel D. Lasco 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 8-9 Southeast Asia English 2640 MA 71 MA0071-11 Agroforestry around ASEAN TUL-SEA Project 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 6-7 Southeast Asia English 2639 MA 70 MA0070-11 Agroforetsry: A new green buzzword? Yuli Ismartono 2011 Tempo V 3 2011-10-12 00:00:00 5 Southeast Asia English 2638 JA 420 JA0420-11 Influence of coastal vegetation on the 2004 tsunami wave impact in west Aceh Juan Carlos Laso Bayas, Carsten Marohn, Gerd Dercon, Sonya Dewi, Hans Peter Piepho, Laxman Joshi, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2011 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 18612 - 18617 In a tsunami event human casualties and infrastructure damage are determined predominantly by seaquake intensity and offshore properties. On land, wave energy is attenuated by gravitation (elevation) and friction (land cover). Tree belts have been promoted as ?bioshields? against wave impact. However, given the lack of quantitative evidence of their performance in such extreme events, tree belts have been criticized for creating a false sense of security. This study used 180 transects perpendicular to over 100 km on the west coast of Aceh, Indonesia to analyze the influence of coastal vegetation, particularly cultivated trees, on the impact of the 2004 tsunami. Satellite imagery; land cover maps; land use characteristics; stem diameter, height, and planting density; and a literature review were used to develop a land cover roughness coefficient accounting for the resistance offered by different land uses to the wave advance. Applying a spatial generalized linear mixed model, we found that while distance to coast was the dominant determinant of impact (casualties and infrastructure damage), the existing coastal vegetation in front of settlements also significantly reduced casualties by an average of 5%. In contrast, dense vegetation behind villages endangered human lives and increased structural damage. Debris carried by the backwash may have contributed to these dissimilar effects of land cover. For sustainable and effective coastal risk management, location of settlements is essential, while the protective potential of coastal vegetation, as determined by its spatial arrangement, should be regarded as an important livelihood provider rather than just as a bioshield. glimmix, tsunami mitigation, vegetation effects, food security Southeast Asia English 0 Bayas JC, Marohn C, Dercon G, Dewi S, Piepho HP, Joshi L, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. 2011. Influence of coastal vegetation on the 2004 tsunami wave impact in west Aceh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. : P. 18612 - 18617. 2637 BK 149 BK0149-11 How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes Meine van Noordwijk, Hoang Minh Ha, Henry Neufeldt, Ingrid Oborn and Thomas Yatich 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Nairobi, Kenya 133 978-979-3198-56-9 This book focuses on the relationship between climate-change adaptation, rural development and the roles of trees and agroforestry. Rewards' schemes for environmental services (RES) in multifunctional landscapes, which provide incentives for maintaining or restoring multifunctionality, will contribute to a likely reduction in vulnerability to climate change. Rewards may well be an efficient and fair way of investing international funds in climate-change adaptation. The voluntary, conditional and pro-poor aspects of RES will also help to bring the voice of grassroots stakeholders into international and national decision-making processes on how to deal with climate change. That can ensure realism and efficiency in climate-change adaptation, which is yet another strand to be integrated in rural development programs. The argument for such an approach is built on the underlying concepts of climate change, rural livelihoods and multifunctionality of landscapes, as well as the specific roles of trees and farmers as providers of environmental services in agricultural landscapes. However, trees themselves are vulnerable to climate change and co-adaptation is needed and is possible.
The emerging experience and findings of on-going action research in Asian and African countries on climate change, agroforestry and rewards or payments for environmental services (RES/PES) are introduced in the book to highlight these arguments. The experience that RES/PES can create effective, efficient and fair incentives for enhancement of the environment is used to explore how climate-change adaptation funds could be channelled to support local initiatives, within realistic, conditional, voluntary and pro-poor incentive mechanisms.
Priority areas for action and hypotheses for further research are identified, involving the roles of trees in modifying micro- and mesoclimates, refining the operational rules for use of climatechange adaptation funds, institutional expansion of the (already tested) rapid appraisal methods that acknowledge multiple knowledge systems and perceptions, analysing the risks to local livelihoods in ecological and environmental economics frameworks posed by climate change and trade globalisation and new approaches to integrate the space-time dynamics of landscape functions in socio-ecological-political-economy systems.]]> Head Quarters English 0 2011. How trees and people can co-adapt to climate change: reducing vulnerability through multifunctional agroforestry landscapes. Nairobi, Kenya. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). 133 p. GRP 6 2636 JA 419 JA0419-11 Memahami konflik tenurial melalui pendekatan sejarah: Studi kasus di Lebak, Banten Gamma Galudra 2011 Jurnal Keadilan Alumni Hukum Universitas Indonesia 5 2 1-9 Konflik tenurial yang terjadi di berbagai daerah khususnya yang berkaitan dengan tanah dan hutan terjadi akibat adanya perubahan kebijakan pemerintah dari waktu ke waktu. Hal ini perlu menjadi perhatian kita bersama karena pada dasarnya masyarakat daerah memerlukan kepastian hukum tentang tanah dan hutan. Hal ini dikarenakan tanah dan harta kita adalah bagian dari hidup rakyat banyak di daerah Southeast Asia Indonesian Galudra G. 2011. Memahami konflik tenurial melalui pendekatan sejarah: Studi kasus di Lebak, Banten. Jurnal Keadilan. 5(2):P. 1-9. 2632 TD 166 TD0166-11 Fairly efficient and efficiently fair: success factors and constraints in payment and reward for environmental schemes in Asia Beria Leimona 2011 Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, the Netherlands 176 Research School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment PhD Payment for environmental service (PES) is strictly defined as a market-based environmental policy instrument to achieve environmental protection in the most efficient way. However, an increasing body of literature shows that the prescriptive conceptualization of PES cannot be easily generalized and implemented in practice and the commodification of ecosystem services is problematic. To investigate the underlying causes, this PhD study combines a quantitative and qualitative research approach using case studies in Indonesia, the Philippines and Nepal. The empirical observations on emerging PES-mechanisms in the Asian case studies show that interdependency of fairness and efficiency should be the main consideration in designing and implementing a PES scheme in developing countries. Neither fairness nor efficiency alone should be the primary aim but an intermediate PES that is ?fairly efficient and efficiently fair? may bridge the gap between PES theory and the practical implementation of PES to increase ES provision and improve livelihoods. Southeast Asia English Leimona B. 2011. Fairly efficient and efficiently fair: success factors and constraints in payment and reward for environmental schemes in Asia. Wageningen, the Netherlands. : Wageningen University and Research. 176 p. 2631 PB 32 PB0032-11 Meso Debate: Linking Macro Debate with Micro Debate to Develop REDD Martua T Sirait and Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 16 4 This brief describes the process in developing the agenda for regional strategy on climate change. The brief focuses on discussion on regional responsibilities and steps need to be taken in agriculture and forestry sectors to support national commitment to reduce emission by 26%. Although issues on REDD incentives and carbon markets are important, we do include it in this brief. Southeast Asia English Sirait MT and Agung P. 2011. Meso Debate: Linking Macro Debate with Micro Debate to Develop REDD. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 5, GRP 6, POLAN 2630 PB 31 PB0031-11 Towards recognition of ?Hutan Nagari? in ?Nagari Salingka Danau Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 15 4 Singkarak Lake is located in West Sumatra, Indonesia and Nagari Salingka Danau Singkarak refers to all the Nagari (equivalent to district) surrounding Singkarak Lake. The lake has many function and is has an important source of livelihood for the community in the area such as fish farming, agricultural activities and ecotourism that adhere to local culture and religion. Southeast Asia English Agung P. 2011. Towards recognition of ‘Hutan Nagari’ in ‘Nagari Salingka Danau. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2629 PB 30 PB0030-11 Spatial planning and distribution of benefits of forest resources in Tanjung Jabung Barat: an opinion Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 14 4 Having a good Regional Spatial Land-use Planning (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah = RTRW) maybe the only opportunity to achieve low (carbon) emission development. Institutionally, as a formal ?rule of the game? in providing guidance to regional development, RTRW is very often weak and failed due to the processes involved in its birth. RTRW is not just a legal document to legalized utilization and allocation of natural resources. It depicts, more importantly, rights and access to different component of natural resources. This brief contains opinion of the writer to first identify and understand issues on distribution of natural resources benefits depicted in RTRW of Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. Theory of Access was used as a framework to map out allocation and distribution of benefits of land and forest resource to achieve low-carbon-emission development. Southeast Asia English Agung P. 2011. Spatial planning and distribution of benefits of forest resources in Tanjung Jabung Barat: an opinion. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2628 PB 29 PB0029-11 Co-existence of people and orangutan in Sumatra. Stabilising gradients for landscape multifunctionality Hesti L. Tata, Atiek Widayati, Elok Mulyoutami and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ASB Policy Brief no. 20 6 Multifunctional landscapes and species-rich agroforests can support biodiversity conservation. Command- and-control conservation approaches tend to create sharp distinctions between protected areas and surrounding agriculture. Can a village?agroforest?forest landscape gradient be stable? Or is it part of a continuous process of forest conversion that in the end will leave hardly any conservation values intact? The landscape of Batang Toru, Sumatra offers a case study. It is home to a genetically unique Sumatran orangutan population and to people of diverse backgrounds. It provides insight into the types of government policy and market-based instruments that are needed to stabilise the existing gradient. Southeast Asia English 0 Tata HL, Widayati A, Mulyoutami E and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Co-existence of people and orangutan in Sumatra. Stabilising gradients for landscape multifunctionality. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2627 JA 418 JA0418-11 Optimum pruning intensity for reducing crop suppression in a Gmelina?maize smallholder agroforestry system in Claveria, Philippines Manuel Bertomeu, James M Roshetko and Subekti Rahayu 2011 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V 1-14 Gmelina (Gmelina arborea R.Br.) trees planted at 1 9 10 m with maize intercropped in the 10 m-wide alleys between lines of trees. Pruning levels consisted of retaining a live crown ratio of 60?70% (T1), 40?50% (T2); 30?40% (T3) and of 20?30% (T4). At the end of the experiment, the total maize grain yield was highest under the high pruning intensity (T4) (18.06 t ha-1) and lowest under T1 (14.48 t ha-1). Maize grain yield under the pruning regime T2 and T3 were 16.08 and 17.21 t ha-1, respectively. Mean annual increment (MAI) in tree diameter was greater (5.0 cm year-1) under T1 than those at T4 (4.1 cm year-1). Pruning regimes T2 and T3 resulted in a MAI of 4.7 and 4.5 cm year-1, respectively. Financial analysis showed that maize-tree systems under T4 were more profitable than under T1 as long as the reduction of the average dbh at harvest were not greater than 1 cm. Pruning trees intensively also generated greater returns from labour than moderate pruning, as the greater maize grain yields under T4 compensated for the cost of pruning and the lower timber yield. In the context of resource-poor farmers, intensive branch pruning was a practice that prolonged the period of profitable intercropping and was compatible with commercial timber production.]]> Gmelina arborea]]> DOI 10.1007/s10457-011-9435-y Southeast Asia English Gmelina–maize smallholder agroforestry system in Claveria, Philippines. Agroforestry Systems. : P. 1-14.]]> GRP 2, GRP 3, TAMMU 2626 MA 69 MA0069-11 Kunjungan Staf Ahli Menteri Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Ke Lokasi RUPES di Nagari Paninggahan, Sumatera Barat Juprial 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 15 Kepala Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Sumatera Barat, Ir. Hendri Octavia, MSi., mengemukakan apresiasinya, ?Kegiatan ini kalau bisa tidak hanya dilaksanakan di Singkarak dan Palupuh saja. Saya berharap ini juga bisa dilaksanakan di kabupaten lain di Sumatera Barat, dan saya siap mendukung penuh kegiatan ini. Kegiatan seperti ini merupakan aplikasi nyata yang selama ini saya inginkan?. Ibu Yetti juga meminta agar para petani dapat menjalankan kegiatan ini dengan serius, karena jika ini berhasil akan membawa dampak baik bagi kesejahteraan petani di masa depan dan juga bermanfaat langsung terhadap lingkungan. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2625 MA 68 MA0068-11 Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah dan Distribusi Manfaat Sumberdaya Hutan Putra Agung 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 13-14 Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) merupakan salah satu atau bahkan satu-satunya peluang untuk mencapai pembangunan rendah emisi. Sebagai suatu institusi (rule of game), RTRW tidak terlepas dari permasalahan mendasar yang melandasi proses pembentukannya. Hal inilah yang membuat RTRW sebagai suatu dokumen legal sering kali gagal menjadi acuan pembangunan daerah. RTRW tidak hanya sebatas ijin dan legalisasi pemanfaatan dan pembagian ruang atas sumberdaya alam (SDA) namun lebih dari itu karena pada setiap SDA melekat manfaat yang berbeda-beda. Tulisan ini merupakan opini penulis sebagai suatu identifikasi awal dalam memahami proses penyusunan atau revisi RTRW Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat (Tanjabar). Cara pandang Teori Akses digunakan untuk menguraikan alokasi dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan dan lahan untuk menuju pembangunan rendah emisi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2624 MA 67 MA0067-11 Cerita sukses seorang guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri di Lubuk Beringin Ratna Akiefnawati 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 11-12 Cerita keberhasilan perjuangan H. Balkani tersebut disampaikan dalam acara Lokakarya Dinamika Perubahan dan Penggunaan Kawasan Kelola Rakyat yang diselenggarakan oleh ICRAF bekerjasama dengan KKI-WARSI dengan PT. BSRE, LEI, serta Bappeda Bungo. Pak Haji menyebutkan bahwa sejak Juni 2010 hingga Februari 2011, bokar yang telah dijual ke PT. BSRE mencapai 110 ton dengan keuntungan kotor sebesar Rp 2.150.084.938,-. Sebagian keuntungan disisihkannya untuk membeli 1 unit truk yang dapat mengangkut dan mengirim hasil olah karet ke lokasi pabrik PT. BSRE di Sumatera Utara. Perdagangan langsung dan pengiriman ke PT. BSRE pun semakin lancar setiap minggu. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2623 MA 66 MA0066-11 Creating Shared Value (CSV): konsep baru dalam dunia usaha Hesti L. Tata 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 9-10 Southeast Asia Indonesian 2622 MA 65 MA0065-11 Agroforestri Karet: Kawasan alternatif pelestarian jenis-jenis burung Asep Ayat 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 6-8 Di balik rimbunnya agroforestri karet, tidak hanya pemilik kebun saja yang dapat menikmati hasil getah karet, tetapi berbagai jenis burungpun memperoleh manfaat dari sistem ini. Tercatat sekitar 46 jenis burung ditemukan pada agroforest karet yang diamati di Kabupaten Simalungun, Sumatera Utara. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2621 MA 64 MA0064-11 Mengembalikan Kejayaan Jelutung di Hutan Gambut Dri Handoyo 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Bogor, Indonesia 4 2 3-5 Kemana jelutung-jelutung tersebut menghilang? Jelutung, tanaman bergetah yang menjadi sumber bahan baku untuk permen karet, pernah menjadi hasil hutan non kayu yang cukup penting bagi sebagian masyarakat di Tanjung Jabung Barat. Tanaman ini pernah menjadi sumber penghidupan masyarakat pada sekitar tahun 1990, namun secara perlahan berangsur menghilang tak berjejak. Tulisan ini merupakan gambaran perjuangan Dinas Kehutanan Tanjung Jabung Barat dalam upaya mengembalikan lagi kejayaan jelutung. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2620 NL 48 NL0048-11 Kiprah Agroforestri 9 Dri Handoyo, Asep Ayat, Hesti L. Tata, Ratna Akiefnawati, Putra Agung and Juprial 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 4 2 1-16
Selanjutnya kita beranjak ke Simalungun, Sumatera Utara, daerah yang mulai terancam berkurang tutupan hutannya, juga kehidupan burung yang merupakan satwa yg terpengaruh oleh perubahan alam. Hilangnya pohon hutan dan tumbuhan semak membuat sulit burung-burung untuk bersarang dan berlindung. Burung-burung tersebut berjuang harus bertahan hidup dan berkembang biak, sehingga kita masih dapat menikmati suara dan keindahan bulunya.

Menciptakan manfaat bersama, tentunya hal ini yang diharapkan oleh semua umat manusia di dunia. Sebuah konsep dalam dunia usaha juga kami sajikan disini.

Masih tentang manfaat...., sumberdaya alam hutan mempunyai manfaat bagi kehidupan manusia. Namun bagaimana cara mendistribusikannya dengan baik di berbagai sektor pertanian, perkebunan dan kehutanan menuju rendah emisi? Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) merupakan peluang untuk mencapai pembangunan tersebut.

Sebuah kisah menarik lainnya datang dari Pak Haji Balkaini, seorang guru SDN Lubuk Beringin, yang menyimpan cita-cita tinggi untuk menyekolahkan anak-anaknya ke perguruan tinggi kelak. Ikuti kisah Pak Haji yang juga menjadi seorang penyadap karet yang sukses.

Sebagai penutup, kami menyuguhkan liputan khusus dari Nagari Paninggahan, Sumatera Barat. Kunjungan Staf Ahli Menteri Kehutanan ke Danau Singkarak, yang merupakan pilot model imbal jasa lingkungan berbasis karbon agar dapat diterapkan di lokasi lain di Indonesia. Sebuah kunci kesuksesan adalah menciptakan sebuah upaya bersama yang melibatkan masyarakat yang aktif dan berperan penting dalam pembangunan daerahnya.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Handoyo D, Ayat A, Tata HL, Akiefnawati R, Agung P and Juprial . 2011. Kiprah Agroforestri 9. In: Rahayu S, Tarigan J and Mulyoutami E,eds. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2619 TD 165 TD0165-11 Keanekaragaman jenis burung di habitat agroforestri dan hutan primer di dalam kawasan Sibulan-bulan, Batang Toru, Sumatera Utara Jihad 2009 Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Negeri Jakarta Jakarta, Indonesia 62 Program Studi Biologi S1 Transect) dan Daftar 20 Mackinnon. 146 jenis dengan total 1036 individu burung teramati, di habitat agroforestri sebanyak 76 jenis burung dan hutan primer sebanyak 127 jenis. Sebanyak 30 jenis burung yang teramati pada kedua habitat merupakan jenis burung yang terancam punah secara global. Keanekaragaman jenis burung pada agroforestri sebesar 4.04 dan pada hutan primer sebesar 4.60. dengan kesamaan sebesar 0.56. Hal ini disebabkan karena ekosistem hutan primer yang lebih kompleks, dengan sumber pakan yang beragam, keragaman vegetasi yang tinggi, stratifikasi vegetasi yang lebih beragam serta mikrohabitat yang lebih beragam dibandingkan dengan agroforestri. Kesamaan jenis burung pada habitat agroforestri dan hutan disebabkan karena perkembangan agroforestri yang semakin mirip dengan hutan sekunder dan banyak jenis vegetasi pada agroforestri yang mirip dengan hutan primer. Hasil di atas menunjukkan keanekaragaman jenis burung pada agroforestri dan hutan primer cukup tinggi, dengan keanekaragaman jenis burung pada hutan primer lebih tinggi dibandingkan habitat agroforestri, sehingga diperlukan usaha dari masyarakat sekitar dan pihak terkait untuk dapat menjaga habitat agroforestri dan hutan primer.]]> Agroforestri, hutan primer, keanekaragaman jenis burung, Sibulan-bulan Southeast Asia Indonesian Jihad. 2009. Keanekaragaman jenis burung di habitat agroforestri dan hutan primer di dalam kawasan Sibulan-bulan, Batang Toru, Sumatera Utara. Jakarta, Indonesia. : Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Negeri Jakarta. 62 p. GRP 6, TULSEA 2618 TD 164 TD0164-11 Nilai insentif karbon hutan rakyat kemenyan berbasis voluntary carbon market di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara Bambang Setyo Antoko 2011 Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor, Indonesia 99 Program Studi Ilmu Pengelolaan Hutan S3 purposive) berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan pada model agroforestri yang dilaksanakan dan dikembangkan oleh petani HRK di Kab. Taput. Jumlah plot pengukuran karbon yang diambil secara keseluruhan adalah 30 plot. Selain itu dilakukan juga pengumpulan data sosial ekonomi melalui panduan kuesioner yaitu sebanyak 40 orang responden yang dilakukan secara disengaja (purposive) dimana responden merupakan petani kemenyan pada kedua model agroforestri tersebut. Tahapan penilaian kelayakan ekonomi dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai kelayakan hutan rakyat tanpa dan dengan mekanisme karbon. Beberapa parameter yang digunakan dalam hal ini adalah Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) dan Internal Rate of Return (IRR).]]> Voluntary Carbon Market, agroforestri]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian voluntary carbon market di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Bogor, Indonesia. : Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. 99 p.]]> GRP 6, TULSEA 2617 WP 153 WP0153-11 Performance of Three Rambutan Varieties (Nephelium lappaceum L.) on Various Nursery Media Khalilal Mitras, James M Roshetko, Sabaruddin and Nurhayati 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ICRAF Working Paper no 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP11232.PDF 10 Nephelium lappaceum L.) was evaluated on three different nursery media at the agricultural experimental station of Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh. The seed of rambutan varieties glu, nona and binjai were collected from a community plantation in Padang Tiji district. The nursery medium tested included a farmer-made compost and two researcher-made composts. The experimental design used was a factorial Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) 3 varieties x 3 nursery media, replicated three times. The growth parameters measured were seedling height (cm), stem diameter (mm), leaf area (cm2), fresh weight of seedlings (g), dried weight of seedlings (g), root length (cm), root number, and root weight (g). Measurements were madeat 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting. Analysis of variance and honestly significant difference tests were used to analyze the growth data. Results show that variety glu had greater diameter growth and dry weight than other varieties; supporting local beliefs and practice that variety glu is a better rootstock. Additionally, the farmer compost promoted significantly better root growth compared to the other composts.]]> vegetative propagation, farmer propagation practices, rootstock quality, post-disaster and post-conflict land rehabilitation Southeast Asia English Nephelium lappaceum L.) on Various Nursery Media. ICRAF Working Paper no 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP11232.PDFBogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 10 p.]]> GRP 1, TAMMU 2616 TD 163 TD0163-11 Kajian cadangan karbon pada lahan gambut tropika yang didrainase untuk tanaman tahunan Maswar 2010 Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor Bogor, Indonesia 165 Program Studi Ilmu Tanah S3 Ekosistem gambut berperan sangat penting dalam skala global, baik dari aspek ekologis, sosial maupun perekonomian masyarakat. Disisi lain, ekosistem gambut adalah unik, rapuh dan memiliki sifat tidak dapat diperbaharui. Proses pembentukannya memerlukan waktu ribuan tahun, dan bila terjadi kerusakan, sangat sulit untuk diperbaiki atau bahkan mungkin tidak bisa pulih sama sekali. Luas lahan gambut dunia sekitar 3% dari luas permukaan bumi yakni sekitar 400 juta hektar, namun menyimpan karbon sangat besar yang diperkirakan sebanyak 550 Giga ton, atau setara dengan 75% dari seluruh karbon di atmosfer. Khusus untuk Indonesia yang mewakili daerah gambut tropika, memiliki luas lahan gambut sekitar 265.500 km2, menyimpan cadangan karbon sekitar 54.016 Mega ton. Mengingat cadangan karbon yang besar pada lahan gambut sedangkan ekosistemnya sangat rapuh, maka apabila tidak dikelola dengan baik akan menyebabkan kehilangan karbon yang banyak, terutama dalam bentuk gas metan (CH4) dan karbon dioksida (CO2) ke atmosfer, sehingga akan semakin meningkatkan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK). Tanaman tahunan, konservasi, cadangan C, kehilangan C, drainase, gambut Southeast Asia Indonesian Maswar M. 2010. Kajian cadangan karbon pada lahan gambut tropika yang didrainase untuk tanaman tahunan. Bogor, Indonesia. : Sekolah Pasca Sarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. 165 p. 2615 RP 276 RP0276-11 Climate in Asia and the Pacific: A Synthesis of APN Activities Michael J Manton, Lance Heath, James Salinger and Linda Anne Stevenson 2011 Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) Japan 78 The adverse effects of climate change and natural climate variability pose a significant threat to humanity, with the poorest communities being the most vulnerable. Scientific understanding of our climate is advancing at a significant rate, with new information emerging about the likely impacts of climate change, the options to adapt to these changes, and new approaches to mitigation. Rodel lasco is one of contributor author Philippines English 0 Climate in Asia and the Pacific: A Synthesis of APN Activities. Japan. : Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN). 2011. 78 p. GRP 5 2614 RP 275 RP0275-11 Orangutan dan Ekonomi Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari di Sumatera Serge Wich 2011 UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal Norway 83 Studi ini mengeksplorasi peluang pada jalur yang lebih lestari untuk pembangunan dan mengupayakan rekonsiliasi antara hutan dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati dengan kemajuan ekonomi. Fokusnya pada dua lokasi percobaan di Pulau Sumatera, yaitu rawa Tripa dan hutan pegunungan Batang Toru, keduanya merupakan tempat populasi orangutan yang signifikan. Penilaian itu menghitung perbandingan nilai ekonomi antara bentuk tata guna lahan yang tidak lestari dan tataguna lahan yang lestari, serta melihat peran pengurangan emisi dari deforestasi dan degradasi (REDD) dan skema pembayaran jasa ekosistem (PES) yang lebih luas dalam mencapai tujuan konservasi dan pembangunan secara seimbang. Southeast Asia Indonesian Orangutan dan Ekonomi Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari di Sumatera. Norway. : UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal. 2011. 83 p. 2613 RP 274 RP0274-11 Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra Serge Wich 2011 UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal Norway 83 This study explores opportunities for a more sustainable pathway to development and looks for reconciliation between forest and biodiversity conservation and economic progress. It focuses on two pilot sites on the island of Sumatra, namely Tripa swamp and the mountain forests of Batang Toru, both hosting significant orangutan populations. The assessment quantifies the economic trade-offs between unsustainable and sustainable forms of land use, and considers the role of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) and broader Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes in achieving balanced conservation and development objectives. Southeast Asia English Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra. : UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal. 2011. 83 p. 2612 JA 417 JA0417-11 Social Role-Play Games Vs Individual Perceptions of Conservation and PES Agreements for Maintaining Rubber Agroforests in Jambi (Sumatra), Indonesia Grace B.Villamor and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 Ecology and Society The Resilience Alliance 16 3 1-20 Financial incentives can both support and undermine social norms compatible with environmental service enhancement. External co-investment?e.g., through incentives from programs to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) and eco-certification?needs to synergize with local efforts by understanding local dynamics and conditions for free and prior informed consent. We assessed the perceptions and behavior of rubber agroforest farmers under existing conservation agreements as a step toward institutionalized reward schemes for agro-biodiversity using questionnaires and roleplaying games (RPG). To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply such a combination of methods to explore the perceptions of payments for environmental services (PES). Results revealed a strong conservation belief system and social norms in the research site, with indications that individual interest in converting old rubber agroforest to oil palm, with consequent private gain and loss of local social agrobiodiversity benefits, is suppressed in the social context of a role-playing game. In the game, all financial bids by external agents to secure an oil palm foothold in the village, were rejected despite indications of declining income in the village. Agents promoting an eco-certification scheme in the RPG had success and the responses obtained in the game can assist in the actual rollout of such a scheme without creating unrealistic expectations of its financial benefits. Co-investment schemes that require higher levels of trust and clarity of performance measures will have to address the potential discrepancy between individual preferences and community-level planning and decisions, while recognizing that social norms color the responses of individuals when presented with alternatives. conservation agreements; payments/rewards for agro-biodiversity conservation; role playing game; rubber agroforest http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-04339-160327 Southeast Asia English 0 Villamor GB and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Social Role-Play Games Vs Individual Perceptions of Conservation and PES Agreements for Maintaining Rubber Agroforests in Jambi (Sumatra), Indonesia. Ecology and Society. 16(3):P. 1-20. GRP 6, RUPES 2611 PB 28 PB0028-11 Linking scientific knowledge with policy action in Natural Resource Management Meine van Noordwijk, Delia Catacutan and William C. Clark 2011 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB Policy Brief 19 4 For more than a decade, the ASB Partnership has tried various approaches in the tropical forest margins. A recent effort to take stock, reflect on what has worked well, and identify the main challenges enabled scientists to distinguish three types of knowledge that reside with the three main actors: 1. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) resides among local people and is embedded in local ?context?; 2. Public space/policy ecological knowledge (PEK) is concerned with immediate ?impact?; and 3. Scientific, researchers or modellers? ecological knowledge, (SEK/MEK) is seeking generic ?mechanisms?. Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Catacutan D and Clark WC. 2011. Linking scientific knowledge with policy action in Natural Resource Management. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. GRP 2, GRP 6, ASB 2610 BC 317 BC0317-11 Linking climate change risks and rights of upland peoples in the Mekong Xu Jianchu and Rajesh Daniel Kate Lazarus, Nathan Badenoch, Nga Dao and Bernadette P. Resurreccion 2011 Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region Earthscan London, UK 217-244 China English Xu Jianchu and Daniel R. 2011. Linking climate change risks and rights of upland peoples in the Mekong. In: Lazarus K, Badenoch N, Dao N and Resurreccion BP,eds. Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region. London, UK. : Earthscan. P. 217-244. 2609 BC 316 BC0316-11 Climate change in the Asian highlands: Socio-economic implications for the Mekong Region Xu Jianchu Kate Lazarus, Nathan Badenoch, Nga Dao and Bernadette P. Resurreccion 2011 Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region Earthscan London, UK 197-216 China English Xu Jianchu. 2011. Climate change in the Asian highlands: Socio-economic implications for the Mekong Region. In: Lazarus K, Badenoch N, Dao N and Resurreccion BP,eds. Water Rights and Social Justice in the Mekong Region. London, UK. : Earthscan. P. 197-216. 2608 JA 416 JA0416-11 Arbuscular mycorrhiza maintains nodule function during external NH 4+ supply in Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) Peter E. Mortimer, Maria A. Pérez-Fernández and Alex J. Valentine 2011 Mycorrhiza Springer-Verlag The synergistic benefits of the dual inoculation of legumes with nodule bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) are well established, but the effect of an external NH4+ supply on this tripartite relationship is less clear. This effect of NH4+ supply was investigated with regards to the growth and function of the legume host and both symbionts. Nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings with and without AM, were grown in a sand medium with either 0 N, 1 mM or 3 mM NH4+. Plants were harvested at 30 days after emergence and measurements were taken for biomass, N2 fixation, photosynthesis, asparagine concentration, construction costs and N nutrition. The addition of NH4+ led to a decline in the percentage AM colonization and nodule dry weights, although AM colonization was affected to a lesser extent. NH4+ supply also resulted in a decrease in the reliance on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF); however, the AM roots maintained higher levels of NH4+ uptake than their non-AM counterparts. Furthermore, the non-AM plants had a higher production of asparagine than the AM plants. The inhibitory effects of NH4+ on nodule function can be reduced by the presence of AM at moderate levels of NH4+ (1 mM), via improving nodule growth or relieving the asparagine-induced inhibition of BNF. Arbuscular mycorrhiza – NH4+ – Nitrogen fixation – Photosynthesis – Asparagines China English Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Mycorrhiza. : P. .]]> 2607 JA 415 JA0415-11 National parks in China: Experiments with protecting nature and human livelihoods in Yunnan province, Peoples? Republic of China (PRC) Zhou DQ and R. Edward Grumbine 2011 Biological Conservation Elsevier Ltd 144 5 1314-1321 Beginning in 1956, China has built a large protected areas system, but has struggled to implement effective management. There remain ongoing problems with administrative authority, unclear regulations, inadequate funding, inappropriate development within protected areas, a dearth of professional capacity, and more. To address these concerns, since 2001, international nongovernment organizations led by The Nature Conservancy have encouraged various levels of government in China to experiment with an international model of national parks. The government in Yunnan province, the center of China?s biological and cultural diversity, has acted to create a national park experimental system with new administrative bureaus, comprehensive regulations, park master plans, and several national park pilots. We review two of these pilots, Pudacuo National Park and Laojun Mountain National Park, to evaluate whether this park model, as it is being applied in Yunnan, offers an improvement to existing nature reserve regulations and implementation. Though the experiment is in its early stages, issues remain around regulatory authority, community participation, park funding and staff capacity. China; Laojun Mountain; National parks; Nature reserves; Protected areas; Pudacuo National Park; Yunnan China English Zhou D and Grumbine RE. 2011. National parks in China: Experiments with protecting nature and human livelihoods in Yunnan province, Peoples’ Republic of China (PRC). Biological Conservation. 144(5):P. 1314-1321. 2606 JA 414 JA0414-11 The influence of seed and oil storage on the acid levels of rubber seed oil, derived from Hevea brasiliensis grown in Xishuangbanna, China Yixin Zhu, Xu Jianchu and Peter E. Mortimer 2011 Energy Elsevier Ltd 36 8 5403-5408 High acid levels, characteristic of rubber seed oil (RSO), limit RSO use in biodiesel production. The aims of this study were to determine the causes of these high acid levels by investigating what affects the storage of rubber seeds and RSO had on the acid levels. Two storage conditions/methods were evaluated, one representing a proposed storage method (SM 1), the other mimicking storage conditions characteristic to the Xishuangbanna region (SM 2). Furthermore, RSO storage was evaluated by testing RSO acid levels over a 2-month period, under standard storage conditions. Seeds from SM 2 displayed increased seed pile temperatures, higher levels of Mildew infection, lower seed oil content and higher acid levels. Low seed oil content and high acid values of SM 2 were resultant of the high Mildew infection and increased seed pile temperatures. In addition, a critical value of 90% relative humidity of seed piles was identified, above which Mildew infection increased sharply. Storage of crude RSO resulted in increased acid values. This data shows that in order to reduce high acid values, seed pile temperature, humidity and Mildew infections need to be kept to a minimum, as well as the storage time of the seeds and the RSO. Hevea brasiliensis, Rubber seed oil, Oil acid levels, Storage, Mildew, Biodiesel doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.06.054 China IN PRESS English Hevea brasiliensis grown in Xishuangbanna, China. Energy. 36(8):P. 5403-5408.]]> 2605 JA 413 JA0413-11 Mekong Hydropower Development R. Edward Grumbine and Xu Jianchu 2011 Science Science 332 6026 178-179 The Mekong River is one of the world's last large rivers remaining mostly undammed. But China is constructing a series of eight hydropower projects on the upper Mekong. Although there are currently no dams across the mainstream channel (not including the tributaries) in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), nevertheless, in September 2010, the Lao People's Democratic Republic petitioned the Mekong River Commission (MRC) to begin the formal process of approving the first of 11 proposed dams across the lower Mekong (see the figure) (1). Although such a cascade would provide substantial power, it would likely reduce biodiversity and ecosystem service values of the LMB, while undercutting the livelihood and food security of millions of people. Decisions on this initial proposal expected over the coming months by the MRC countries may contribute to promoting high-impact hydropower development or to a movement toward integrated, transboundary river-basin management that could serve as a model for other rivers. DOI: 10.1126/science.1200990 China English Grumbine RE and Xu Jianchu . 2011. Mekong Hydropower Development. Science. 332(6026):P. 178-179. 2604 JA 412 JA0412-11 Management and land use change effects on soil carbon in northern China's grasslands: a synthesis Shiping Wang, Andreas Wilkes, Zhicai Zhang, Xiaofeng Chang, Rong Lang, Yanfen Wang and Haishan Niu 2011 Elsevier B.V. 1-12 Grasslands cover about 40% of China?s land area. This paper synthesizes 133 papers from China on the impacts of land use conversion and improved management practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) in China?s grasslands. The synthesis finds that overgrazing and conversion of freely grazed grassland to cropland lead to an annual average decline of 2.3?2.8% in SOC, and have caused a loss of 30?35% of total grassland SOC in China. Improved management practices may reverse the loss of SOC. Exclosure of degraded grassland from grazing and conversion of cropland to abandoned fields (i.e. natural restoration) increased carbon content by 34% and 62% on average. Carbon sequestration rates were greatest during the first 30 yr after treatments began and tended to be greatest in the top 10 cm of soil. Carbon sequestration potential was negatively related to initial carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soils. Exclosure from grazing and the conversion of cropland to abandoned fields resulted in average carbon sequestration rates of 130.4 g C m-2 yr-1 for 0?40 cm soil and 128.0 g C m-2 yr-1 for 0?30 cm soil, representing annual average increases of 5.4?6.3%. Based on our results, achievement of the national objective to exclude grazing livestock from 150 million ha of China?s grasslands and to establish 30 million ha of cultivated pasture by 2020 would sequester over 0.24 Pg C yr-1, which is equivalent to about 16% of fossil fuel CO2 emissions in China in 2006. Carbon sequestration, Grasslands, Land use change, Grazing, Cultivation, Pasture China IN PRESS English 2603 JA 411 JA0411-11 Integrative Management of Commercialized Wild Mushroom: A Case Study of Thelephora ganbajun in Yunnan, Southwest China Jun He, Zhimei Zhou, Huixian Yang and Xu Jianchu 2011 Environmental Management Springer Science+Business Media B.V 48 1 98-108 Thelephora ganbajun, an endemic and one of the most economically valuable mushroom species in Southwest China. The paper documents an empirical case of how an interdisciplinary approach facilitated the development of a scientific basis for policy and management practice, and built the local capacity to create, adopt and sustain the new rules and techniques of mushroom management. With this integrative perspective, a sustainable management strategy was developed, which was found not only technically feasible for farmers, but also acceptable to the government from an ecological and policy-related perspective. More importantly, this approach has greatly contributed to raising the income of farmers. The paper highlights how the integration of biophysical and socioeconomic factors and different knowledge systems provided a holistic perspective to problem diagnosis and resolution, which helped to cope with conventional scientific dilemmas. Finally, it concludes that the success of this interdisciplinary approach is significant in the context of policy decentralization and reform for incorporating indigenous knowledge and local participation in forest management.]]> Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), Fungi, Interdisciplinary research, Community-based natural resource management, Indigenous knowledge, Participatory action research China English Thelephora ganbajun in Yunnan, Southwest China. Environmental Management. 48(1):P. 98-108.]]> 2602 JA 410 JA0410-11 Creating a ?Conservation with Chinese Characteristics? R. Edward Grumbine and Xu Jianchu 2011 Biological Conservation Elsevier Ltd 144 5 1347-1355 As China becomes increasingly influential in international affairs, it is important to understand the unique characteristics of Chinese environmental values and policy processes. This is especially true given the rate and scale of China?s environmental impacts on natural ecosystems from local to international levels. Currently, however, Chinese conservation values, policies and practices are not well-integrated. We identify four systemic barriers to conservation in China that contribute to this poor integration: weak rule of law; unclear land tenure; top down government authority; and disconnects between scientific research and management implementation. To advance China toward an environmentally secure future, we suggest that combining traditional Chinese environmental values with contemporary science and international conservation practices will help to create a ?Conservation with Chinese Characteristics?. We do not believe that traditional values should replace modern science and management. Rather, we suggest that, given the cultural and political conditions in China today, using traditional values to frame contemporary environmental science and ecosystem-based management may create stronger societal support for conservation implementation. China; Conservation planning; Ecosystem-based management; Environmental education; Science and values doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.006 China English Grumbine RE and Xu Jianchu . 2011. Creating a ‘Conservation with Chinese Characteristics’. Biological Conservation. 144(5):P. 1347-1355. 2601 LN 41 LN0041-11 Tools for use in Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) and Payment for Environmental Services in Vietnam (TULViet) 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Vietnam 1 89 Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) aims to identify land-use practices that increase production while maintaining natural capital and continuing to provide ecosystem services at local and global scales (Izac and Sanchez 2001). The overall objective of INRM research and development activities is to help managers at various levels do a better job of managing natural resources. Natural resource management problems that relate local stakeholder decisions are usually different at different scales. The challenge is how should the opportunities for adaptive response among diverse interest groups, at a number of hierarchical levels, be included in the assessment of impacts on the livelihoods of rural people. Vietnam English 2011. : Tools for use in Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM) and Payment for Environmental Services in Vietnam (TULViet). 1Vietnam. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 89 p. GRP 6 2600 MA 63 MA0063-11 REDD+ di Berau: Melacak emisi menimbang implikasi Arif Rahmanulloh and Muhammad Sofiyuddin 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 14-15 Reduction Emision from Deforestration and Degradation (REDD).]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 2599 MA 62 MA0062-11 Menanam pohon di luar kawasan hutan: Dapatkah menjawab isu perubahan iklim? Geoffrey Kamadi 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 12-13
Mengurangi kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan penebangan pohon baik oleh pemerintah maupun masyarakat dianggap sebagai cara terbaik untuk mengimbangi dampak perubahan iklim. Meningkatkan luas tutupan hutan dan mengurangi penebangan hutan saat ini merupakan tujuan yang sudah disepakati dalam upaya mitigasi perubahan iklim.]]> Head Quarters Indonesian 2598 MA 61 MA0061-11 Memanen gula kelapa di lahan agroforestri Kurniatun Hairiah 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 10-11 Guna mendapatkan nira, pria penyadap harus memotong ujung tongkol bunga kelapa (manggar) dan pada ujungnya diletakkan sebuah wadah penampung (biasanya digunakan jirigen plastik) dan dibiarkan selama 12 jam baru kemudian dikumpulkan. Setiap harinya rata-rata terkumpul 25-30 liter nira yang diperoleh dari 20 pohon kelapa. Proses pemasakan atau pengentalan nira menjadi gula kelapa dilakukan oleh para wanita. Untuk memproduksi gula kelapa, pengrajin membutuhkan kayu bakar berkisar antara 0.5 - 1 m /hari. Jumlah kayu yang dibutuhkan bervariasi tergantung dari hasil sadapan nira dan musim. Pada musim penghujan, produksi nira relatif lebih banyak dari pada di musim kemarau, sehingga jumlah kayu bakar yang dibutuhkan juga akan meningkat. Jumlah kayu bakar yang dibutuhkan di musim penghujan rata-rata 1 m untuk 85 liter nira kelapa, dan di musim kemarau ratarata sekitar 0.8 m untuk 67 liter (Tumisem dan Suwarno, 2008). Southeast Asia Indonesian 2597 MA 60 MA0060-11 Membangun perencanaan wilayah partisipatif di Kabupaten Aceh Barat Feri Johana, Andree Ekadinata and Sonya Dewi 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 5-6 Perencanaan wilayah merupakan sebuah upaya untuk mengatur pemanfaatan ruang dalam suatu wilayah berkaitan dengan akitivitas masyarakat dalam memanfaatkan ruang tersebut. Tanpa ada perencanaan yang melibatkan masyarakat hanya akan menempatkan masyarakat sebagai penonton dan tidak dapat menentukan masa depan atas pengelolaan wilayahnya sendiri. Masyarakat akan mengalami kesulitan untuk mengadaptasi terhadap kenyataan ruang yang tidak sesuai dengan keinginannya bahkan sangat mungkin akan menentang terhadap tata ruang yang sudah dibuat. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2596 MA 59 MA0059-11 Membangun Kebun Bibit Unggul: Sarana untuk meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat Anang Setiawan and Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi 2011 Kiprah Agroforestri 8 4 1 3-4 kebun dumpeu na? yang artinya adalah 'kebun serba ada'. ? Kebun dumpeu na? yang dalam istilah asing dikenal sebagai agroforest memegang peranan penting bagi penghidupan masyarakat, karena sebagian besar sumber mata pencaharian masyarakat Aceh terutama di pedesaan berasal dari hasil kebun agroforest.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 2595 JA 408 JA0408-11 Understanding and Integrating Local Perceptions of Trees and Forests into Incentives for Sustainable Landscape Management Jean-Laurent Pfund, John Daniel Watts, Manuel Boissie`re, Amandine Boucard, Renee Marie Bullock, Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi, Laure`ne Feintrenie, Patrice Levang, Salla Rantala, Douglas Sheil, Terence Clarence Heethom Sunderland and Zora Lea Urech 2011 Environmental Management Environmental Management 48 334–349 We examine five forested landscapes in Africa (Cameroon, Madagascar, and Tanzania) and Asia (Indonesia and Laos) at different stages of landscape change. In all five areas, forest cover (outside of protected areas) continues to decrease despite local people?s recognition of the importance of forest products and services. After forest conversion, agroforestry systems and fallows provide multiple functions and valued products, and retain significant biodiversity. But there are indications that such land use is transitory, with gradual simplification and loss of complex agroforests and fallows as land use becomes increasingly individualistic and profit driven. In Indonesia and Tanzania, farmers favor monocultures (rubber and oil palm, and sugarcane, respectively) for their high financial returns, with these systems replacing existing complex agroforests. In the study sites in Madagascar and Laos, investments in agroforests and new crops remain rare, despite government attempts to eradicate swidden systems and their multifunctional fallows. We discuss approaches to assessing local values related to landscape cover and associated goods and services. We highlight discrepancies between individual and collective responses in characterizing land use tendencies, and discuss the effects of accessibility on land management. We conclude that a combination of social, economic, and spatially explicit assessment methods is necessary to inform land use planning. Furthermore, any efforts to modify current trends will require clear incentives, such as through carbon finance. We speculate on the nature of such incentive schemes and the possibility of rewarding the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape scale and in a socially equitable manner. Landscape management, Local perceptions, Biodiversity conservation, Agroforestry Southeast Asia English Pfund J, Watts JD, Boissie`re M, Boucard A, Bullock RM, Ekadinata A, Dewi S, Feintrenie L, Levang P, Rantala S, Sheil D, Sunderland TC and Urech ZL. 2011. Understanding and Integrating Local Perceptions of Trees and Forests into Incentives for Sustainable Landscape Management. Environmental Management. 48: P. 334–349. 2594 JA 407 JA0407-11 Rubber agroforests in a changing landscape: analysis of land use/cover trajectories in Bungo district, Indonesia Andree Ekadinata and Gregoire Vincent 2011 Forests, Trees and Livelihoods A B Academic Publishers 20 3–14
We studied land cover change in the Bungo district, in Jambi, Sumatra (Indonesia), a 4,550 km2 area. Large forest tracks have been cleared since the early seventies and replaced by rubber plantations, oil palm plantations and other agricultural land-uses. Landsat images taken between 1973 and 2005 were used to quantify the trends of land cover changes in the area. During that period forest cover fell from more than 75% to 30%. Simultaneously monoculture plantations increased from 3% to over 40%, while rubber agroforests, decreased from 15% to 11%. Strikingly most of the rubber agroforests present in 2005 where absent in1973 while most of the rubber agroforests present in 1973 had been replaced by more intensive agricultural systems by 2005.

Rubber agroforests are now the ultimate reservoir of the original lowland forest biodiversity since natural forest has almost completely disappeared from the peneplain. They are however under growing pressure themselves and have incurred an accelerated conversion rate to more intensive agricultural systems in the period 2002?2005.]]> land cover change, drivers of deforestation, rubber agroforests, Indonesia Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A and Vincent G. 2011. Rubber agroforests in a changing landscape: analysis of land use/cover trajectories in Bungo district, Indonesia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. 20: P. 3–14. 2593 MN 49 MN0049-11 Pengukuran cadangan karbon dari tingkat lahan ke bentang lahan. Edisi ke 2 Kurniatun Hairiah, Andree Ekadinata, Rika Ratna Sari and Subekti Rahayu 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 90 978-979-3198-53-8 Alternatives to Slash and Burn). Sedangkan pada buku edisi kedua ini berisi pengukuran cadangan karbon menggunakan metoda RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) yang mencakup cara untuk mengekstrapolasi cadangan karbon dari tingkat lahan ke tingkat bentang lahan. RaCSA telah diuji pada berbagai jenis penggunaan lahan di berbagai daerah dengan kondisi iklim yang berbeda melalui kegiatan TUL-SEA (Trees in multi-Use Landscapes in Southeast Asia) dan ALLREDDI (The Accountability and Local Level Initiative to Reduce Emission from Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia) yang dikoordinir oleh World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF Southeast Asia).

Buku RaCSA ini disusun khusus untuk pengukuran cadangan karbon pada tanah mineral (tanah kering), sedang untuk pengukuran cadangan karbon pada tanah gambut dapat dilihat pada seri berikutnya.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Hairiah K, Ekadinata A, Sari RR and Rahayu S. 2011. Pengukuran cadangan karbon dari tingkat lahan ke bentang lahan. Edisi ke 2. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 90 p. 2592 JA 406 JA0406-11 Users? perspectives on validity of a simulation model for natural resource management Betha Lusiana, Meine van Noordwijk, Desi Suyamto, Rachmat Mulia, Laxman Joshi and Georg Cadisch 2011 International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9 2 364-378 Managers of agro-ecosystems trade off food production and livelihood strategies against environmental services. They need tools to prospect a wide range of external conditions. Integrated simulation models allow stakeholders to discuss the plausible behaviour of agro-ecosystems and to evaluate dynamic trade-offs, as a basis for planning and policy making in agriculture and natural resource management. However, simulation models need to gain stakeholders? acceptance before they will be utilized. Gaining stakeholders? acceptance likely requires salience, credibility and legitimacy. We surveyed the perceptions and expectations of 122 potential model users in four countries, prioritizing these model attributes. A possible shift in user perception was assessed during a participatory model evaluation of a resource management model (FALLOW) for post-tsunami development in West Aceh (Indonesia). Potential model users, comprising natural resource managers, policy makers, lecturers and scientists, ranked salience as the most important characteristic for an integrated simulation model, followed by credibility and legitimacy. Model users? occupation, prior exposure and interest in using a simulation model did not have a statistically significant influence on users? perceptions of model attributes. land-use change model; model users; model validation; participatory approach; salience–credibility–legitimacy Southeast Asia English Lusiana B, van Noordwijk M, Suyamto D, Mulia R, Joshi L and Cadisch G. 2011. Users’ perspectives on validity of a simulation model for natural resource management. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 9(2):P. 364-378. 2591 WP 152 WP0152-11 Implementasi Kaji Cepat Hidrologi (RHA) di Hulu DAS Brantas, Jawa Timur Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, Sudarto and Iva Dewi Lestariningsih 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper nr.121. DOI: 10.5716/WP10338.PDF 133
The Rapid Hydrological Appraisal (RHA) implementation at the Sumber Brantas Watershed aimed to test the methodology, which is claimed to be rapid and cheap, and to validate the GenRiver Model ? an important component of the methodology, to learn the stakeholders? perceptions on the watershed management and to build an understanding among stakeholders in order to select the best watershed management practices.

RHA itself is claimed as a rapid and cheap methodology that is important in the early steps of an environmental service activity. The method consists of three stages i.e. scooping, awareness and identifying partners. Scooping and identifying partners were reflected from information and data collection about study site, hydrological issues, and stakeholders who involved in the watershed management.

Watershed stakeholders consisted of three groups i.e. local community, policy makers and researchers or facilitators. Knowledge, perception and experiences from each group of stakeholders used to be called as LEK (Local Ecological Knowledge), PEK (Policy Ecological Knowledge), and MEK (Modeler Ecological Knowledge). Meanwhile, the data collection including spatial data, participatory landscape analysis, local and political knowledge assessment about watershed ecology, data analysis related on hydrological condition, and the stakeholders meeting constituted as a package of community awareness about watershed management at the study site.

In general, the perceptions on watershed hydrology among the three groups of stakeholders in Sumber Brantas Watershed (i.e. PEK, MEK and LEK) tend to be similar. The important hydrological issues in the Sumber Brantas Watershed are about flash-floods and drought, decrease of the number of springs in the watershed as well as their discharge, the decrease of water quality, and the more intensive soil loss due to erosion and landslide.

The three groups of stakeholders agreed that the discharge of main river (Upper Brantas River) depends on seasonal rainfall variability. During rainy seasons, the river discharge tends to be very high, while in dry seasons it dries up. The discharge ratio between rainy and dry season is high and tends to increase annually. The fluctuations of river discharge and the floods frequency is related to the percentage of forest area in the upstream. The above perception is supported by modelers (MEK) as indicated by the calculated discharge through simulation model under various scenarios of land cover areas. The amplitude of maximum and minimum discharges is affected by percentage of forest area in the watershed. Reduction of forest area in the watershed will increase the amplitude of maximum and minimum discharge. The simulation also shows extremely high discharges or flooding following heavy rainfall events.

LEK and PEK groups stated that the decreasing of the number of springs as well as the discharge of the springs in the watershed was affected by deforestation. The deforestation will reduce the recharge area, so that the absence of forest will affect the discharge of the springs nearby. However, the MEK group mentioned that the most relevant recharge area of a spring is not necessarily adjacent to the spring, dependent to geologic and topographic conditions of the area. The three groups perceived that the decrease of the water quality in the watershed is mainly due to sedimentation and water pollution. Sediment in the river is mostly coming from erosion of agricultural and landslides on road-cuts, river-banks and steep lands. Pollutants in the main Brantas River is usually coming from the waste of human activity along the river, such as intensive agriculture, agriculture-based industry, and tourism activities. The agriculture-based industry along the Sumber Brantas watershed that produced pollutants are mushroom and flowers growers, intensive small-scale horticulture practices (fruits, vegetables, and flowers), and small-scale food and beverage industries. Meanwhile, the tourism activity includes hotel and restaurant business. The LEK group believed that the soil material transported into the river is mostly coming from the forest-production area that has been converted into agriculture lands by local farmers (known as pesanggem). Usually, they grow rain fed vegetables such as carrot, potato, cabbage in the steep slopes without proper management. The group also thought that the conversion of forest into agriculture land will trigger landslide evidence on the steep slopes. They were quite sure that the absence of tree vegetation on the steep lands was the major cause of landslides and flooding. Actually, the perception of the PEK and MEK group on the erosion and landslide issues are not quite different from LEK group. However, they emphasized that slope is more prominent factor triggering landslides than the absence of trees.

Comparing the simulated discharge using the GenRiver model to the actual field measurement shows a poor relation. The measured discharge data collected by PJT 1 (Perum Jasa Tirta I) seems to have unexpected trends that cannot be explained well by the available supporting data such as rainfall data. However, the simulated discharge upon some landuse scenarios indicates some acceptable preferences compared to the actual field condition.

In conclusion, the similarity of perception among stakeholders in the watershed will give chance to find the best management plan and practices in the near future. But there is still a problem to bring the stakeholders to sit together discussing their opinion, perception and hope on the future of the watershed. An appropriate system and mechanism of coordination and communication among stakeholders is certainly needed to build better understanding of the watershed. Environmental service mechanism can be potentially developed in Sumber Brantas watershed, since the early initiative has been explored and practiced by some stakeholders, such as Perum Jasa Tirta I.]]> Environmental services, hydrological, modeling, local knowledge, watershed Southeast Asia Indonesian Widianto, Suprayogo D, Sudarto and Lestariningsih ID. 2010. Implementasi Kaji Cepat Hidrologi (RHA) di Hulu DAS Brantas, Jawa Timur. Working paper nr.121. DOI: 10.5716/WP10338.PDFBogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 133 p. GRP 6, TULSEA 2590 WP 151 WP0151-11 A Study of Rapid Hydrological Appraisal in the Krueng Peusangan Watershed, NAD, Sumatra Ni'matul Khasanah, Elok Mulyoutami, Andree Ekadinata, Tonni Asmawan, Lisa Tanika, Zuraidah Said, Meine van Noordwijk and Beria Leimona 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper nr 123. DOI: 10.5716/WP10339.PDF 55
The objectives of the RHA are to appraise the hydrological situation from the perspective of multiple stakeholders: local ecological knowledge (LEK), public/policymakers ecological knowledge (PEK), and hydrologist/modeler ecological knowledge (MEK). Further, the recommendation from the application of RHA is to design a realistic approach in designing a reward for watershed services scheme. To accomplish the objective of the study, the RHA method was implemented through the following activities:
1. Survey and exploration of the two main types of stakeholder knowledge: local and public/policy maker ecological knowledge on water movement and causes and consequences of land use options on the landscape from the perspective of multiple users of the Krueng Peusangan watershed, 2. Gathering and analyzing of existing climate and hydrology data on the Krueng Peusangan watershed, 3. Spatial data analysis of the Krueng Peusangan watershed to obtain land cover information, land cover change information and watershed characteristic, 4. Analyses of the consequences of current land cover change on the values of water balance including river flow in the Krueng Peusangan watershed using GenRiver 2.0 model, and 5. Analyses of plausible future land cover changes scenarios and its impacts using GenRiver 2.0 model.]]> Southeast Asia English Khasanah N, Mulyoutami E, Ekadinata A, Asmawan T, Tanika L, Said Z, van Noordwijk M and Leimona B. 2011. A Study of Rapid Hydrological Appraisal in the Krueng PeusanganWatershed, NAD, Sumatra. Working Paper nr 123. DOI: 10.5716/WP10339.PDFBogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 55 p. GRP 6, TULSEA 2589 WP 150 WP0150-11 Kaji Cepat Hidrologi di Daerah Aliran Sungai Krueng Peusangan, NAD, Sumatra Ni'matul Khasanah, Elok Mulyoutami, Andree Ekadinata, Tonni Asmawan, Lisa Tanika, Zuraidah Said and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no. 122. DOI 10.5716/WP10337.PDF 55 Rapid Hydological Appraisal (RHA).

Tujuan RHA adalah untuk menilai situasi hidrologi DAS berdasarkan perspektif berbagai pemangku kepentingan seperti pengetahuan ekologi masyarakat lokal (local ecological knowledge/LEK), pengetahuan ekologi pembuat keputusan (policymakers ecological knowledge/PEK) dan pengetahuan ekologi ahli hidrologi/peneliti (hydrologist/modeler ecological knowledge/MEK). Selanjutnya, rekomendasi hasil RHA digunakan untuk menyusun pendekatan skema imbal jasa lingkungan. Dalam kajian ini, implementasi RHA dilakukan melalui beberapa kegiatan:

Kajian dan eksplorasi pengetahuan ekologi masyarakat lokal dan pengetahuan ekologi pembuat keputusan dengan fokus pergerakan air; penyebab dan konsekuensi pemilihan/perubahan penggunaan lahan di suatu bentang lahan (lansekap) menurut sudut pandang berbagai pihak pemanfaat DAS Krueng Peusangan,
Pengumpulan dan analisa data iklim dan hidrologi DAS Krueng Peusangan,
Analisa data spasial untuk memperoleh pemahaman mengenai perubahan tutupan lahan dan karakteristik DAS,
Analisa pengaruh perubahan tutupan lahan terhadap kesetimbangan air termasuk debit sungai DAS Krueng Peusangan menggunakan model GenRiver 2.0, dan
Analisa beberapa skenario perubahan tutupan lahan yang mungkin terjadi terhadap kesetimbangan air menggunakan model GenRiver 2.0.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Khasanah N, Mulyoutami E, Ekadinata A, Asmawan T, Tanika L, Said Z and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Kaji Cepat Hidrologi di Daerah Aliran Sungai Krueng Peusangan, NAD, Sumatra. Working paper no. 122Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 55 p. TULSEA 2588 BC 315 BC0315-11 Rubber agroforestry and PES for preservation of biodiversity in Bungo district, Sumatra Laxman Joshi, Rachman Pasha, Elok Mulyoutami and Hendrien J Beukema Daniela Ottaviani and Nadia El-Hage Scialabba 2011 Payments for ecosystem services and food security FAO Rome, Italy 26 114-135 ISBN 978-92-5-106796-3 Hevea brasiliensis), naturally found in the floodplains forests along the Amazon River, began in Indonesia in the second half of the 19th century. In Sumatra and Borneo, rubber cultivation, initially restricted along rivers with good accessibility, rapidly spread to even relatively remote areas in the country. Currently, Indonesia is the world's second largest gum exporter with an overall rubber area of 3.5 million hectares. More than one million households depend on rubber-generating income in Indonesia, as 83 percent of the rubber cultivation area is constituted by smallholder rubber agroforestry systems (Wibawa et al., 2005)

Bungo district, located in the western area of the Jambi province, the third most important Indonesia province for rubber production, is surrounded by three national parks: Kerinci Seblat, Bukit Dua Belas and Bukit Tiga Puluh. The district has been severely deforested (60 percent forest loss) and forests have been replaced by rubber and oil palm plantations, as well as other agricultural land uses. In particular, from the late 1980s, an increased spread in oil plantation cultivation has led to the additional loss of native trees and simplification of the agro-ecological landscape (Fentreine et al.). A remote sensing study showed that in 1998 the remaining forests, mostly located on the Barisan range, covered only 28 percent of Bungo district, while in the area occupied by jungle rubber has decreased from 17 percent (1988) to 11 percent (2008) due to a parallel increase in monoculture covering from 23 percent (1988) to 49 percent (2008) of the district area (Ekadinata et al., 2010)]]> Southeast Asia English Joshi L, Pasha R, Mulyoutami E and Beukema HJ. 2011. Rubber agroforestry and PES for preservation of biodiversity in Bungo district, Sumatra. In: Ottaviani D and Scialabba NE,eds. Payments for ecosystem services and food security. Rome, Italy. : FAO. P. 114-135. GRP 2, GRP 6, RUPES 2587 BC 314 BC0314-11 PES and multi-strata coffee gardens in Sumberjaya, Indonesia Rachman Pasha and Beria Leimona Daniela Ottaviani and Nadia El-Hage Scialabba 2011 Payments for ecosystem services and food security FAO Rome, Italy 7 275-281 ISBN 978-92-5-106796-3 Sumberjaya is a sub-district (542 km2), in the district of West Lampung, which has historically been the dramatic scene of massive deforestation escalating in social conflicts and poor households. Since the 1970s, Sumberjaya recorded a rapid expansion in smallholder coffee cultivation. Although the government was aware of the consequent high uncontrolled deforestation rate, it was only in 1990, when a hydropower plant was planned in the upper watershed of the Way Besai River, that it took action, concerned about slope erosion and potentially high sediment discharge to the hydropower plant (USAID, 2007). Thus, 40 percent of the land in Sumberjaya was declared as areas of restricted use and forest protection and, between 1991 and 1996, thousands of farmers were evicted from their lands. In 1998, a reconciliatory negotiation promoted by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the local NGO Watala, the Ford Foundation and the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID) was initiated to resolve the huge social conflict and promote sound land-use management. Southeast Asia English 0 Pasha R and Leimona B. 2011. PES and multi-strata coffee gardens in Sumberjaya, Indonesia. In: Ottaviani D and Scialabba NE,eds. Payments for ecosystem services and food security. Rome, Italy. : FAO. P. 275-281. GRP 6, RUPES 2586 PB 27 PB0027-11 Principles for fairness and efficiency in enhancing environmental services in Asia. Payments, compensation or co-investment? Meine van Noordwijk and Beria Leimona 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 6
The term ?payments for environmental services? has rapidly gained popularity, with its focus on market-based mechanisms for enhancing environmental services. Current use of the term, however, covers a broad spectrum of interactions between environmental services? suppliers and beneficiaries.

A broader class of mechanisms pursues enhancement of environmental services through compensation or rewards. Such mechanisms can be analysed on the basis of how they meet four conditions: realistic, conditional, voluntary and pro-poor.

The Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) program has been examining such mechanisms throughout Asia since 2002.]]> Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M and Leimona B. 2011. Principles for fairness and efficiency in enhancing environmental services in Asia. Payments, compensation or co-investment?. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. GRP 6, RUPES 2585 PB 26 PB0026-11 Can rewards for providing environmental services benefit the poor? Lessons from Asia Beria Leimona, Laxman Joshi and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 8
The concept of rewarding local people who protect the environment and the services provides links to two global priorities: to reduce poverty and to sustain the environment.

Pilot schemes based on the concept should ideally aim to balance effectiveness and efficiency with fairness and supporting poor people.

However, most tend to focus primarily on the efficiency of providing the environmental services and often neglect the local people involved in managing the natural resources, their livelihood strategies and the multi-dimensional nature of poverty.]]> Southeast Asia English Leimona B, Joshi L and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Can rewards for providing environmental services benefit the poor? Lessons from Asia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 8 p. GRP 6, RUPES 2584 WP 149 WP0149-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Quirino forest-carbon development project in Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor Raquel C. Lopez, Maria Noriza Herrera and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 132. DOI: 10.5716/WP11057.PDF 56
Acting as the project proponent and intermediary, CI Philippines can potentially institutionalise the project. Not only is such a purpose part of their mission as a non-government organization but also they have the technical capacity to do so. The project is to be implemented as community-based forest management, involving local communities (represented by three people?s organizations) made up of 96 individual and household landholders, Palacian Economic Development Association Inc (a local NGO), the provincial government, Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region 2 and the Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office and the project monitoring team of CI Philippines. MoreTrees, a non-profit carbon offset provider, funds the project.

A total of 177 ha, consisting of small landholdings (110 parcels) in five barangays within the municipalities of Maddela (94 ha) and Nagtipunan (83 ha), has been delineated as the project area. The 108 parcels are within classified forestlands (162 ha) and most landholders have certificate of stewardship contracts as their tenure instruments; there are only two parcels of private land (15 ha) with ownership titles.

The project deploys an agroforestation scheme, conducting reforestation activities by planting native tree species on a total of 155 ha and an agroforestry system by planting fruit trees on 22 ha.

Just like other project proponents, CI Philippines also attempted to participate under the Clean Development Mechanism afforestation/reforestation (CDM A/R) framework. It initially drafted a plan for 13 000 ha as a CDM A/R project but is now targeting the Verified Carbon Standards. Validation by a third party has already been conducted under the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards after some corrective action, including revision of the project design document and subsequent revalidation.]]> Carbon market, climate change, forest-carbon development, mitigation, community-based forest management, Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Quirino forest carbon Philippines English Lopez RC, Herrera MN and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Quirino forest-carbon development project in Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor. Working Paper no. 132. DOI: 10.5716/WP11057.PDFLos Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 56 p. GRP 5 2583 WP 148 WP0148-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Laguna Lake Development Authority?s forest-carbon development project Raquel C. Lopez, Liberty O. Moya and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 131. DOI: 10.5716/WP11056.PDF 43
The Laguna Lake Development Authority?s carbon-forestry project, called the Laguna de Bay Community Watershed Rehabilitation Project, consists of two components: 1) Project 1, which covers an aggregate of 140 ha over 10 barangays within the Caliraya-Lumot Watershed. This is further subdivided into two sites (site 1 = 40 ha and site 2 = 100 ha); and 2) Project 2, which covers an aggregate of 217 ha located in four sites in Laguna province. Each site is equivalent to a small-scale forest-carbon project bundled into one project

The project aims to develop an enabling environment for a carbon market for small-scale environmental interventions in the Laguna de Bay watershed. The key activities of the project are designed to: a) build the capacity of the Authority as an intermediary; b) pilot the implementation of carbon emissions reduction projects; and c) prepare set environmental projects for emission reduction credits.

The project has the participation of local government units (Municipality of Tanay and Siniloan), an academic institution (University of Philippines Los Ba�os), a governmentcontrolled corporation (National Power Corporation) and private companies (CBK Power Company and San Pablo Water District), which have jurisdiction at each site to facilitate the project.

As intermediary, the Authority was able to receive funding through a grant from the Japan Climate Change Initiative, which the World Bank implements for purchasing offsets for greenhouse gas emission reductions from small-scale Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. Carbon financing is already mainstreamed in the project, which enabled the Authority to prepare a project design document following the CDM standard template. However, when submitted for validation, of the sites proposed for the forest-carbon development project, only one site?5 ha located in the municipality of Siniloan?satisfied the eligibility criteria under the CDM afforestation/reforestation framework.

While continuing their reforestation activities, the Authority is currently looking for additional sites. The project design document is being revised and other market mechanisms are being explored.]]> carbon forestry, forest-carbon development, watershed rehabilitation, agroforestation, Laguna de Bay, CDM A/R Philippines English Lopez RC, Moya LO and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Laguna Lake Development Authority’s forest-carbon development project. Working Paper no. 131. DOI: 10.5716/WP11056.PDFLos Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 43 p. GRP 5 2582 WP 147 WP0147-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Ikalahan Ancestral Domain forest-carbon development Raquel C. Lopez, Emma Abasolo and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 133 41
The World Agroforestry Centre Philippines has assisted the Ikalahan, the indigenous people of the region, through their Kalahan Educational Foundation (KEF) by building their capacity to enter into the international carbon markets. KEF initially planned to participate in the market through the United Nations? Framework Convention on Climate Change?s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) then later through the Verified Carbon Standards and is now exploring the possibility of engaging with the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation plus conservation (REDD+) scheme.

The study was conducted to assess the potential of, and challenges for, the proposed project to participate in carbon trading and rewards for environmental services mechanisms. We wanted to examine the strengths of the proposed forest-carbon development as well as the limitations that are hindering its institutionalisation.

The project will consist of an agroforestation scheme on 900 ha, through 1) planting purely forest trees for reforestation and greater carbon sequestration; and 2) agroforestry farms for livelihoods and lesser carbon sequestration. Total sequestration has been estimated at 89 776 t CO2e over 20 years. The project implementers are the local indigenous people, represented by the KEF.

The prerequisite for any project activity is identification of the area. However, as of 2010, KEF had been able to delineate only 17 parcels of land with aggregate area of 112.27 ha, which is intended for forest tree establishment. The parcels for agroforestry farms had not yet been identified.

Further, KEF had yet to create a comprehensive project plan and prepare a project design document (PDD) following the standard templates required for the carbon markets. KEF needs strategic partners to help them do this, along with the required documents for environmental services registration and crediting. A one-year agreement with Mitsubishi UFJ Securities Co. Ltd. to provide consultancy services to help KEF with such activities had already expired.

We found that aside from the technical limitations of undertaking the planning process, the process of identifying the project area still remained a challenge for the KEF.

Generally, progress has only stemmed from the assistance provided by the World Agroforestry Centre Philippines through its Rewarding Upland Poor for Environmental Services (RUPES) project.]]> Ikalahan Ancestral Domain, forest carbon, RUPES project, agroforestation, CDM, voluntary carbon market, REDD+ mechanism Philippines English Lopez RC, Abasolo E and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the Ikalahan Ancestral Domain forest-carbon development. Working Paper no. 133Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 41 p. 2581 WP 146 WP0146-11 Carbon forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of the Arakan Forest Corridor forest carbon project Raquel C. Lopez, Jayson C. Ibañez and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no. 130. DOI: 10.5716/WP11055.PDF 50
The proposed project can potentially contribute to mitigation efforts through carbon sequestration and storage. However, there are many challenges for project development and field implementation. Realistic work and budget plans need to be prepared and the technical and socio-economic aspects of the field work must be sustainable.

Smallholders? acceptance of the arrangements and continued cooperation is vital for the project?s success. To ensure this, more ground work needs to be done to facilitate implementation in the field. A more pro-active project design must be developed using adaptive management theory and subsequently implemented. Adaptive management uses management intervention as a tool to strategically probe the functioning of an ecosystem.]]> Forest carbon development, Arakan Forest Corridor, agroforestation, rainforestation farming, community-based conservation, project development approach, Adopt a Parcel of Hope campaign Philippines English Lopez RC, Ibañez JC and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of the Arakan Forest Corridor forest carbon project. Working Paper no. 130Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 50. DOI: 10.5716/WP11055.PDF p. DOI: 10.5716/WP11055.PDF GRP 5 2580 BK 148 BK0148-11 Membangun Kebun Campuran: Belajar dari Kobun Pocal di Tapanuli dan Lampoeh di Tripa Endri Martini, Hesti L. Tata, Elok Mulyoutami, Jusupta Tarigan and Subekti Rahayu 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 42 Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Martini E, Tata HL, Mulyoutami E, Tarigan J and Rahayu S. 2010. Membangun Kebun Campuran: Belajar dari Kobun Pocal di Tapanuli dan Lampoeh di Tripa. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 42 p. 2579 WP 145 WP0145-11 Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of Mt Kitanglad Range forest-carbon development project Raquel C. Lopez, Felix S Mirasol and Rodel D. Lasco 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Working Paper no 129. DOI: 10.5716/WP11054.PDF 51
The study was conducted to assess the potential of, and challenges for, the proposed project to participate in carbon trading and rewards for environmental services mechanisms. One of the key strengths was the political will of the intermediary entity in helping the project participants, the occupants of deforested and degraded land. This manifested in the formulation of the project development plan.

The proposed project can potentially participate in the carbon market. There are constraints, but with the necessary technical and logistical support to achieve a final project proposal and/or project design document and subsequent operations, the Mt Kitanglad Range forest-carbon development project could potentially be a viable participant in the carbon trading and environmental services rewards mechanisms.]]> Carbon market, climate change, forest-carbon development, mitigation, Mt Kitanglad Range, agroforestation scheme Philippines English Lopez RC, Mirasol FS and Lasco RD. 2011. Carbon-forestry projects in the Philippines: potential and challenges: the case of Mt Kitanglad Range forest-carbon development project. Working Paper no 129Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 51 p. DOI: 10.5716/WP11054.PDF GRP 5 2578 PB 25 PB0025-11 Management of Sesaot Forest: Quo Vadis? Gamma Galudra 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Polan Brief no. 13 4 Sesaot forest lies within Dodokan catchment, to the west of Rinjani National Park with an area of 5,950 ha. Administratively, the forest belongs to Narmada and Lingsar districts of West Lombok Regency and surrounded by 4 villages of Sesaot, Lebah Sempage, Sedau and Batu Mekar. According to Decree of Agriculture Minister No. 756/Kpts/Um/1982, the status and function of Sesaot forest is Protective Forest. This status is based on the important function of the forest as part of the catchment that provides water for large scale irrigation and drinking water for downstream communities, particularly the citizen of Mataram in West Lombok Regency and some areas in Central Lombok Regency. Southeast Asia English 0 Galudra G. 2011. Management of Sesaot Forest: Quo Vadis?. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2577 PB 24 PB0024-11 Rencana tata ruang wilayah dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan Putra Agung 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Polan Brief no. 12 4 Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) merupakan salah satu atau bahkan satu-satunya peluang untuk mencapai pembangunan rendah emisi. Sebagai suatu institusi (rule of game), RTRW tidak terlepas dari permasalahan mendasar yang melandasi proses pembentukannya. Hal inilah yang membuat RTRW sebagai suatu dokumen legal sering kali gagal menjadi acuan pembangunan daerah. RTRW tidak hanya sebatas legalisasi pemanfaatan dan pembagian ruang atas sumberdaya alam (SDA) namun lebih dari itu, karena pada setiap sumber daya alam melekat hak yang berbeda atas manfaat yang berbeda-beda pula. Tulisan ini merupakan opini penulis sebagai suatu identifikasi awal dalam memahami permasalahan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan dan lahan didalam RTRW Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat (Tanjab Barat) dan kebijakan kehutanan pada umumnya. Cara pandang Teori Akses digunakan untuk menguraikan alokasi dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan dan lahan untuk menuju pembangunan rendah emisi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Agung P. 2011. Rencana tata ruang wilayah dan distribusi manfaat sumberdaya hutan. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2576 BK 147 BK0147-11 Analisa gaya bersengketa (AGATA); Panduan ringkas untuk membantu memilih bentuk penyelesaian sengketa pengelolaan sumberdaya alam Gamal Pasya and Martua T Sirait 2011 The Samdhana Institute Bogor, Indonesia 84 9780-979-170173-1-0 post colonial <\i> yang secara historis mewarisi legasi dan permasalahan sengketa penguasaan atas sumber daya alam. Sengketa tersebut amat nyata menjadi hambatan dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam yang adil dan lestari, serta perlu segera diselesaikan untuk menghindari bumi dari kelanjutan bencana sosial dan ekologis, dan sepatutnya hal tersebut diselesaikan oleh masyarakat, pemerintah dan para pihak lainnya. Di Indonesia TAP MPR No. IX tahun 2001 tentang Pembaruan Agraria dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam memandatkan dan menugaskan kepada Pemerintah dan DPR untuk menyelesaikan sengketa secara adil dan beradab sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip yang ada dalam TAP MPR tersebut]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Pasya G and Sirait MT. 2011. Analisa gaya bersengketa (AGATA); Panduan ringkas untuk membantu memilih bentuk penyelesaian sengketa pengelolaan sumberdaya alam. Bogor, Indonesia. : The Samdhana Institute. 84 p. GRP 6, POLAN 2575 MN 48 MN0048-11 GenRiver and FlowPer: Generic River Flow Persistence Models. User Manual Version 2.0 Meine van Noordwijk, Rudy Harto Widodo, Ai Farida, Desi Ariyadhi Suyamto, Betha Lusiana, Lisa Tanika and Ni'matul Khasanah 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 119 978-979-3198-50-7 Southeast Asia English 0 van Noordwijk M, Widodo RH, Farida A, Suyamto DA, Lusiana B, Tanika L and Khasanah N. 2011. GenRiver and FlowPer: Generic River Flow Persistence Models. User Manual Version 2.0. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 119 p. 2574 PB 23 PB0023-11 Meso Debat: Menghubungkan Debat Makro dan Mikro dalam Menyiapkan Strategi REDD Daerah Martua T Sirait and Putra Agung 2011 Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 11 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 4 Southeast Asia Indonesian Sirait MT and Agung P. 2011. Meso Debat: Menghubungkan Debat Makro dan Mikro dalam Menyiapkan Strategi REDD Daerah. Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 11. Bogor. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2573 PB 22 PB0022-11 Menuju Pengakuan ?Hutan Nagari? di Nagari Salingka Danau Singkarak Jomi Suhendri and Putra Agung 2011 Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 10 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 4 Southeast Asia Indonesian Suhendri J and Agung P. 2011. Menuju Pengakuan “Hutan Nagari” di Nagari Salingka Danau Singkarak. Policy Analysis Unit Brief No. 10. Bogor. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2572 RP 273 RP0273-11 Stakeholder perspectives on ?fair and efficient? benefit distribution along the CREDD value chain Meine van Noordwijk, S. Suyanto, Sandra J.Velarde, Herry Purnomo, Do Trong Hoan and Hoang Minh Ha 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor Project Report 67 Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Suyanto S, Velarde SJ, Purnomo H, Do Trong H and Hoang MH. Stakeholder perspectives on ‘fair and efficient’ benefit distribution along the CREDD value chain. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 67 p. 2571 RP 272 RP0272-11 Local perspectives on REDD in comparison with those at the international negotiation tables and their representation in quantitative scenario models Meine van Noordwijk, Gamma Galudra, Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Herry Purnomo and S. Suyanto 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor Project Report 93 Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Galudra G, Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Purnomo H and Suyanto S. Local perspectives on REDD in comparison with those at the international negotiation tables and their representation in quantitative scenario models. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 93 p. 2570 RP 271 RP0271-11 Abatement Cost Curves Relating Past Greenhouse Gas Emissions To The Economic Gains They Allowed Meine van Noordwijk, Sonya Dewi, S. Suyanto, Peter A Minang, Douglas White, Valentina Robiglio, Hoang Minh Ha, Andree Ekadinata, Rachmat Mulia and Degi Harja 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor Project Report 28 Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Dewi S, Suyanto S, Minang PA, White D, Robiglio V, Hoang MH, Ekadinata A, Mulia R and Harja D. Abatement Cost Curves Relating Past Greenhouse Gas Emissions To The Economic Gains They Allowed. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2011. 28 p. 2569 BC 313 BC0313-11 The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Adaptation in China Zhang Linxiu, Yi Hongmei, Luo Renfu, Wang Jinxia and Xu Jianchu 2011 Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China Chiang Mai 324 77-109 China English Zhang L, Yi H, Renfu L, Wang J and Xu Jianchu . 2011. The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and Adaptation in China. Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region. Chiang Mai. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. P. 77-109. 2568 BC 312 BC0312-11 The impact of climate change on water resources and local livelihood in the Asian highlands Xu Jianchu Kobkun Rayanakorn 2011 Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China Chiang Mai 324 9-33 China English 0 Xu Jianchu. 2011. The impact of climate change on water resources and local livelihood in the Asian highlands. In: Rayanakorn K,eds. Climate Change Challenges in the Mekong Region. Chiang Mai. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. P. 9-33. 2566 WP 144 WP0144-11 Agricultural Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: What can we learn for the MRV of agricultural NAMAs? Andreas Wilkes, Wang Shiping, Timm Tennigkeit and Feng Jiexi 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China WP no. 126 17 China English 0 Wilkes A, Shiping W, Tennigkeit T and Feng J. 2011. Agricultural Monitoring and Evaluation Systems: What can we learn for the MRV of agricultural NAMAs?. WP no. 126: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 17 p. 2565 BL 38 BL0038-11 Bersama Menjaga Hutan: Upaya Mengurangi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi di Desa Lubuk Beringin Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Farid Zulfikar, Iman Budisetiawan, Elok Mulyoutami, Asep Ayat and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor 68 978-979-3198-51-4 Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Zulfikar F, Budisetiawan I, Mulyoutami E, Ayat A and van Noordwijk M. Bersama Menjaga Hutan: Upaya Mengurangi Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi di Desa Lubuk Beringin. Bogor. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 68 p. 2564 BK 146 BK0146-11 Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea Xu Jianchu, Kim Gwang Ju and Jun He 2011 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China Kunming 240 978 92-9059-209-7 China English 0 2011. Participatory Agroforestry Development in DPR Korea. Kunming. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 240 p. 2563 JA 405 JA0405-11 Is native timber tree intercropping an economically feasible alternative for smallholder farmers in the Philippines? Fernando Santos Martin and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 55 257–272 Integration of trees on upland farms in the Philippines has been slower than expected and desirable from an environmental perspective. Our economic and risk analysis points to current policies as part of the problem. The study compares three domesticated indigenous timber trees (Shorea contorta V., Pterocarpus indicus J., and Vitex parviflora W.) intercropped with maize against a benchmark of the widely used exotic mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla K.). We used a biophysical simulation model (WaNuLCAS 3.1) to represent interaction between trees and crops for a fundamental level of water, nutrient and light capture as the basis for production functions. External conditions affecting systems profitability were accounted for in the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). Elements of risk were introduced through Monte Carlo simulation. Study results revealed that from a farmer?s perspective intercropping systems provide similar (within an uncertainty range of + or ) 10%) returns to monocropping scenarios. When net subsidies and taxes are accounted for, social profitability evaluations favour tree intercropping at high tree densities. The net effect of the current bias in price policies towards food production therefore refrains farmers from making decisions to integrate trees on farms; a decision that is actually in the national interest on economic grounds, even without consideration of positive environmental effects agricultural policy, agricultural systems, development economics, economic and risk analysis, productivity analysis Southeast Asia English Martin FS and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Is native timber tree intercropping an economically feasible alternative for smallholder farmers in the Philippines?. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 55: P. 257–272. 2562 JA 404 JA0404-11 Understanding forest transition in the Philippines: main farm-level factors influencing smallholder?s capacity and intention to plant native timber trees Fernando Santos Martin, Manuel Bertomeu, Meine van Noordwijk and R. M. Navarro-Cerrillo 2011 Small-scale Forestry World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office DOI 10.1007/s11842-011-9166-y The ?when, where and how? of decisions by smallholder upland farmers to plant trees as part of their use of natural, human and capital resources needs to be understood if policy support is to result in actual recovery of tree cover as part of a ?forest transition? trajectory. In large parts of the Philippines the turning point may be close. Data on resource access and tree planting decisions were gathered from a household survey, with a total of 148 respondents in four rural communities in Leyte Province in Central Philippines. Data were analysed using logistic regression analysis. Household-level results reveal that the outcomes of the decision-making processes primarily depend on the availability of land and access to remaining forest resources rather than socio-cultural or economic factors. The total area of land and number of parcels managed by the household plus security of land tenure through ownership was found to have a statistically significant effect on farmers? decision to plant native timber trees. Access to surrounding natural forest is negatively associated with farmer tree planting Agroforestation, Upland farmers, Household survey, Land management, Natural forest Southeast Asia English Martin FS, Bertomeu M, van Noordwijk M and Navarro-Cerrillo RM. 2011. Understanding forest transition in the Philippines: main farm-level factors influencing smallholder’s capacity and intention to plant native timber trees. Small-scale Forestry. DOI 10.1007/s11842-011-9166-y: P. . 2561 WP 143 WP0143-11 Payments for Environmental Services (PES): An introductory note in the Mekong context Jun He, X. Lu and Xu Jianchu 2010 M-power PN67 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China PN67_2010_28 China English He J, Lu X and Xu Jianchu . 2010. Payments for Environmental Services (PES): An introductory note in the Mekong context. M-power PN67. PN67_2010_28: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2560 WP 142 WP0142-11 Payment for Environmental Services (PES): Insights from Kejie Watershed, Yunnan Province, southwest China Jun He, Xu Jianchu and X Ma 2010 M-Power, PN67 Working Paper World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China PN67_2010_01 China He J, Xu Jianchu and Ma X. 2010. Payment for Environmental Services (PES): Insights from Kejie Watershed, Yunnan Province, southwest China. M-Power, PN67 Working Paper. PN67_2010_01: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2558 JA 403 JA0403-11 Variations of fruit and seed traits of natural and artificial populations in Camellia reticulata L. Jiacong Huang, Jun He, Rui-ping Yin, Xiao-jun Wan, Jun Guo, Xin Cheng-lian, Faping Gong and Yue Li 2010 Journal of Beijing Forestry University World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China 32(5) 94-101 China Chinese Huang J, He J, Yin R, Wan X, Guo J, Xin C, Gong F and Li Y. 2010. Variations of fruit and seed traits of natural and artificial populations in Camellia reticulata L.. Journal of Beijing Forestry University. 32(5): P. 94-101. GRP 1 2557 JA 402 JA0402-11 Production Increasing Technology of Wild Thelepora Ganbajun Zang in Changning County Qu Chun-xia, He Jun, Yang Yanping, Yang Hui-xian, Xiong Jian and Li Hong-wei 2010 Forest Inventory and Planning World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China 35(5) 53-56 China Chinese Qu C, He J, Yanping Y, Yang H, Xiong J and Li H. 2010. Production Increasing Technology of Wild Thelepora Ganbajun Zang in Changning County. Forest Inventory and Planning. 35(5): P. 53-56. GRP 1 2556 JA 401 JA0401-11 GIS-base DSS for Optimal Multiobjectives Erosion Management: A case study of the Huai Talupkup Watershed, Thailand S. Pongsai, Pratap Shresta, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, R. Clemente, N.K. Tripathi, V. Trelo-Ges and S. Paramee 2010 International Journal of Geoinformatics World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand 6 (3) 67-78 Thailand English Pongsai S, Shresta P, Schmidt-Vogt D, Clemente R, Tripathi N, Trelo-Ges V and Paramee S. 2010. GIS-base DSS for Optimal Multiobjectives Erosion Management: A case study of the Huai Talupkup Watershed, Thailand. International Journal of Geoinformatics. 6 (3): P. 67-78. GRP 4 2555 JA 400 JA0400-11 People?s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion: a case study of Samanalawewa Watershed, Sri Lanka E.P.N. Udayakumara, Pratap Shresta, L. Samarakoon and Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt 2010 International Journal of Sediment Research World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China 25 (4) 323-339 Though soil erosion is an important concern in Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of baseline information on soil erosion in many of its watersheds, which obstructs monitoring of soil erosion and mitigating its effects. In order to assess soil erosion in a critical watershed and to identify its determinants, the Samanalawewa watershed, which contains one of the main hydropower generating reservoirs in Sri Lanka, was selected for this study. Remote-sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) based modeling as well as field experiments were employed to assess and map soil erosion rates. Results indicated that the current rate of soil erosion ranges from 0 to 289 t/ha/yr, and that the average rate of soil erosion has been declining from 20 to 4 t/ha/yr over a period from 1986 to 2008. The current rate of soil erosion is, however, still about 14 to 33 times greater than the natural soil generation rate. Socioeconomic factors and peoples? perception of soil erosion and soil conservation measures were examined using data collected through a household survey. Multiple regression analysis with eighteen covariates of socioeconomic characteristics yielded eleven socioeconomic variables, viz. household size, farm labor, education, land tenure, conservation cost, training, committee membership, professional competencies, income, distance, and financial capital as the predictor variables of soil erosion. Farmers identified improper soil and crop management practices as the major causes of erosion. The adoption of conservation measures, their effectiveness, and their impact on ecosystem services were also examined. Soil erosion, People perception, Determinants of soil erosion, Conservation measures, Sri Lanka China English Udayakumara E, Shresta P, Samarakoon L and Schmidt-Vogt D. 2010. People’s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion: a case study of Samanalawewa Watershed, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Sediment Research. 25 (4): P. 323-339. GRP 4 2554 JA 399 JA0399-11 Calibration and validation of MUSLE for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: a case study in Khun Satan catchment of Northern Thailand S. Pongsai, Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt, Pratap Shresta, R. Clemente and A. Eiumnoh 2010 Canadian Journal of Soil Science World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand Vol. 90 (4) 585-596 Thailand English Pongsai S, Schmidt-Vogt D, Shresta P, Clemente R and Eiumnoh A. 2010. Calibration and validation of MUSLE for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: a case study in Khun Satan catchment of Northern Thailand. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. Vol. 90 (4): P. 585-596. GRP 4 2552 JA 421 JA0421-11 Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau Yu Haiying, Eike Luedeling and Xu Jianchu F. Stuart Chapin 2010 Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA (PNAS) The National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 51 22151-22156 22151–22156 Climate change has caused advances in spring phases of many plant species. Theoretically, however, strong warming in winter could slowthe fulfillment of chilling requirements,whichmay delay spring phenology. This phenomenon should be particularly pronounced in regions that are experiencing rapid temperature increases and are characterized by highly temperature-responsive vegetation. To test this hypothesis, we used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ratio method to determine the beginning, end, and length of the growing season of meadow and steppe vegetation of the Tibetan Plateau in Western China between 1982 and 2006.We then correlated observed phenological dates with monthly temperatures for the entire period on record. For both vegetation types, spring phenology initially advanced, but started retreating in the mid-1990s in spite of continued warming. Together with an advancing end of the growing season for steppe vegetation, this led to a shortening of the growing period. Partial least-squares regression indicated that temperatures in both winter and spring had strong effects on spring phenology. Although warm springs led to an advance of the growing season, warm conditions in winter caused a delay of the spring phases. This delay appeared to be related to later fulfillment of chilling requirements. Because most plants from temperate and cold climates experience a period of dormancy in winter, it seems likely that similar effects occur in other environments. Continued warming may strengthen this effect and attenuate or even reverse the advancing trend in spring phenology that has dominated climate-change responses of plants thus far. China English Haiying Y, Luedeling E and Xu Jianchu . 2010. Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau. In: Chapin FS,eds. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, USA (PNAS). 107(51):P. 22151–22156. GRP 5 2551 JA 396 JA0396-11 Pursuits of adaptiveness in the shared rivers of Monsoon Asia Louis Lebel, Xu Jianchu, Ram C. Bastakoti and Amrita Lamba 2010 International Environmental Agreements World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China DOI 10.1007/s10784-010-9141-7 355-375 DOI 10.1007/s10784-010-9141-7]]> Climate change, Water governance, Monsoon Asia, Transboundary rivers China English 0 Lebel L, Xu Jianchu , Bastakoti R and Lamba A. 2010. Pursuits of adaptiveness in the shared rivers of Monsoon Asia. International Environmental Agreements. DOI 10.1007/s10784-010-9141-7: P. 355-375. GRP 5 2550 NL 47 NL0047-11 Kiprah Agroforestry 8 Anang Setiawan, Andree Ekadinata, Arif Rahmanulloh, Asep Ayat, Feri Johana, Geoffrey Kamadi, Kurniatun Hairiah, Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi and Sonya Dewi 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 4 4 1-16 Membangun perencanaan wilayah partisipatif di Kabupaten Aceh Barat
Pelatihan penilaian Keanekaragaman Hayati bagi peneliti-peneliti muda Asia Pasifik
Memanen gula kelapa di lahan Agroforestri
Menanam pohon di luar kawasan hutan: dapatkah menjawab isu perubahan iklim?
REDD+ di Berau: Melacak emisi menimbang implikasi]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Setiawan A, Ekadinata A, Rahmanulloh A, Ayat A, Johana F, Kamadi G, Hairiah K, Sofiyuddin M, Purnomosidhi P and Dewi S. 2011. Kiprah Agroforestry 8. In: Rahayu S, Tarigan J and Mulyoutami E,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2549 PB 21 PB0021-11 Institutionalising emissions reduction as part of sustainable development planning at national and sub-national levels in Indonesia Sonya Dewi, S. Suyanto and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 04 6 2. Demonstrated emission reduction has to be attributable to the source of funding because of the political and socio-economical implications attached. Achieving unsupported emission reduction will position Indonesia as a true leader in climate-change mitigation. The outcome of internationally supported emission reductions will have implications for international mechanisms while the remaining emission reduction that can be traded will bring a significant economic benefit.
3. Forest products and land resources are sources of income and rural livelihoods. There are national and sub-national sustainable-development targets, some of which depend on forest products and/or land resources.
4. There are 'low-hanging fruit', especially related to unsustainable practices, which can reduce emissions without limiting opportunities to generate income and improve livelihoods, but there are also significant portions of emissions that are associated with some economic benefit and a smaller portion associated with high economic benefit. These issues cause variability in emissions reductions across landscapes.
5. The allocation of emission reduction targets for each sub-national level (province, district) should follow the 'fairness and efficiency' principle: 'efficiency' in terms of how much change in emission practices and 'fairness' in terms of rewards for those actually protecting the forest.]]> Southeast Asia English Dewi S, Suyanto S and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Institutionalising emissions reduction as part of sustainable development planning at national and sub-national levels in Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. ALLREDDI 2548 PB 20 PB0020-11 Estimating losses in aboveground carbon stock from land-use and land-cover changes in Indonesia (1990, 2000, 2005) Andree Ekadinata and Sonya Dewi 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 03 6 The Government of Indonesia has declared its commitment to unilaterally reduce emissions by 26% by 2020 and by a further 15% with international support. More than 50% of the reduction is to come from LULUCF
Reducing uncertainties in the quantification of past emissions from LULUCF at disaggregated, sub-national levels are instrumental in establishing reference emission levels. Identification of dominant sources and drivers of LULUCF at sub-national level is necessary for developing local strategies to reduce emissions
Through the Accountability and Local Level Initiative for Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (ALLREDDI) project, two basic data required for calculating greenhouse gas emissions were produced and processed: (1) activity data from spatially explicit, nationwide, land-use and land-cover change analysis; and (2) emission factors for forests across Indonesia derived from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) database and of other land-use and land-cover types from various databases]]> Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A and Dewi S. 2011. Estimating losses in aboveground carbon stock from land-use and land-cover changes in Indonesia (1990, 2000, 2005). Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. ALREDDI 2547 PB 19 PB0019-11 Forest carbon-stock estimates based on National Forest Inventory data Degi Harja, Sonya Dewi, FX Heryawan and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 02 6 Indonesia's forests were inventoried from 1989 to 1996 (phase 1) and from 1995 to 2000 (phase 2) by the Forest Planning Agency ('the Agency') at the Ministry of Forestry as part of a collaboration between the Government of Indonesia and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. The objective of this National Forest Inventory (NFI) was to assess foreststand conditions, stocks, growth rates and tree diversity across the landscapes of Indonesia. An improved version of the NFI became known as the Forest Assessment and Monitoring System. This data set had not so far been used to estimate aboveground tree biomass and carbon stock in Indonesia, as quality control of the data had not been completed. We provide an overview of the data and derive carbon-stock densities for different forest types and locations that can be used for estimating historical, aboveground CO2 emissions from deforestation 2 and forest degradation. Southeast Asia English Harja D, Dewi S, Heryawan F and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Forest carbon-stock estimates based on National Forest Inventory data. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. ALREDDI 2546 PB 18 PB0018-11 Indonesia's land-use and land-cover changes and their trajectories (1990, 2000 and 2005) Andree Ekadinata, Atiek Widayati, Sonya Dewi, Saipul Rahman and Meine van Noordwijk 2011 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ALLREDDI Brief 01 6 Deforestation, forest degradation, peatland conversion and burning have drawn global attention owing to the significant amounts of emission of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming
Indonesia has declared its commitment to reduce emissions by 26?41% by 2020. More than 50% of the emission reduction target is intended to come from the land-use, land-use-change and forestry sector (LULUCF)
A monitoring, reporting and validating system is necessary to compare the performance of climatechange mitigation actions against past emissions
Credible past emission estimates are required, for which we need two basic data sets: (1) historical land-use changes; and (2) emission factors for each land-use change, before and after the change]]> Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Widayati A, Dewi S, Rahman S and van Noordwijk M. 2011. Indonesia's land-use and land-cover changes and their trajectories (1990, 2000 and 2005). Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. GRP 5, ALLREDDI 2545 MN 47 MN0047-11 Enrichment planting with Dipterocarpaceae species in rubber agroforests: manual Hesti L. Tata, Gede Wibawa and Laxman Joshi 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 23 979-3198-49-1 This manual was compiled based on results of research we conducted in Bungo and Tebo districts, Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia. It is intended to be used as a field handbook for practitioners, extension workers, farmers and anyone else who wants to plant meranti or other Dipterocarpaceae species in rubber gardens. Using this manual, rubber farmers can develop their own nursery independently or together in farmers' groups, by collecting seeds from forests or other sites.]]> Southeast Asia English Tata HL, Wibawa G and Joshi L. 2010. Enrichment planting with Dipterocarpaceae species in rubber agroforests: manual. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 23 p. 2544 JA 395 JA0395-11 Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with driving forces and actors Meine van Noordwijk, Betha Lusiana, Grace B.Villamor, Herry Purnomo and Sonya Dewi 2011 Ecology and Society The Resilience Alliance 16 1 1-3 1. Land use, or the direct benefits that agents derive from their impact on land cover; it usually involves direct learning and relatively short response cycles, although there is ongoing debate about how much an economic lens misses of real motivations of the agents (Villamor et al. 2011).
2. Land use planning, or the attempts by stakeholders of land cover beyond the land user, to change the rules that are part of the set of drivers influencing land users.
3. Agent-specific modification of incentive structures that are conditional on performance, as attempted in forms of Payments for Ecosystem Services and related institutions (Tomich et al. 2004, Van Noordwijk et al. 2004, Swallow et al. 2009, Van Noordwijk and Leimona 2010).
4. Generic changes in rules and economic incentives through policy change that is expected to enhance ecosystem services and/ or economic performance at (sub)national scale, as currently discussed under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) umbrella where clarity on drivers and agents is needed (Blom et al. 2010).]]> Southeast Asia English 0 van Noordwijk M, Lusiana B, Villamor GB, Purnomo H and Dewi S. 2011. Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with driving forces and actors. Ecology and Society. 16(1):P. 1-3. 2543 PP 307 PP0307-11 A framework for prioritising nutrient management research in vegetable production in the southern Philippines Chris Dorahy, Agustin Mercado, Jr., Cecille Marie Quinones, Regie Bicamon, Juanita Salvani, Carmelito Lapoot, Valeriana Justo, John Oakeshott, Josefina Atienza and Anabella B. Tulin 2010 Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world Brisbane, Australia 5-8 This paper describes an approach which has been used to identify and prioritise nutrient management research activities in a project currently being undertaken in the southern Philippines. It has highlighted the potential to improve the productivity and profitability of these systems by reallocating limited capital (fertiliser) resources from phosphorus and potassium to nitrogen based on an application of soil test information and the principles of nutrient budgeting. This approach also has applications for developing broader agricultural research programs in that it can be used as a tool for identifying and prioritising the activities which are likely to be the most successful and establish likely timeframes for impact. Research planning, decision making, capacity building 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World 1-6 August 2010 Philippines English Dorahy C, Mercado, Jr. A, Quinones CM, Bicamon R, Salvani J, Lapoot C, Justo V, Oakeshott J, Atienza J and Tulin AB. 2010. A framework for prioritising nutrient management research in vegetable production in the southern Philippines. Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world. Brisbane, Australia. 2542 PP 306 PP0306-11 Soil management and crop nutrition for tomato in acid soil of Claveria, Philippines Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Anabella B. Tulin and Christopher Dorahy 2010 Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world Brisbane, Australia 270-273 Integrated soil management and crop nutrition need to be developed for vegetable based production system in the upland areas in Claveria, Philippines, being a ?tomato bowl? of the country. A study was conducted to find alternative fertility management options for tomato production. As a result of participatory assessment and soil survey and analysis, 3 alternative treatments were being compared against farmer?s fertility level, which was normally 3-5 times more than what the crop needs. The results indicated that growth of tomato was more influenced by the level of N when P and K were not limiting. This was partly influenced by the mobility of N during intense rainfall. The better yield in farmer?s fertility level was attributed to the addition of organic matter which reduced N loss during intense rainfall. Under intense rainfall, diseases severity was not influenced by the different fertility levels. Although farmer had intensive pesticides application, occurrence of diseases still persisted. Marketable and non-marketable yields were still superior under farmer?s fertility level than the alternative treatments. Farmer?s fertility level still provided better income against alternative treatments. Tomato fertility levels and management regimes should revolve around climatic conditions that would enhance better nutrient use efficiency. Integrated, N efficiency, farmer’s fertility management 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World 1-6 August 2010 Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Tulin AB and Dorahy C. 2010. Soil management and crop nutrition for tomato in acid soil of Claveria, Philippines. Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world. Brisbane, Australia. 2541 PP 305 PP0305-11 Evidence-based nutrient management strategy in identifying fertility status and soil constraints for vegetable production in the Southern Philippines Anabella B. Tulin, Cecille Marie Quinones, Roland Rallos, Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Juanita Salvani, Carmelito Lapoot, Valeriana Justo and Chris Dorahy 2010 Proceedings of the World Congress of Soil Science. Soil science for a changing world Brisbane, Australia 168-171 Participatory and soil assessment surveys were conducted in five major vegetable producing areas in Southern Philippines to define the current nutrient status and management practices involving vegetable production. Five sites were identified in each area representing four regions in Southern Philippines that were identified as vegetable producing farms and represent the major sources of vegetables sold in the Visayas and Mindanao islands. Soil samples were gathered in each site representing the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depth and were analyzed in the laboratory for its physico-chemical characteristics. In the participatory assessment surveys, more than 100 farmers were interviewed for the current management practices they employed in vegetable production and the major problems they encountered in producing vegetables. The key outcomes of these investigations are: 1) growers identified lack of capital and high fertilizer prices as a key constraint to vegetable production; 2) the results of soil fertility evaluation suggests that growers are undersupplying some nutrients and oversupplying others leading to nutrients imbalances in the soil and, 3) lack of capital is not an issue but an issue of more effective allocation of limited capital (fertilizer) resources. Participatory assessment, soil survey, vegetable production, constraints, Southern Philippines. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World Philippines English Tulin AB, Quinones CM, Rallos R, Mercado Jr. AR, Salvani J, Lapoot C, Justo V and Dorahy C. 2010. Evidence-based nutrient management strategy in identifying fertility status and soil constraints for vegetable production in the Southern Philippines. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane, Australia. 2540 PP 304 PP0304-11 Farmers? Experiences on Low-Pressure Drip Irrigation for Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Manuel Palada, Mercado A.R., Roberts, M., V. B. Ella, Manuel Reyes, A. B. Susila, D. T. Ha, D. L. Wu and M. Bhattarai 2010 Acta Horticulturae International Society for Horticultural Science. Belgium Philippines English Palada M, Mercado A, Roberts M, Ella VB, Reyes M, Susila AB, Ha DT, Wu DL and Bhattarai M. 2010. Farmers’ Experiences on Low-Pressure Drip Irrigation for Vegetable Production in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Acta Horticulturae. Belgium. International Society for Horticultural Science.. 2539 PO 287 PO0287-11 Rubber + Upland Rice in a Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS): Economic, Food Security and Environmental Stimulus Among Smallholder Farmers Augustin R. Mercado Jr. and Don Immanuel Edralin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR and Edralin DI. Rubber + Upland Rice in a Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS): Economic, Food Security and Environmental Stimulus Among Smallholder Farmers. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2538 PO 286 PO0286-11 Vermicomposting: Enhancing soil fertility management and carbon sequestration at smallholder?s farms Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Javier E, Caroline Duque-Piñon and Manuel Reyes 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Javier E, Duque-Piñon C and Reyes M. Vermicomposting: Enhancing soil fertility management and carbon sequestration at smallholder’s farms. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2537 PO 285 PO0285-11 Rainwater Harvesting; An Answer to Uneven Distribution of Rainfall Due to Climate Change Augustin R. Mercado Jr. and Don Immanuel Edralin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR and Edralin DI. Rainwater Harvesting; An Answer to Uneven Distribution of Rainfall Due to Climate Change. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2536 PO 284 PO0284-11 Understanding vegetable-tree interaction is a key to successful vegetable farming enterprise Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Caroline Duque-Piñon and Manuel Reyes 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Duque-Piñon C and Reyes M. Understanding vegetable-tree interaction is a key to successful vegetable farming enterprise. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2535 PO 283 PO0283-11 Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry System in Mindanao, Philippines: A village approach to Climate Change Mitagation Augustin R. Mercado Jr. and Don Immanuel Edralin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR and Edralin DI. Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry System in Mindanao, Philippines: A village approach to Climate Change Mitagation. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2534 PO 282 PO0282-11 Evergreen Agriculture on Slopes for Climate Change through integrated agroforestry production system that enable farms to achieve multifunctional ecosystem which integrates Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Don Immanuel Edralin and Caroline Duque-Piñon 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Philippines Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Edralin DI and Duque-Piñon C. Evergreen Agriculture on Slopes for Climate Change through integrated agroforestry production system that enable farms to achieve multifunctional ecosystem which integrates. : Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. 2533 JA 394 JA0394-11 Factors affecting soil loss at plot scale and sediment yield at catchment scale in a tropical volcanic agroforestry landscape Bruno Verbist, Jean Poesen, Meine van Noordwijk, Widianto, Didik Suprayogo, Fahmuddin Agus and Jozef Deckers 2010 Catena Elsevier B.V. 80 1 34-46 Tropical deforestation and land use change is often perceived as the major cause of soil loss by water erosion and of sediment load in rivers that has a negative impact on the functioning of hydropower storage reservoirs. The Sumberjaya area in Sumatra, Indonesia is representative for conflicts and evictions arising from this perception. The purpose of this study as part of a Negotiation Support System approach was to assess sediment yield both at plot and catchment scale and to relate it to a variety of possible clarifying factors i.e. land use, geology, soil and topography. Sediment yield at catchment scale per unit area, was found to be 3?10 times higher than soil loss measured in erosion plots. A stepwise regression showed that the dominant factors explaining sediment yield differences at catchment scale in this volcanic landscape were a particular lithology (Old Andesites) and slope angle followed by the silt fraction of the top soil. In lithologically sensitive areas soil loss at the plot scale under monoculture coffee gardens decreases over time from on average 7?11 Mg ha- 1 yr- 1 to 4?6 Mg ha- 1 yr- 1, mainly because of the development of surface litter layers as filters and top soil compaction in the areas without litter, but remains higher than under shade coffee systems or forest. The runoff coefficient under monoculture coffee remains on average significantly higher (10?15%) than under forest (4%) or under shade coffee systems (4?7%). In lithologically stable areas soil loss remained below 1.8 Mg ha- 1 yr- 1 and the runoff coefficient below 2.5% under all land use types, even bare soil plots or monoculture coffee gardens. Less than 20% of the catchment area produces almost 60% of the sediment yield. The reduction of negative off-site effects on e.g. the life time of a storage reservoir would benefit greatly from an improved assessment of the lithologies in volcanic landscapes and the consideration of potential sediment source and sink areas. In lithologically sensitive areas, a shift from sun to shade coffee systems may result in reducing surface runoff and soil loss, although water erosion at the plot scale is not the main contributor to sediment yield at the catchment scale. The quantification of land use effects on dominant erosive processes such as river bank and river bed erosion, landslides and the concentrated flow erosion on footpaths and roads can contribute to more targeted efforts and relevant incentives to reduce (or live with) sediment load of the rivers. Coffee; Erosion; Land use; Negotiation support system; Scale 10.1016/j.catena.2009.08.007 Southeast Asia English Verbist B, Poesen J, van Noordwijk M, Widianto , Suprayogo D, Agus F and Deckers J. 2010. Factors affecting soil loss at plot scale and sediment yield at catchment scale in a tropical volcanic agroforestry landscape. Catena. 80(1):P. 34-46. 2532 PP 303 PP0303-11 Forests and Climate Change in the Asia Pacific Region Ben Vickers, Promode Kant, Rodel D. Lasco, Allison Bleaney, Sarah Milne, Regan Suzuki, Lawrence Ramos and Erica Pohnan 2010 Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 7 Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy 108 The development of climate change-related policies, as well as the status and approaches to forest management in the context of climate change, vary widely throughout the region. While Asia and the Pacific have seen an increase of forest cover, when disaggregated, it is clear that this is largely due to an ?outlier? effect ? the ambitious reforestation policies of a small number of countries, namely China, India and Viet Nam. The rest of the region and Southeast Asia in particular, continue to experience high rates of deforestation.
This has implications for potential mitigation and adaptation strategies, and particularly for regional and international efforts to develop mechanisms, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD)1 to stem the drivers of deforestation and degradation. A number of non-Annex I countries in the region, such as the Philippines and Indonesia, are being highly proactive despite having no obligation. They are undertaking emission reduction initiatives, reforestation and afforestation efforts and seeking stronger regional cooperation in tackling trans-boundary fire and pest management issues. Other countries have taken less initiative, in some cases due to limited forest area already under protected status, or preoccupation with more imminent post-conflict concerns as in the case of Afghanistan or Timor-Leste.
Capacity limitations critically restrict the degree to which countries can engage with climate change issues. There is a need to harmonize regional capacity levels and strengthen coordination and sharing of knowledge as well as mitigation and adaptation technologies. This will require financing. While this analysis indicates that there are such financing mechanisms, countries tend to perceive them as insufficient or unreliable. These factors influence the degrees to which countries integrate forestry and climate change policies within broader development frameworks.
Although forests have been recognized worldwide as a key part of the global response to climate change, many Asia-Pacific countries still have not integrated climate change strategies within national forest policies, laws and institutions. Forestry-related climate change initiatives are emerging nonetheless, and there is widespread evidence that countries are defining their own, unique country-specific strategies to harness the potential of forests for climate change mitigation and adaptation.]]> Philippines English 0 Vickers B, Kant P, Lasco RD, Bleaney A, Milne S, Suzuki R, Ramos L and Pohnan E. 2010. Forests and Climate Change in the Asia Pacific Region. Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 7. Rome, Italy. Food and Agriculture Organization. GRP 5 2531 BC 311 BC0311-11 Chapter 11: Climate Change Adaptation and Community Forest Management Juan M. Pulhin, Rodel D. Lasco, Florencia B Pulhin, Lawrence Ramos and Rose Jane J. Peras 2010 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: Issues and Challenges. Emerald Group Publishing Limited Bedfordshire, UK 4 21 243-263 10.1108/S2040-7262(2010)0000004017 Philippines English 0 Pulhin JM, Lasco RD, Pulhin FB, Ramos L and Peras RJ. 2010. Chapter 11: Climate Change Adaptation and Community Forest Management. Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction: Issues and Challenges. Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management. United Kingdom. : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. P. 243-263. GRP 5 2530 WP 141 WP0141-11 Estimasi Karbon Tersimpan di Lahan-lahan Pertanian di DAS Konto, Jawa Timur. RACSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) Syahrul Kurniawan, Cahyo Prayogo, Widianto, M. Thoha Zulkarnain, Nina Dwi Lestari, Fitri Khusyu Aini and Kurniatun Hairiah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper no 120 60 Analysis was done using local land use maps of 1990 and 2000 of Kali Konto watershed (Malang regency, East Java), the result showed that forest area reduced and followed by increasing total area of ?belukar? (bush fallow) and plantation. The common land cover found were agroforestry coffee based system, plantation (Hutan Tanaman Industri) such as pine (Pinus mercusii), mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) and 'damar' (Agatissp.) which potentially able to store a big amount of C for longer time. Unfortunately the availability of land cover (agricultural) maps and its potential as C sequestered in Kalikonto is very limited. Various versions of land use maps are available locally with various land use classification lead to confusing rather than clarification creating difficulties on detecting land cover change. More accurate estimation of areas per land cover in Kali Konto watershed is needed for calculating C stored at watershed level. This research was done to answer four research question such as:
1. How much carbon stored (C stock) in aboveground biomass of each land cover in Kali Konto watershed?
2. How much the C stocks that are actually present on each cover, averaged over the lifecycle of each land cover (time-averaged of carbon stock)?
3. How big forest areas in 1990 were converted into agricultural land?
4. How much C stock lost after forest converted into agricultural land?]]> Aboveground, carbon, C stock, C sequestration, C stored Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Kurniawan S, Prayogo C, Widianto , Zulkarnain MT, Lestari ND, Aini FK and Hairiah K. 2010. Estimasi Karbon Tersimpan di Lahan-lahan Pertanian di DAS Konto, Jawa Timur. RACSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal). Working Paper no 120Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 60 p. 2529 WP 140 WP0140-11 Studi Biodiversitas: Apakah Agroforestri Mampu Mengkonservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati di DAS KONTO? RABA (Rapid Agro-Biodiversity Appraisal) Fitri Khusyu Aini, Syahrul Kurniawan, Gede Wibawa and Kurniatun Hairiah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 119 158 Pinus mercusii),mahoni (Swietenia mahogany) dan 'damar' (Agatis sp.) yang berpotensi cukup besar sebagai penyimpan karbon dalam jangka lama. Bila dibandingkan dengan kondisi di hutan alami, biodiversitas dan fungsinya pada lahan-lahan pertanian menurun karena kondisi ekosistem secara luas telah berubah.Namun demikian, ketersedian data untuk mendukung negosiasi konservasi biodiversitas masih sangat terbatas.
Studi tentang biodiversiats ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari - Juli, 2009, di DAS Konto hulu yang mencakup berbagai macam system penggunaan lahan di Kecamatan Ngantang dan Pujon (Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur). Kegiatan ini diawali dengan mengumpulkan data sekunder penelitian terdahulu berkenaan dengan perubahan tutupan lahan di DAS Konto, diversitas pohon dan cacing tanah pada berbagai system penggunaan lahan. Sedangkan untuk penggalian informasi dari stakeholder tentang nilai penting tumbuhan, hewan dan sistem agroforestri maka informasi diperoleh melalui PRA, indepth interview, ground check lapangan. Selain itu, informasi tentang diversitas hewan dalam tanah seperti nematoda dan rayap diperoleh melalui pengukuran langsung di lapangan.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Aini FK, Kurniawan S, Wibawa G and Hairiah K. 2010. Studi Biodiversitas: Apakah Agroforestri Mampu Mengkonservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati di DAS KONTO? RABA (Rapid Agro-Biodiversity Appraisal). Working paper no 119Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 158 p. 2528 WP 139 WP0139-11 Non-timber forest products as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program Jusupta Tarigan, James M Roshetko, Endri Martini and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 118 15 Pongo abelii). The existence of an orangutan population of 400 in the area was documented through a population and habitat viability assessment (Singleton 2004). Recent studies estimate that the population may be 380 at the current time. Although the Batang Toru orangutan population is smaller, its threat from habitat loss is relatively low (below 2% annually). This low rate of habitat loss is the result of topographic features that limit access and traditional indigenous forest management systems that are sustainable and value healthy environments. Besides orangutan, the Batang Toru forest is also rich in other endemic plant and animal species (for example, Dipterocarpaceae species (Shorea spp., Anisoptera spp., Dipterocarpus spp.) and the Sumatran tiger). Up to the present, the gradient of land-use systems practised by local communities in Batang Toru has been compatible with conservation of the area?s unique and globally important biodiversity. However, in the future, the expanding human population of Batang Toru may threaten the forest and all of its components if suitable livelihoods are not identified and developed. In that context, we see a number of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that are produced in Batang Toru forest systems (for example, mixed tree gardens, agroforests and forests) as having the potential to diversify and secure viable livelihood options for the people of Batang Toru.]]> Sumatran orangutan, Batang Toru, NTFPs, livelihoods, agroforest, land use Southeast Asia English 0 Tarigan J, Roshetko JM, Martini E and Ekadinata A. 2010. Non-timber forest products as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program. Working paper no 118Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 15 p. 2527 WP 138 WP0138-11 Landscape Dynamics Over Time and Space From Ecological Perspective Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 103 75 Protected areas alone are necessary but not sufficient in maintaining biodiversity at the landscape level for several reasons: (i) management and enforcement are often weak; (ii) protected areas are often in remote, rough terrain that does not represent various ecoregions with various species assemblages and endemism; (iii) the extent of protected areas is sometimes not large enough to allow minimum viable populations so that in the long run species extinction might happen nevertheless; (iv) protected areas without buffer zones and corridors can easily be isolated rather than integral parts of a landscape.
Multifunctional landscapes that accommodate conservation and development need to be considered as integrated, rather than segregated, systems; this will allow us to achieve the objective of maintaining biodiversity at the landscape level. Land-use plans that aim to increase multifunctionality of landscapes should be informed by the current status of landscape composition and configuration, the process of land-use and land-cover changes in the past and planned for the future, areas that are vulnerable to changes in the future and options for intervention. The land-use planning process should be conducted within a negotiation process among multiple stakeholders.
Our research provides some results to be used as a basis for negotiation, which are produced from a combination of tools for remote sensing, GIS and spatial analysis guided by ecological principles. The results provide data for further research as well as suggest follow-up research questions.
These analyses of five landscapes (Bungo in Indonesia, Viengkham in Laos, Manompana in Madagascar, Takamanda-Mone in Cameroon and East Usambara in Tanzania) use the same methodology and tools, allowing comparisons across sites. Deforestation rates and land-use and land-cover changes across landscapes are used to define the stage of forest transition: Takamanda-Mone, Viengkham, Manompana, East Usambara and Bungo is the ordered list from earliest to advanced stages. Spatial patterns of deforestation, depending on landscape topography, level of accessibility and the state of forest transition, either are concentrated in relatively flat areas in the landscape, follow encroachment patterns on the primary forest block, run along the transportation network or expand from existing settlements. Combining these spatial patterns of deforestation with changes in landscape configuration, especially at sub-landscape level (quantified by selected indices), we can identify vulnerable areas in the future so that options to reduce risks can be discussed and negotiated within land-use planning processes.]]> Landscape composition, configuration, matrix, connectivity, fragmentation, drivers of landuse changes, multifunctional landscapes Southeast Asia English 0 Dewi S and Ekadinata A. 2010. Landscape Dynamics Over Time and Space From Ecological Perspective. Working paper no 103Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 75 p. 2526 BC 310 BC0310-11 Indonesia: A pilot PES auction in the Sumberjaya watershed Beria Leimona and Broke Kelsey Jack 2010 Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services OECD France 18 161-178 This chapter discusses a pilot inverse auction PES programme applied in the Sumberjaya Watershed in Indonesia to reduce sedimentation from coffee plantations. The process of design and implementation is discussed, highlighting issues that arise in a developing country context. The chapter also discusses how the pilot auction can be used as a price revelation mechanism, enabling payments to better reflect the costs of ecosystem services provision for any future scaled-up PES programme. DOI : 10.1787/9789264090279-13-en Southeast Asia English Leimona B and Kelsey Jack B. 2010. Indonesia: A pilot PES auction in the Sumberjaya watershed. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services. France. : OECD. P. 161-178. 2525 JA 393 JA0393-11 The Conditions for Functional Mechanisms of Compensation and Reward for Environmental Services Brent M. Swallow, Beria Leimona, Thomas Yatich and Sandra J.Velarde 2010 Ecology and Society The Resilience Alliance 15 4 6 Mechanisms of compensation and reward for environmental services (CRES) are becoming increasingly contemplated as means for managing human?environment interactions. Most of the functional mechanisms in the tropics have been developed within the last 15 years; many developing countries still have had little experience with functional mechanisms. We consider the conditions that foster the origin and implementation of functional mechanisms. Deductive and inductive approaches are combined. Eight hypotheses are derived from theories of institution and policy change. Five case studies, from Latin America, Africa, and Asia, are then reviewed according to a common framework. The results suggest the following to be important conditions for functional CRES mechanisms: (1) localized scarcity for particular environmental services, (2) influence from international environmental agreements and international organizations, (3) government policies and public attitudes favoring a mixture of regulatory and marketbased instruments, and (4) security of individual and group property rights. carbon sequestration; ecosystem services; ecotourism; environmental services; institutional change; payments for environmental services; watershed services Southeast Asia English Swallow BM, Leimona B, Yatich T and Velarde SJ. 2010. The Conditions for Functional Mechanisms of Compensation and Reward for Environmental Services. Ecology and Society. 15(4):P. 6. 2524 PP 302 PP0302-11 Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Agroforestri kopi untuk mempertahankan cadangan karbon lanskap Kurniatun Hairiah and Subekti Rahayu 2010 Simposium Kopi 2010 Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia Denpasar, Bali 31 time-averaged C stock agroforestri kopi di Indonesia. Estimasi perubahan cadangan karbon di sub-DAS Kali Konto (Malang, Jatim) dilakukan dengan mengukur cadangan karbon di hutan alami, agroforestri kopi, perkebunan dan tanaman semusim menggunakan metode RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal), pada Juni-Desember 2008. Time-averaged C stock agroforestri kopi multistrata, agroforestri sederhana kopi dan kopi monokultur diestimasi dari pengukuran di Malang, Jember, Lombok Barat, Lampung Barat.<\br> Alih guna hutan menjadi lahan pertanian di sub-DAS Kali Konto (23810.13 ha) selama 15 tahun, menyebabkan kehilangan karbon 25924 Mg th-1 atau setara 1.48 Mg ha-1. Kehilangan karbon tersebut dari hutan alami 1.09 Mg ha-1 th-1, perkebunan 0.25 Mg ha-1 th-1, dan agroforestri berbasis kopi 0.05 Mg ha-1 th-1. Meningkatnya luasan tanaman semusim terjadi perolehan (sequestrasi) karbon hanya 0.03 Mg ha-1 th-1 (3% dari total karbon yang hilang dari hutan), sehingga jumlah perolehan tersebut belum dapat menggantikan kehilangan karbon dari alih guna hutan.<\br> Pengelolaan lahan yang benar sangat menentukan besarnya cadangan karbon. Untuk Indonesia, laju pertumbuhan cadangan karbon pada agroforestri multistrata kopi 0.9?1.86 Mg ha-1 th-1 dan agroforestri sederhana (umumnya milik masyarakat) 0.6?0.97 Mg ha-1 th-1 dan 2.8 Mg ha-1 th-1 di kebun percobaan. Sedang pada kopi monokultur hanya 0.5 Mg ha-1 th-1. Dengan demikian time-averaged C stock agroforestri kopi di Indonesia (umur kopi 15 tahun) sekitar 41 Mg ha-1, dan lahan kopi monokultur (12.5 Mg ha-1) sekitar 30 Mg ha-1 lebih rendah.]]> time-averaged carbon stock]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Hairiah K and Rahayu S. 2010. Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Agroforestri kopi untuk mempertahankan cadangan karbon lanskap. Simposium Kopi 2010. Denpasar, Bali. Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao Indonesia. GRP 6, TULSEA 2523 PP 301 PP0301-11 Carbon stock assessment for a forest-to-coffee conversion landscape in Kalikonto watershed (East Java, Indonesia): Scaling up from plot to landscape level Kurniatun Hairiah, Syahrul Kurniawan, Fitri Khusyu Aini, Nina Dwi Lestari, Iva Dewi Lestariningsih, Widianto, Thoha Zulkarnaen and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC) Denpasar, Bali 8 Pinus merkusii), mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) and dammar (Agathis dammara); 6) multistrata shaded coffee with fruit and timber trees, as well as nitrogen-fixing shade trees; 7) simple shade coffee (using Gliricidia sepium as shade tree); and, 8) annual cropping systems (vegetable and food crops). The natural forest in Kalikonto area has been severely disturbed as shown by a low aboveground C stock of about 136 Mg ha-1. Aboveground C stock in coffee-based agroforestry systems was lower, at about 44 Mg C ha-1. The time averaged C stock of tree plantations (pinus, mahogany, and damar mostly aged 25-40 years) was estimated to be 85 Mg C ha-1. The estimated time averaged-C stock (above-ground) in annual crops was only 2 Mg ha-1. Extrapolation of C stock at plot level to watershed level were done by multiplying the area of each land cover with its time-averaged aboveground C stock. Within 15 years, C lost for the whole watershed (23810 ha) was estimated to be 27750 Mg yr-1 or equivalent to a yearly C loss of 1.17 Mg ha-1. Carbon lost from natural forest was about 0.92 Mg ha-1 yr-1, tree plantations lost 0.15 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Carbon lost from coffee-based agroforestry systems was relatively small, about 0.03 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Planting more diverse shade trees in coffee-based agroforestry system may increase the role of coffee gardens in net C sequestration at the landscape scale.]]> Southeast Asia English Hairiah K, Kurniawan S, Aini FK, Lestari ND, Lestariningsih ID, Widianto , Zulkarnaen T and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Carbon stock assessment for a forest-to-coffee conversion landscape in Kalikonto watershed (East Java, Indonesia): Scaling up from plot to landscape level. International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC). Denpasar, Bali. GRP 6 2522 PP 300 PP0300-11 Carbon Stock and Tree Diversity in Tripa Peat Swamp Forest Subekti Rahayu, Rahayu Oktaviani, Hesti L. Tata and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 The 2nd International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society Indonesian Wood Research Society (IWoRS) Bali, Indonesia 545-551 Peat swamp forest currently gets great attention owing to its high storage capacity of belowground carbon. Tripa peat swamp forest is a part of Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser (KEL) in Aceh province has a high conservation value as a habitat of the endangered species of Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii). Aboveground carbon stock was measured in an agro forest area and three forest types, viz. undisturbed, disturbed and secondary forest using standard protocol. Average density of aboveground carbon stock in the 4 different land use types ranged from 28.5 t/ha to 193 t/ha, in agroforest area and undisturbed peat forest respectively. Besides its capacity to store carbon, Tripa peat swamp forest had a high diversity of tree species with Shannon Wiener index of 3.61. Many species of food source for orang-utan occurs in the forest with high Important Value Index, such as Eugenia jambos, Eugenia curtisii, Litsea cubeba and Laurus nobilis. Forest clearing and conversion to oil palm plantation were two threats of the lost of Sumatran orang-utan habitat in Tripa. high conservation value forest (HCVF), habitat, Sumatran orang-utan Southeast Asia English Rahayu S, Oktaviani R, Tata HL and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Carbon Stock and Tree Diversity in Tripa Peat Swamp Forest. The 2nd International Symposium of Indonesian Wood Research Society. Bali, Indonesia. Indonesian Wood Research Society (IWoRS). 2521 WP 137 WP0137-11 Rubber agroforests and governance at the interface between conservation and livelihoods in Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia Endri Martini, Ratna Akiefnawati, Laxman Joshi, Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Laurène Feintrenie and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 124 53 Multiple forces are at work in most landscapes. The area in Jambi province, Indonesia, that was selected as one of the benchmark sites for the global study of biodiversity in mixed landscapes is no exception. The history of land use and the key local and external stakeholders associated with change form the backdrop for the dynamics studied. Major changes in the Bungo district of Jambi province started with Dutch colonial expansion in 1906 and the associated introduction of Hevea brasiliensis ('para' rubber) linked to trade networks at the mouth of the Batanghari River, the major transport route. The 1970s started another period of rapid change with roads, commercial logging and transmigration projects, followed by oil palm expansion. The current stakeholders, at landscape and local levels, reflect this history in their perceptions and ambitions. Formal governance processes in Indonesia as a whole have started to have a direct influence on local dynamics, including management of natural resources, rule enforcement and conflict resolution. The current links between various levels of governance (from local to national) influence the ways conflicts can be resolved and solutions negotiated. The interface between conservation and livelihoods in Bungo is still dominated by rubber agroforests that date back almost a century, but these may become an anachronism, a remnant of the past in a world where the conservation versus livelihood trade-off lost its intermediate ('land sharing') solutions to multi-functionality. rubber agroforest, conservation, livelihood, governance, Bungo Southeast Asia English 0 Martini E, Akiefnawati R, Joshi L, Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Feintrenie L and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Rubber agroforests and governance at the interface between conservation and livelihoods in Bungo district, Jambi province, Indonesia. Working paper no 124Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 53 p. 2520 PB 17 PB0017-11 Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Gamma Galudra, Meine van Noordwijk, S. Suyanto and Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia ASB Policybrief 21 4 Central Kalimantan has been selected as the primary REDD+ pilot in Indonesia. In its peatlands expectations of payments for carbon emission reduction currently shape the discourse over natural resource management as a means of influencing policy and exercising power. Different types of actors use their own interpretation of history, facts, rules and norms to support their claims. Shifting national policies have over the past decades shaped the distribution of power and actual use of peatland. Actions to reduce emissions will need to appreciate the institutional complexity. Southeast Asia English 0 Galudra G, van Noordwijk M, Suyanto S and Pradhan UP. 2010. Hot spots of confusion: contested policies and competing carbon claims in the peatlands of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2519 RP 270 RP0270-11 Human livelihoods, ecosystem services and the habitat of the Sumatran orangutan: Rapid assessment in Batang Toru and Tripa Made Hesti Lestari Tata, Meine van Noordwijk, Elok Mulyoutami, Subekti Rahayu, Atiek Widayati and Rachmat Mulia 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Project Report 136 The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), in collaboration with PanEco and Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari (YEL), conducted a rapid assessment of ecosystem services and human livelihood options provided by the remaining habitat of the Sumatran orangutan outside the Gunung Leuser National Park. We used a rapid analysis of carbon stock assessment (RaCSA) method to assess the carbon stock (aboveand belowground) at plot level and calculated land cover for carbon stock at landscape level. We calculated the net present value of important crop and tree commodities in Tripa and Batang Toru and analysed the costs and benefits of each commodity. To find solutions for better management at the two study sites, applications of the FALLOW model were developed, which allowed comparison of several possible scenarios. An attempt was made to translate such scenarios into opportunities for human livelihoods, orangutan population size and carbon emissions and stocks. Southeast Asia English 0 Tata MH, van Noordwijk M, Mulyoutami E, Rahayu S, Widayati A and Mulia R. Human livelihoods, ecosystem services and the habitat of the Sumatran orangutan: Rapid assessment in Batang Toru and Tripa. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 136 p. 2518 RP 269 RP0269-11 Carbon Emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in Berau District East Kalimantan, Indonesia Andree Ekadinata, Arif Rahmanulloh, Fadjar Pambudhi, Ibe Ibrahim, Meine van Noordwijk, Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Subekti Rahayu, Sonya Dewi, Suseno Budidarsono and Zuraidah Said 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Project Report 48 The overall emission and proportion of emission that is associated with negative, low and high opportunity cost is presented in Figure 2. Conversions to oil palm is shown to be in the high end both in the opportunity cost curve of emissions, due to its NPV which by far is highest compared to any other land use systems. The proportion of emission from conversion to oil palm increases over time. Logging is the single activity that causes the highest proportion of emissions with lower benefit than oil palm conversion per unit C emitted, especially if the conversion is from logged over forest. From ICRAF study on carbon footprint from oil palm plantation development, when the land cover of Cstock lower than 40 t/ha, e.g., grassland, shrubs, is converted to oil palm, there is no C-debt in the long run (assuming 25 years rotation). It is interesting to note here is the large portion of emission that is associated with establishment of forest plantation, which seems to be increasing in the more recent period. The forest plantation to supply raw materials to pulp and paper industry has been established in logged-over forest and undisturbed forests. Southeast Asia English 0 Ekadinata A, Rahmanulloh A, Pambudhi F, Ibrahim I, van Noordwijk M, Sofiyuddin M, Sardjono MA, Rahayu S, Dewi S, Budidarsono S and Said Z. Carbon Emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) in Berau District East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 48 p. 2517 RP 268 RP0268-11 Investment in carbon stocks in the eastern buffer zone of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve, Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia: a REDD+ feasibility study Laxman Joshi, Janudianto, Meine van Noordwijk and Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Project Report 91 The Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve (LRWR or ?the reserve?) forest conservation and community development project is one of a portfolio of four REDD+ projects being supported by the Clinton Climate Initiative?Forestry program, ?Addressing the challenges of scaling pp REDD+ activities in Indonesia?. The program is demonstrating how REDD+ projects can contribute to 1) helping forest dependent communities move out of poverty, 2) conserving tropical forests and degraded peat lands, and 3) ensuring real reductions in GHG emissions associated with land use, land cover changes and deforestation. The program is aligned with governments at national and sub national levels and will contribute to the development of national REDD+ policies, strategies and regulations by addressing the key technical and financial barriers of entry which currently limit the supply of good quality and independently validated REDD+ demonstration projects. The program is building capacities at national and sub national levels of government, non governmental organisations, private sector and communities to implement REDD+ projects by improving national REDD screening processes, learning by doing using a generic five stage (due diligence, feasibility, carbon development, validation and marketing) and ten step carbon development process, establishing links between project based, sub national and national forest carbon accounting systems, exploring options for benefit sharing mechanisms and communicating lessons learned.
The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), in collaboration with Rare Conservation, the Clinton Climate Initiative?Forestry, Yayasan Orangutan Indonesia (Yayorin) and Oranguan Foundation (UK), conducted a feasibility study assessing the potential for enhancing carbon stock in the eastern buffer zone (23 600 ha) of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve (LRWR), Central Kalimantan province. Beyond the current carbon stock and a projected baseline of ?business as usual?, assessment of current rights and livelihood strategies in the area is needed for study of ?additionality? (carbon stock increases above baseline attributable to project interventions), ?leakage? (negative impacts on carbon stocks outside the project area attributable to project interventions) and ?permanence? (or leakage in time). We used the RESFA (REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal1 as the framework for studying the key livelihoods, land-use change, carbon stock and tenure issues to develop prospective scenarios and impact predictions.
Overall feasibility was assessed through answers to five questions.
A) Who are the land users, what do they do and what alternative options exist for them?
B) Who has claims of ownership and legality of current land use, who not?
C) How much carbon is currently stored in the landscape, linked to land-use practices?
D) Where do the various land-use practices take place and how much are they changing?
E) What can be done to reduce threats to carbon stocks and enhance carbon storage? How can leakage be prevented, additionality be claimed and permanence made likely?]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Joshi L, Janudianto , van Noordwijk M and Pradhan UP. Investment in carbon stocks in the eastern buffer zone of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve, Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia: a REDD+ feasibility study. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 91 p. 2516 BL 37 BL0037-11 Where We Work Andreas Wilkes, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Grace B.Villamor, Laxman Joshi, Lisa Fitzgerald, Matilda Palm, Ritesh Kumar and Rizki Pandu Permana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 54 The project was started in 2002 under the coordination of the World Agroforestry Centre (Southeast Asia Programme) through a funding partnership with the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
During its first phase (2002?2007), RUPES worked in 6 action research sites in 3 countries?Bungo, Singkarak and Sumberjaya in Indonesia; Bakun and Kalahan in the Philippines; Kulekhani in Nepal]]> Southeast Asia English Wilkes A, Leimona B, Abasolo E, Villamor GB, Joshi L, Fitzgerald L, Palm M, Kumar R and Permana RP. Where We Work. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 54 p. 2515 BC 309 BC0309-11 The Livelihood Impacts of Incentive Payments for Watershed Management in Cidanau Watershed, West Java, Indonesia Beria Leimona, Rachman Pasha and Nana Prayatna Rahadian Luca Tacconi, Sango Mahanty and Helen Sulch 2010 Payments For Environmental Services, Forest Conservation And Climate Change. Livelihoods in the REDD? MPG Books Group United Kingdom 106-129 978 1 84980 299 4 The case study presented in this chapter is located in Cidanau, Indonesia. The Cidanau watershed is one of the most important watersheds supplying the domestic and industrial water needs of Banten Province, Java Island, Indonesia. The watershed covers 22260 ha located between two regencies: Serang and Padeglang, and their six sub-districts. The Cidanau watershed also has a special role in biodiversity protection. In the base of the bowl-shaped Cidanau watershed lies the Rawa Danau Reserve-a 4200 ha nature reserve, which contains the only remaining lowland swamp forest in Java and has 131 endemic species. The reserve is important in the hydrological process, too, as the reservoir for the Cidanau River and its tributaries, which then flow into the Sunda Strait.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Leimona B, Pasha R and Rahadian NP. 2010. The Livelihood Impacts of Incentive Payments for Watershed Management in Cidanau Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. In: Tacconi L, Mahanty S and Suich H,eds. Payments For Environmental Services, Forest Conservation And Climate Change. Livelihoods in the REDD?. United Kingdom. : MPG Books Group. P. 106-129. 2514 WP 136 WP0136-11 NTFPs as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program Jusupta Tarigan, James M Roshetko, Endri Martini and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working Paper no 118 21 Pongo abelii). The existence of an orangutan population of 400 in the area was documented through a Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) (Singleton et. al., 2004). Recent studies estimate that the population may be 380 at the current time. Although the Batang Toru orangutan population is smaller, its threat from habitat loss is relatively low (below 2% annually). This low rate of habitat loss is the result of topographic features that limit access and traditional indigenous forest management systems that are sustainable and value healthy environments. Besides orangutans, the Batang Toru forest is also rich with other endemic plant and animal species (e.g. Dipterocarpaceae species (Shorea spp., Anisoptera spp., Dipterocarpus spp.) and Sumatran tiger). To the present time the gradient of landuse systems practiced by local communities in Batang Toru have been compatible with conservation of the area?s unique and globally important biodiversity. However, in the future, the expanding human population of Batang Toru may threat the forest and all of its components, if suitable livelihoods option are not identified and developed. In that context, we see a number of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that are produced in Batang Toru forest systems (e.g. mixed tree gardens, agroforests, and forests) as having potential to diversify and secure viable livelihood options for the people of Batang Toru.]]> Sumatran Orangutan, Batang Toru, NTFPS, Livelihoods, Agroforest, Landuse Southeast Asia English 0 Tarigan J, Roshetko JM, Martini E and Ekadinata A. 2010. NTFPs as a source of livelihood diversification for local communities in the Batang Toru Orangutan Conservation Program. Working Paper no 118Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 21 p. 2513 WP 135 WP0135-11 Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Working paper no 103 74 These analysis of five landscapes (Bungo in Indonesia, Viengkham in Laos, Manompana in Madagascar, Takamanda-Mone in Cameroon and East Usambara in Tanzania) using the same methodology and tool allows comparisons across sites. Deforestation rates and land use/cover changes across landscapes along with land use/cover changes are used to define the stage of forest transition; Takamanda-Mone, Viengkham, Manompana, East Usambara and Bungo is the ordered list from earliest to advanced stages. Spatial pattern of deforestation, depending on landscape topography, level of accessibilities and state of forest transition, either are concentrated in relatively flat areas in the landscape, follow encroachment pattern of primary forest block, along the transportation network, or expansion of existing settlement. Combining these spatial patterns of deforestation with changes in landscape configuration, especially at sub-landscape level (quantified by selected indices), we can identify vulnerable areas in the future such that options to reduce risks can be discussed and negotiated within land use planning processes.]]> Landscape composition, configuration, matrix, connectivity, fragmentation, drivers of land use changes, multifunctional landscapes Southeast Asia English 0 Dewi S and Ekadinata A. 2010. Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective. Working paper no 103Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 74 p. 2512 MA 58 MA0058-11 Reducing emissions through agroforestry Festus K. Akinnifesi 2010 media Perkebunan 85 26 Head Quarters English 2511 MA 57 MA0057-11 Powerful reward for erosion control Kate Langford 2010 Media Perkebunan 85 24-25 Head Quarters English 2510 MA 56 MA0056-11 Perlu keseriusan dalam tangani sawit Indonesia Suseno Budidarsono 2010 Media Perkebunan 85 22-23 Southeast Asia Indonesian 2509 BK 145 BK0145-11 A Teacher's Guide on Agroforestry Landscape Analysis: Curricular Framework and Case Study Materials SEANAFE 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 50 This guide is divided into three major sections, namely: 1) The SEANAFE's Agroforestry Landscape Analysis Project Overview; 2) The SEANAFE's Agroforestry Landscape Analysis Curricular Framework; and the 3) Country Teaching Case Study Materials.
Section 1 provides a brief background on SEANAFE AFLA Project highlighting the salient processes through which this guidewas generated.
Section 2 discusses in detail the components of the AFLA curricular framework.
Section 3 presents the country cases and offers ways to effectively use them for teaching AFLA. It provides suggestions for encouraging critical thinking among students, including guide questions and discussions, suggested teaching activities and references. This, however, should not limit the users. Instead, they are encouraged to further explore the other potential applications of the cases as teachingmaterials.
The curricular framework does not claim to be complete and comprehensive. However, SEANAFE considers it adequate to help enhance the knowledge, skills, and appreciation of students and other users on AFLA toward a more sustainable use and management of natural resources. The teaching case study materials also do not cover all the aspects of AFLA as a result of the kind of available data gathered by the country teams from their respective case study sites. Thus, users are encouraged to make assumptions about information absent fromthe cases and/or use other relevant cases to help teach AFLA concepts fully.
The guide assumes that the users have considerable experience in using case study as a teaching method. First timers to this approach are encouraged to read the Notes for Teachers well in advance before giving the case study materials to their students. The effectiveness of the case study materials relies on howwell the users have grounded themselves on its suggested use and internalized the basic information therein.]]> Southeast Asia English SEANAFE. 2010. A Teacher's Guide on Agroforestry Landscape Analysis: Curricular Framework and Case Study Materials. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 50 p. 2508 JA 392 JA0392-11 Stewardship agreement to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD): case study from Lubuk Beringin?s Hutan Desa, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Farid Zulfikar, Iman Budisetiawan, Elok Mulyoutami, Asep Ayat and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 International Forestry Review The Commonwealth Forestry Association 12 4 349-360 Hutan Desa) regulation by the Minister of Forestry (P.49/Menhut-II/2008) details how to reconcile forest management targets and livelihood interests of forest-edge villages within the framework of a permanent forest estate. Lubuk Beringin in Bungo District, Jambi Province became the first village in Indonesia to secure such an agreement. Our analysis of process, stakes and social capital bridging local, district and national scales of Hutan Desa aims to assist in reducing transaction costs for wider application. Streamlining of rules is needed to make Hutan Desa a viable part of REDD schemes at relevant scale, and to support locally appropriate mitigation action as part of national strategies, and as co-investment in stewardship for local, national and global benefits.]]> action research, community forest management, Hutan Desa, REDD+, village forest Southeast Asia English Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Zulfikar F, Budisetiawan I, Mulyoutami E, Ayat A and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Stewardship agreement to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD): case study from Lubuk Beringin’s Hutan Desa, Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. International Forestry Review. 12(4):P. 349-360. 2507 TD 162 TD0162-10 Prediksi perubahan neraca air dengan model GenRiver Prasetyo Nugroho 2010 Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta 109 Program Studi Ilmu Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada Master of Science Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) merupakan satu kesatuan ekosistem yang terdiri dari komponen biotis dan abiotis dan tidak dapat dipisahkan antar komponen satu dengan lainnya serta memiliki karakteristik yang khas, baik secara hidrologi, penutupan lahan, sosial budaya dan ekonomi yang melingkupinya. Daerah aliran sungai memainkan fungsi dan peran dasarnya sebagai daerah yang menerima, menampung dan mengalirkan air melalui outlet tunggal. Akan tetapi peran dan fungsi DAS tersebut dipengaruhi oleh perubahan penutupan lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Model Hidrologi GenRiver dan memprediksi perubahan neraca air Sub DAS Goseng dengan simulasi kondisi penutupan lahan yang berbeda.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan dan menganalisis model Generic Riverflow (GenRiver) serta menggunakan simulasi perubahan penutupan lahan untuk mengetahui perubahan neraca air di kawasan Sub DAS Goseng. Perangkat bantuan yang digunakan dalam model ini yaitu menggunakan Stella sebagai software yang dihubungkan dengan file microsoft excel. Parameter yang dipertimbangkan dalam model ini yaitu data klimatologi, bentuk lahan, tanah, geologi dan penutupan lahan.]]> GenRiver, neraca air, Sub DAS Goseng, buffering indicator Southeast Asia Indonesian Nugroho P. 2010. Prediksi perubahan neraca air dengan model GENRIVER. Yogyakarta. : Universitas Gadjah Mada. 109 p. 2506 JA 391 JA0391-10 Accessibility Factors and Conservation Forest Designation Affecting Rattan Cane Harvesting in Lambusango Forest, Buton, Indonesia Atiek Widayati, Samantha Jones and Bruce Carlisle 2010 Human Ecology Springer Science+Business Media B.V 38 6 731-746 Rattan cane is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) harvested from Indonesian tropical forests. However, the extraction of NTFPs such as rattan cane may conflict with forest conservation efforts. A better understanding of harvesting practices can help assess the extent of this conflict and guide forest management decisions. This study assesses the accessibility factors that influence rattan cane harvesting levels in Lambusango Forest, Buton Island, Indonesia, and whether the harvesting of rattan cane is affected by the designation of conservation areas. To this end, the analysis adopts participatory mapping, Geographic Information Systems and a questionnaire survey and employs multiple regressions and analysis of covariance. The results show that accessibility, particularly slope and distance, can play a role in the quantity of rattan canes harvested. The presence of conservation forest does not significantly affect rattan cane harvesting levels. This could be due to limited awareness of the harvesters going to the vicinity of the designated conservation areas and mixed sentiments towards conservation efforts due to the long tradition of forest dwelling and harvesting activities. The study concludes that the successful establishment and management of conservation areas require consideration of the specificity of the local context such as the abundance of forest resources, accessibility and historical forest-people interactions, in addition to biological factors. NTFP. Rattan cane harvesting . Accessibility . Conservation forest . Buton Island DOI 10.1007/s10745-010-9358-7 Southeast Asia English Widayati A, Jones S and Carlisle B. 2010. Accessibility Factors and Conservation Forest Designation Affecting Rattan Cane Harvesting in Lambusango Forest, Buton, Indonesia. Human Ecology. 38(6):P. 731-746. 2505 RP 267 RP0267-10 An assessment of opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses Vietnam preparing for REDD final national report Hoang Minh Ha, Do Trong Hoan, Meine van Noordwijk, Pham Thu Thuy, Matilda Palm, To Xuan Phuc, Doan Diem, Nguyen Thanh Xuan and Hoang Thi Van Anh 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam 85 The study explored the links between reducing emisisons from all land uses and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs), as well as market-based approaches to the problem.
The study found that reducing emissions from all land uses in Vietnam increases the possibility of sustaining a future carbon emissions reduction scheme because it addresses an entire landscape, not only forest, and strengthens the participation of all land users, including indigenous people.
There are challenges to any scheme that aims to reduce emisisons from all land uses. These include adopting the right methods, obtaining reliable data, and legal and political issues.
The report recommends that reducing emissions from all land uses would be the most effective approach and should be implemented using cross-sectoral land-use planning and co-covernance that includes equitable involvement of government, private companies and smallholders.]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Do Trong H, van Noordwijk M, Thuy PT, Palm M, Phuc TX, Doan D, Thanh Xuan N and Thi Van Anh H. An assessment of opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses Vietnam preparing for REDD final national report. Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. 85 p. 2504 MA 55 MA0055-10 Pak Usub: dari Serumpun berkarya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat sekitar sungai Lamandau Janudianto and Subekti Rahayu 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 14-15 Berada di bagian selatan Pulau Kalimantan, tepatnya di salah satu desa di Kabupaten Kotawaringin Barat, M. Subeli atau yang akrab dipanggil Pak Usub berkarya demi mensejahterakan masyarakatnya. Laki-laki kelahiran Barabai, Kalimantan Selatan 51 tahun silam ini merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak pendatang yang mencoba mengadu nasib di Serumpun, Desa Tanjung Putri. Anak kedua dari lima bersaudara ini merupakan salah seorang tokoh tani di dua kelompok saat ini, Kelompok Tani Serumpun dan Kelompok Tani Serumpun Padi. Bapak dua anak ini pandai berbicara dan senang sekali bercerita, tentunya dengan logat Banjar yang kental. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2503 MA 54 MA0054-10 Sistem Wanatani: masih tetap idola pengelola kebun kopi Kurniatun Hairiah 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 12-13 ?Wanatani kopi tetap idola bagi pengelola kopi di era pemanasan global, karena sistem ini menyediakan jasa lingkungan lewat perannya dalam mempertahankan populasi 'luwak', si pemetik jitu buah kopi, mengendalikan populasi nematoda parasit tumbuhan serta menjaga kondisi tanah tetap gembur, menyerap dan menyimpan karbon, serta mengatur tata air?, itulah catatan ringkasku selama mengikuti Simposium Kopi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2502 MA 53 MA0053-10 Tembawang: bukan sekedar sistem agroforestri Bambang Soeharto 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 10-11 Tembawang atau sering disebut sebagai agroforest tembawang adalah suatu bentuk sistem penggunaan lahan yang terdiri dari berbagai jenis tumbuhan, mulai dari pohon-pohon besar berdiameter lebih dari 100 sentimeter hingga tumbuhan bawah sejenis rumput-rumputan. Sistem ini dikelola dengan teknik-teknik tertentu sesuai dengan kearifan lokal mereka dan mengikuti aturan-aturan sosial sehingga membentuk keanekaragaman yang kompleks menyerupai ekosistem hutan alam. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2501 MA 52 MA0052-10 Hutan sagu: potensinya dalam REDD+ Subekti Rahayu and Degi Harja 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 8-9 REDD adalah suatu upaya penurunan emisi dari sektor deforestasi dan degradasi hutan yang diinisiasi pada COP 12 di Bali tahun 2007, yang artinya penebangan hutan dan alih guna hutan harus dihindari dalam upaya menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca*. Seperti telah kita ketahui bahwa meningkatnya konsentrasi gas rumah kaca di atmosfir memberikan sumbangan yang sangat berarti dalam pemanasan global akhir-akhir ini. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2500 MA 51 MA0051-10 Memahami rantai perdagangan kayu jati Aulia Perdana 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 5-7 ?Mengapa kita diperlakukan seperti pencuri ketika mengirim kayu, padahal semua persyaratan dan legalitas penebangan sudah dipenuhi??. Pertanyaan yang dilontarkan oleh seorang pedagang kayu jati di kota Wonosari, Gunung Kidul ini menyulut berbagai pertanyaan kritis lainnya yang menuntut jawaban lebih mendalam. Tulisan ini mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dengan mengungkap rantai perdagangan jati dari petani hingga ke pedagang kayu yang saling berlomba mencari keuntungan diantara biaya-biaya yang tak terduga. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2499 NL 46 NL0046-10 Kiprah Agroforestri 7 Aulia Perdana, Bambang Soeharto, Degi Harja, Elok Mulyoutami, Janudianto, Kurniatun Hairiah and Subekti Rahayu 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 3 3 1-16 Pemahaman alur jual beli kayu jati di tingkat petani masih merupakan kendala saat ini. Artikel kedua membawa kita kepemahaman untuk mencari nilai rantai perdagangan kayu jati, berikut peraturan dan kebijakan yang berlaku.
Sebuah OPINI mengenai ?bagaimana hutan sagu berpotensi dalam REDD+ karena dapat menyerap karbon?? Selain sumber bahan makanan pokok bagi masyarakat Papua, juga merupakan habitat keanekaragaman hayati, yang tumbuh alami selayaknya hutan alam yang memiliki peluang sebagai penyerap karbon.
Masih dengan artikel menarik untuk diulas yaitu tentang agroforest tembawang, di Kalimantan Barat, yang dalam pengelolaannya masih dikelola secara adat masyarakat Suku Dayak. Penulis menyajikannya dengan cukup detail yang mencakup tiga hal utama dalam aspek konservasi dan nilai-nilai sosial budaya yang luhur.
Kopi luak... siapa yang tidak kenal dengan nikmatnya kopi ini. Dengan harga jual yang menggiurkan karena termahal di dunia. Meskipun biji kopi berkualitas tinggi ini diambil dari sisa kotoran luwak, namun kopi ini menjadi begitu masyur dikalangan penikmat kopi. Berdasarkan penelitian terakhir, hasil panen biji kopi oleh luwak yang dikandangkan tidak sebaik kualitas kopi yang dipanen oleh luwak liar. Ikuti cerita uniknya dalam liputan simposium nasional yang diselenggarakan di pulau Bali, Oktober lalu.
?Ini sebuah awal contoh yang baik dari suatu usaha pertanian padi di lahan pasang surut. Dengan teknologi sederhana mampu mencegah lahan dari banjir atau luapan air pasang. Hasil enam ton gabah kering panen per hektar sebuah hal yang luar biasa? sambut Akhmad Yadi, Kepala Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan kepada Pak Usub, seorang penebang kayu yang berubah haluan menjadi petani peladang menetap yang menularkan ilmunya kepada masyarakat sekitarnya. Rubrik PROFIL TOKOH yang bisa menjadi contoh untuk kita dan sekaligus sebagai artikel terakhir KIPRAH edisi ini.]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Perdana A, Soeharto B, Harja D, Mulyoutami E, Janudianto , Hairiah K and Rahayu S. 2010. Kiprah Agroforestri 7. In: Rahayu S and Mulyoutami E,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3 , GRP 4 , GRP 5 , GRP 6 2498 PB 16 PB0016-10 Mau melangkah ke mana pengelolaan hutan sesaot? Gamma Galudra, R. Yana Buana and Noviana Khususiyah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 09 4 Hutan Sesaot, terletak di bagian barat Taman Nasional Rinjani, memiliki luas 5 950 ha dan merupakan tangkapan air dari DAS Dodokan. Secara administrasi, hutan ini terletak di Kecamatan Narmada dan Lingsar, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, dan diapit oleh 4 desa yaitu Sesaot, Lebah Sempage, Sedau dan Batu Mek ar. Berdasar k an SK Menter i Per tanian No. 756/Kpts/Um/1982, status dan fungsi hutan Sesaot adalah hutan lindung. Penunjukan ini didasari atas pertimbangan hutan ini memiliki fungsi penting sebagai sumber mata air bagi irigasi pertanian skala besar serta untuk kebutuhan rumah tangga, khususnya di Kota Mataram, Kabupaten Lombok Barat dan sebagian Kabupaten Lombok Tengah. Southeast Asia Indonesian Galudra G, Buana RY and Khususiyah N. 2010. Mau melangkah ke mana pengelolaan hutan sesaot?. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. 2497 PB 15 PB0015-10 Sekolah Lapangan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam (SL-PSDA): upaya peningkatan kapasitas LMDH dalam pembangunan hutan melalui PHBM (di KPH Malang) Widianto, Noviana Khususiyah and Iva Dewi Lestariningsih 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 03 6
Salah satu metode yang telah terbukti dapat membantu mengembangkan kapasitas masyarakat dalam berbagai program pembangunan adalah pendekatan sekolah lapangan (SL), yang dalam hal ini adalah sekolah lapangan untuk pengelolaan sumberdaya alam (SL-PSDA).]]> Southeast Asia Indonesian Widianto, Khususiyah N and Lestariningsih ID. 2010. Sekolah Lapangan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam (SL-PSDA): upaya peningkatan kapasitas LMDH dalam pembangunan hutan melalui PHBM (di KPH Malang). Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 6 p. 2496 PB 14 PB0014-10 Emissions Embodied in Trade (EET) and Land use in Tropical Forest Margins Peter Akong Minang, Meine van Noordwijk, P Meyfroidt, Fahmuddin Agus and Sonya Dewi 2010 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB Policy Brief no 17 4
As many corporations, countries and consumers embrace carbon footprint labelling and advocate for ?greener? commodities, there is potential for reducing emissions from land use change in the humid and sub-humid tropics. Yet, current debate on Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation ? REDD+ has not considered the potential implications of EET.

In this brief, we present and briefly reflect on (a) how emission reductions may induce cross-border land use displacements; (b) how market demand for ?greener? commodities and consumer pressure on some tropical commodities can shape behaviour of land use agents and influence emissions; and (c) the policy implications that result from EET.]]> Southeast Asia English Minang PA, van Noordwijk M, Meyfroidt P, Agus F and Dewi S. 2010. Emissions Embodied in Trade (EET) and Land use in Tropical Forest Margins. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. 2495 RP 266 RP0266-10 Moving Beyond REDD: Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses in Nepal Laxman Joshi, Naya Sharma Paudel, Hemanta Ojha, Dil Bahadur Khatri, Keshav Kanel, Rajendra Pradhan, Bhaskar Karky, Ujjwal P. Pradhan and Seema Karki 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 88
Considering these conditions, Nepal would not benefit from REDD alone and therefore should be lobbying for REDD+, which includes enhancing carbon stocks, and even REDD++ which looks at carbon in all land uses. A critical issue is that since millions of small farmers and other rural inhabitants interact with land in a variety of ways for multiple objectives, a simple distinction of 'forest' or 'non-forest' has little relevance. The attempt is for payments for sustainable land use with productive conservation where net biological productivity will be enhanced, while also allowing flexibility for local forest owners to adapt to changing conditions affecting needs, preferences and values.

There are limitations to a sole focus on forest-based mitigation approaches such as REDD and hence the proposition of a broader concept of reducing emissions from all land uses (REALU). The narrow focus on forest-based REDD omits agriculture and therefore misses huge opportunities. Similarly, it fails to address many technical issues, such as leakage and permanence, and so would be unable to effectively curb emissions in the long term. A more comprehensive approach including all land uses will minimise technical errors and effectively reduce emissions. This report attempts to resolve the apparent dichotomy between adaptation and mitigation by highlighting how sustainable resources management simultaneously reduces emissions, enhances food security and increases ecosystem resilience. The mosaic of farm and forests and traditional integrated farming provides a unique context where mitigation and adaptation go together.]]> Southeast Asia English Joshi L, Paudel NS, Ojha H, Khatri DB, Kanel K, Pradhan R, Karky B, Pradhan UP and Karki S. Moving Beyond REDD: Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses in Nepal. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 88 p. 2494 PP 299 PP0299-10 Caroline Duque-Piñon, Delia Catacutan, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Meine van Noordwijk and Lydia Tiongco 2010 CAPRi Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Phillipines 1-17 Sustaining the environmental, social and economic development in Manupali watershed in southern Philippines is highly dependent on fair allocation of water use rights and judicious utilization of water as a scarce resource. There are many stakeholders and water users: smallholder farmers, indigenous people, multi-national companies, the local government, National Irrigation Administration, and the National Power Corporation. As demand for water outstrips supply, conflict arises between different user-groups over who can use water and how much each can use. This paper reports on initial results of on-going studies that examine water rights and land use change, to negotiate for better co-investment in managing watershed. A key issue in Manupali is the overlap in ?water rights?, which is a privilege the government grants to use and further appropriate water. To avoid hostile confrontation between different user-groups and to manage competition of water use, some user-groups came up with voluntary agreements for water rights sharing. Viewed in terms of cooperation and collective action, these voluntary agreements facilitated conflict management of a disputed natural resource, but fairness and equity dimensions are in question, as the cooperating user groups extract benefits from non-cooperators who may suffer the consequence of protecting the upper watershed to maintain water supply. Supported by watershed hydrological data on water balance and its land use patterns, this paper argued that collective action at watershed scale is needed to ensure that benefits are fairly shared by both water users and producers. Water rights, water allocation, water conflict, cooperation, collective action Philippines English 2492 LE 172 LE0172-10 Analysis of Land Use and Cover Trajectory (ALUCT) Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Analysis of Land Use and Cover Trajectory (ALUCT) can go beyond direct visual interpretation of geogle earth and quantify change. ALUCT has four stages work flow as follow: (1) Clarification of the questions; (2) Image acquisition and pre-processing; (3) Image classification based on ground-truth sample points and/or pre-established spatial patterns; and (4) Post interpretation analysis focussed on the research questions of interest. This tool is an important part of several of the TUL-SEA Tools, including the RaCSA, RHA and RABA (rapid appraisal of carbon stocks, hydrology and agrobiodiversity, respectively) methods. It also forms the basis of scenario studies (FALLOW), land tenure claim appraisal (RATA) and analysis of the drivers of land use change (DriLUC). Southeast Asia English Dewi S and Ekadinata A. 2010. Analysis of Land Use and Cover Trajectory (ALUCT). [Leaflet].Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 5, GRP 6 2491 LE 171 LE0171-10 FlowPer: Indicator of Watershed Quality Meine van Noordwijk and Lisa Tanika 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia In the analysis of watershed functions, we deal with complex factors that influence processes and patterns in the landscape that ultimately translate a temporal pattern of rainfall into a temporal pattern of stream flow, which aggregates up to a river. Downstream stakeholders start from what they want to see (?perfectly regular flow of clean water?) and observe a pattern of stream and river flow that doesn?t match their expectations. They search for interventions in the ?anthropogenic? groups of causes (deforestation, land degradation), but need to understand the potential reach of such interventions, given the geological and climatic background. In the absence of knowledge of what happens upstream, an observer of river flow can deduce a fair amount of information from a time series of river flow data. The FlowPer model is focused on that. It can serve two functions: 1) summarize the key parameters that downstream stakeholders can observe on the flow pattern, for example, as a basis for conditional rewards for providing environmental services; and 2) serve as a parsimonious (parameter-sparse) ?null model? that allows quantification of the increments in model prediction that is achieved with spatially explicit models (with parameterization first rather than parameter tuning to the data). Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M and Tanika L. 2010. FlowPer: Indicator of Watershed Quality. [Leaflet].Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 6 2490 JA 390 JA0390-10 Potential of Community-Based Forest Management to Mitigate Climate Change in the Philippines Rodel D. Lasco, Remedios S. Evangelista and Florencia B Pulhin 2010 Small-scale Forestry Steve Harrison, John Herbohn 2010 9 4 429-443 Community-based forest management (CBFM) is the principal strategy in managing inhabited ?forest land? in the Philippines. It involves the participation of local communities in various forestry activities to achieve sustainable forestry, advance social justice and improve socioeconomic welfare, and promote a stable and healthy environment. This paper analyses the potential benefits of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites to mitigate climate change. The incorporation of trees in farms and landscapes has led to enhanced carbon storage and sequestration. Half a million hectares of agroforestry farms in CBFM sites in the Philippines are estimated to store 25 MtC while sequestering 2.7 MtC annually. Lessons are drawn from three carbon sequestration projects under development using CBFM as the main approach. Income from carbon credits is not sufficient to recover the cost of tree planting. The transaction costs of forestry CDM projects are substantial and could prove to be the greatest barrier to project fruition. Government institutions must find ways to encourage project developers by simplifying rules and regulations for forestry carbon projects. Forest definition must be assessed. Project developers and the government could also explore the voluntary carbon market which is more flexible than the CDM market. Policy and technical studies must be conducted to ascertain the potential of the REDD for CBFM sites in the country. Community-based forest management, Carbon credits, Clean development mechanism DOI 10.1007/s11842-010-9132-0 Philippines English Lasco RD, Evangelista RS and Pulhin FB. 2010. Potential of Community-Based Forest Management to Mitigate Climate Change in the Philippines. Small-scale Forestry. 9(4):P. 429-443. GRP 5 2489 PO 281 PO0281-10 From open access to common pool resource: effect of organic certification of NTFP in Yan Mei, Mithoefer Dagmar, Yang Yanping and Huang Jiacong 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Mei Y, Dagmar M, Yanping Y and Jiacong H. From open access to common pool resource: effect of organic certification of NTFP in. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. 2488 PO 280 PO0280-10 Participatory agroforestry development in DPR Korea Xu Jianchu and Jun He 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Xu Jianchu and He J. Participatory agroforestry development in DPR Korea. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 2 2487 PO 279 PO0279-10 The role of tree crops in local adaptations to climate variability in the Himalayas: Case studies in China, Nepal and Pakistan Yufang Su, Juliet Lu, Sujata Manandhar and Ashiq Ahmad Khan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Yufang S, Lu J, Manandhar S and Khan AA. The role of tree crops in local adaptations to climate variability in the Himalayas: Case studies in China, Nepal and Pakistan. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 5 2486 PO 278 PO0278-10 China?s Transition to Sustainable Agriculture: Understanding Fertilizer Use in Yunnan Province, China Yunju Li, Fredrich Kahrl, David Roland-Holst, Su Yufang and Xu Jianchu 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Yunju L, Kahrl F, Roland-Holst D, Yufang S and Xu Jianchu . China’s Transition to Sustainable Agriculture: Understanding Fertilizer Use in Yunnan Province, China. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 6 2485 PO 277 PO0277-10 Redefining priorities and reassigning responsibilities for forest management in Doi Mae Salong, Northern Thailand Sona Shakya and Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Shakya S and Schmidt-Vogt D. Redefining priorities and reassigning responsibilities for forest management in Doi Mae Salong, Northern Thailand. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 2 2484 PO 276 PO0276-10 Land Use Mapping by Remote Sensing with Object-based Method in Upper Mekong Region Chen Huafang, Philip Beckschafer, Yu Haiying, Yunju Li, Sha Wen and Liu Wenjun 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Huafang C, Beckschafer P, Haiying Y, Yunju L, Wen S and Wenjun L. Land Use Mapping by Remote Sensing with Object-based Method in Upper Mekong Region. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 6 2483 PO 275 PO0275-10 Three rivers rangeland carbon sequestration project Andreas Wilkes, Zhang Zhicai and Wang Shiping 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China China Science Forum 2010 China English Wilkes A, Zhicai Z and Shiping W. Three rivers rangeland carbon sequestration project. : Science Forum 2010China. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) China. 2010. GRP 5 2482 PO 274 PO0274-10 Can REDD payment alone protect the forest? Hoang Minh Ha, Do Trong Hoan, Matilda Palm, Nguyen Thanh Xuan, Doan Diem, Hoang Thi Van Anh, Meine van Noordwijk and Peter Akong Minang 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Science Forum 2010 Vietnam can be seen as a ?nutshell? of this situation, with parts of the country that resemble Indonesia?s net deforestation pattern, and parts that resemble China?s net increase in forest area (and reduction in forests carbon-stock).
Vietnam was one of the first countries to turn the corner on ?forest transition? without having first completely depleted the forest. However, while reported forest area increased, net emissions continued to rise as carbon-rich forest was lost and plantations of low carbon-stock were added.
Current REDD+ activities in Vietnam mainly focus on Reference Emission Level; Monitoring, Reporting and Verification; Benefit Distribution System and capacity building.]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Do Trong H, Palm M, Thanh Xuan N, Doan D, Thi Van Anh H, van Noordwijk M and Minang PA. Can REDD payment alone protect the forest?. : Science Forum 2010Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. GRP 5 2481 PO 273 PO0273-10 Pathways for Agroforestry Development in North-West Vietnam Hoang Minh Ha, Marc Dumas-Johansen, Ann Degrande, Luu thi Thu Giang and Antoine Kalinganire 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Science Forum 2010 Research ideas for bringing trees back to the landscape for more sustainable farming are under development by the World Agroforestry Centre Vietnam and its national partners as a part of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) program in the area. The role of trees in increasing income to local farmers, either directly or indirectly through livestock, and at the same time improving soil and water quality, is a focus of the program. A scoping study has been being carried out by the Centre?s interdisciplinary team that includes international and national experts . Begining in May 2010, we have worked in three provinces, with a focus on Son La province (Map 1). The methods used are reviews, interviews, field visits and workshops with local stakeholders including local government, research institutes, universities and farmers]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Dumas-Johansen M, Degrande A, Thu Giang Lt and Kalinganire A. Pathways for Agroforestry Development in North-West Vietnam. : Science Forum 2010Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. GRP 1, GRP 2 2480 PO 272 PO0272-10 Bundling of payments/rewards for environmental services A viable incentive system under development in the uplands of Northern Vietnam Hoang Minh Ha, Dinh Ngoc Lan, Hoang Van Giap and Nguyen van Nam 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam Hanoi, Vietnam Science Forum 2010 A viable incentive system that contains rewards, payments and livelihood options??bundling? payments for ecosystem services or ?co-investment for PES??being developed in Ba Be district, Bac Kan province, is an option to this limitation (Photo 1). Bac Kan was chosen owing to it 40% poverty rate, 55% forest cover and complex landscape .]]> Vietnam English Hoang MH, Dinh NL, Van Giap H and van Nam N. Bundling of payments/rewards for environmental services A viable incentive system under development in the uplands of Northern Vietnam. : Science Forum 2010Hanoi, Vietnam. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) - Vietnam. 2010. GRP 6 2479 PO 271 PO0271-10 Cutting Propagation of Rare Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Northern Thailand Anantika Ratnamhin, Stephen Elliott and Prasit Wangpakapattanawong 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand Thailand Science Forum 2010 Thailand English Ratnamhin A, Elliott S and Wangpakapattanawong P. Cutting Propagation of Rare Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Northern Thailand. : Science Forum 2010Thailand. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Thailand. 2010. GRP 1 2478 PO 270 PO0270-10 Conflict, Cooperation and Collective Action Land use, water rights and water scarcity in Manupali watershed, Southern Philippines Caroline Duque-Piñon, Delia Catacutan, Beria Leimona, Emma Abasolo, Meine van Noordwijk and Lydia Tiongco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 Water is essential to human survival. It is also indispensable to livelihoods and most forms of economic production. However, access, allocation and use of water can create conflict. While conflicts at the national and international levels vary from policies affecting water management to transboundary issues, water access dominates conflicts at the local level, which are often direct and can spill over into wider-scale violence. In many cases, political, socio-economic and cultural factors determine the complexity of these water conflicts. Resolving water conflict can be complicated and take a lot of time. Hence, some water users opt for simple compromises to settle disputes between them through collective action and cooperative agreements. Philippines English Duque-Piñon C, Catacutan D, Leimona B, Abasolo E, van Noordwijk M and Tiongco L. Conflict, Cooperation and Collective Action Land use, water rights and water scarcity in Manupali watershed, Southern Philippines. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 6 2477 PO 269 PO0269-10 Ecosystem-based mitigation and adaptation (EBMA): exploring the synergies in agroforestry Rodel D. Lasco and Rafaela Jane Delfino 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010
The rural poor in developing countries are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Ecosystem services help improves human wellbeing and may enhance resilience and reduce risk for local communities.

Ecosystems provide a venue where the synergies between adaptation and mitigation can be optimized and trade-offs reduced.

There are two options to address climate change:
(1) Mitigation
(2) Adaptation

Historically, both has been treated separately due to its differences in spatial, temporal and sectoral scales. However, there has been recent focus in research and policy on synergies between adaptation and mitigation that will provide for win-win solutions. However, there is still the need to look more into the synergies and conflicts at different scales.]]> Philippines English Lasco RD and Delfino RJ. Ecosystem-based mitigation and adaptation (EBMA): exploring the synergies in agroforestry. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2476 PO 268 PO0268-10 Rewards for environmental services and benefits to the poorLessons from Asia Beria Leimona and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Rewards for environmental services (RES) link global priorities on poverty reduction and environmental sustainability and are designed to balance effectiveness and efficiency with fairness and pro-poor characteristics.]]> Southeast Asia English Leimona B and van Noordwijk M. Rewards for environmental services and benefits to the poorLessons from Asia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2475 PO 267 PO0267-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Option for setting up reference emission level for REDD+ within REALU in Berau, East Kalimantan Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 In respond to the opportunity of developing REDD pilot areas in Indonesia, the district government of Berau has formed a task-force to discuss the potentiality of district-level involvement in developing pilot areas. Our previous study showed that the overall annual emission of Berau in 1990-2008 is 9.2Mg CO -eq/Ha.Year, 2 with more than 50% emission came from forest zone. The remaining question is how to set up a reference emission level for Berau under the lack of policy and guidelines for national and local government. Southeast Asia English Dewi S and Ekadinata A. Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Option for setting up reference emission level for REDD+ within REALU in Berau, East Kalimantan. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2474 PO 266 PO0266-10 Dynamics and Trajectories of Rubber Agroforestin BungoDistrict, Jambi: Assessment for the Potentials of Eco-certification M. Thoha Zulkarnain, Andree Ekadinata and Atiek Widayati 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 The high pressure of land use change that has occurred in Sumatera, Indonesia, reduces forest cover. However, various land uses that replace forest are considered to be able to preserve some of forest ecological functions. Rubber agroforest, a traditional extensive rubber cultivation system,has the capacity to support species diversity in an impoverished landscape currently dominated by monoculture plantation (Figure 1).Currently, ICRAF conducts a study to observe the dynamics and trajectories of rubber agroforestin BungoDistrict, Jambi over time and space using remote sensing data and spatial analysis. The outputs are expected to contribute to the discussions towards rubber eco-certification in Jambi Province. Southeast Asia English Zulkarnain MT, Ekadinata A and Widayati A. Dynamics and Trajectories of Rubber Agroforestin BungoDistrict, Jambi: Assessment for the Potentials of Eco-certification. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2473 PO 265 PO0265-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: I. Estimation of land use, land use change and forestry carbon emission of Berau District, East Kalimantan Andree Ekadinata, Zuraidah Said and Sonya Dewi 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 From UNFCCC COP-13 meeting in Bali in 2007, countries agreed that there was an urgent need to take further meaningful action to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The demonstration activities of REDD (Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Degradation) is being implemented by many tropical countries worldwide. Measurement/ monitoring, Reporting and Verification are the integral part of implementing REDD. Historical emissions are needed to assess the additional of REDD implementation as well as in setting up Reference Emission Level or Reference Level. Prior to any REDD implementation, estimates of historical emissions are useful to assess whether a REDD project or program is feasible or not. Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Said Z and Dewi S. Are conditional and realistic REDD + mechanism feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: I. Estimation of land use, land use change and forestry carbon emission of Berau District, East Kalimantan. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2472 PO 264 PO0264-10 Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi and Jean-Laurent Pfund 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Methodological approaches to biodiversity studies in a multifunctional landscape need to consider the dynamics of land cover and land uses over space in order to capture ecological process, such as habitat fragmentation and matrix effects. Remote sensing and GIS toolsis instrumental in capturing the complex dynamics of tropical landscapes and in communicating the results to decision-makers. Further, spatial analysis can deriveindices to quantify patterns of composition and configuration of patches in a landscape. This study will address landscape dynamics over time and space with explicit links to the interface between livelihood and biodiversity in 5 study areas of the project: Indonesia (Bungo), Laos (Viengkham), Madagascar (Manompana), Cameroon (Takamanda Mone) and Tanzania (East Usambara). Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Dewi S and Pfund J. Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2471 PO 263 PO0263-10 Spatial analysis as a basis for enhancing environmental service and sustainable development Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Feri Johana and Atiek Widayati 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Remotely sensed data are used to evaluate land cover based on the appearance of land surface in one particular time. Specifically designed sensors can generate data that are used to derive elevation maps, hot spots, wind direction etc. The scope of SALA embraces land use/cover change and trajectories (ALUCT) and spatial planning for sustainable development (I3SPA). Basically for the environmental services for sustainable development application, remotely sensed data are the sources of time-series land cover maps, of which environmental services in the forms of watershed protection, biodiversity maintenance and climate change mitigation are strongly related with. A set of base maps that is aligned with the remotely sensed data is necessary as additional data to interpret the remotely sensed data, to quantify temporal changes in the same location, and to combine the land cover maps with other factors to quantify and qualify environmental services and livelihood provision. For more specific application, further modeling and analysis are often necessary. SALA produces the main data input for other TULSEA series, i.e., RaBA, RaTA, RaCSA, RHA, DriLUC.]]> Southeast Asia English Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Johana F and Widayati A. Spatial analysis as a basis for enhancing environmental service and sustainable development. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2470 PO 262 PO0262-10 Land use change and forest degradation in Sumatran orangutan habitats and the opportunity cost of CO2 emissions Atiek Widayati, Andree Ekadinata and Made Hesti Lestari Tata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 CO2emissionsLandscape arrangements for biodiversity preservation and human livelihood recognise?segregate? and ?integrate? approaches. Segregation approach has issues of boundaries that in many cases are contested among stakeholders.The more integrated and gradual transition from natural forest to human habitat has survived through the maintenance of the ecosystem services, like regularity of water flow and other services that the forest provides. Such bundled services may strengthen the arguments to conserve forest flora and fauna habitats, but yet remain unassessed. Southeast Asia English Widayati A, Ekadinata A and Tata MH. Land use change and forest degradation in Sumatran orangutan habitats and the opportunity cost of CO2 emissions. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2469 PO 261 PO0261-10 Understanding local perception on low carbon development: the case of Gorontalo and Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia Jusupta Tarigan, Andree Ekadinata, Atiek Widayati and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 The Indonesia government has targeted to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation around 26%; The implementation should be rational and reasonable because it can interfere with national development plans, particularly in sub national level. Preparation of a national strategy to reduce emissions at the national level will also affect the sub-national. That requires an analysis of land use and land cover change that incorporated with many aspects. Through Accountability and Local Level Initiatives to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia(ALLREDDI) project we try to assist local government in 5 provinces of Indonesia to account for their reference emission level. This is an ongoing activities. In this poster we are going to describe some of the result in Gorontalo and South Kalimantan Southeast Asia English Tarigan J, Ekadinata A, Widayati A and Suyanto S. Understanding local perception on low carbon development: the case of Gorontalo and Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2468 PO 260 PO0260-10 Biodiversity and climate change in dynamic landscapes of Indonesia Sonya Dewi and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Indonesia had been identified as the third largest GHG emitter world-wide. More than 50% of the emission was rooted from LULUCF, and a large part of it was related with peat burning, draining and conversion. As the second biodiversity rich country with largest tropical peat land in the world, but at the same time experiencing unprecedented forest extraction and forest conversion, Indonesia has a very important role in delivering some ecosystem services to the global community. Forest extraction and conversion are integral parts of land transformation that is often complex and non-linear, and more over, very variable across Indonesia. At the national level, landscape transformation is driven by international market, global/regional climate, such as El Nino that leads to forest fire, and is an aggregated manifestation of local drivers and activities. Integrated assessment of the impacts of LULUCF on emissions and habitat fragmentation within several global priority ecoregion in Indonesia is necessary to find spaces for harmonizing efforts on climate change mitigation, biodiversity maintenance and sustainable development. Southeast Asia English Dewi S and Ekadinata A. Biodiversity and climate change in dynamic landscapes of Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2467 PO 259 PO0259-10 Nation-wide analysis of Indonesia land cover change and above ground carbon stock dynamics Andree Ekadinata, Sonya Dewi and Saipul Rahman 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Indonesia has been the center of attention in the current debate of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation .Over the past decade it is regarded as the country with the third country of highest emissions although there is considerable debate and uncertainty over the figures. Recently, Indonesia has been taking an active role in the discussion on fair and efficient mechanisms and economic incentives to reduce emissions. Unfortunately, credible carbon accounting system that should serve as the basis carbon incentives negotiation is still not available. More over, data to calculate historic emission as a basis for reference emission level setting are known to have high uncertainty. Through ALREDDI (Accountability and Local Level Initiative to Reduce Emission from Deforestation and Degradation in Indonesia) project funded by European Union (EU), we assist Indonesian government in accounting for land-use based greenhouse gas emissions. Southeast Asia English Ekadinata A, Dewi S and Rahman S. Nation-wide analysis of Indonesia land cover change and above ground carbon stock dynamics. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2466 PO 258 PO0258-10 Is Understory Vegetable Production in Smallholder Agroforestry Systems a Viable Option? Gerhard Manurung, James M Roshetko, Anas Susila, Denta Anggakusuma and Arif Rahmanulloh 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Farmers in Nanggung, West Java traditionally cultivate vegetables under full sunlight. Few farmers (11%) have experience with intercropping vegetables and tree crops. An on-farm trial was implemented to evaluate the production of seven commercial vegetable species under three light levels as the treatment in a nested design. Southeast Asia English Gerhard Manurung G, Roshetko JM, Susila A, Anggakusuma D and Rahmanulloh A. Is Understory Vegetable Production in Smallholder Agroforestry Systems a Viable Option?. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 2 2465 PO 257 PO0257-10 Smallholder Vegetable Cultivation: Challenges in Sustaining Commercial Production and Market Links James M Roshetko, Iwan Kurniawan and Suseno Budidarsono 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 This poster reports on how smallholder farmers can establish commercially oriented systems and maintain market links. Smallholder vegetable producers in Nanggung sub-district face some major uncertainties which impose difficult planning horizons. Product prices often vary day to day, seasonally and year to year; yields vary from season to season; planting and harvesting times may vary considerably due to inconsistent weather patterns. Price uncertainty is a result of the biological lag time between planning, production, harvestand sale. In many cases, vegetables are ready to harvest but the crop does not meet market specifications or insects and disease cause significant damage and loss of marketability. The World Agroforestry Centre and Winrock International conducted action research in Nanggungsub-district, Bogor district, West Java, to reach motivated and innovative farmers who were committed to improving their incomes by increasing the production and market access of their agroforestry products, specifically commodities produced in vegetable agroforestry systems (VAFs). Activities were conducted as part of the Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asian Watershedsproject supported by the USAID-funded Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM-CRSP.) Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM, Kurniawan I and Budidarsono S. Smallholder Vegetable Cultivation: Challenges in Sustaining Commercial Production and Market Links. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 1, GRP 3 2464 PO 256 PO0256-10 Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province, Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines Raquel C. Lopez, Rodel D. Lasco, John Acay Jr, Estrella Passion and Yoji Natori 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 The Sierra Madre, home to nearly half the country's forest is essential habitat for threatened species.
The SMBC encompasses 1.4 million hectares of land, where the country?s remaining old-growth forests can be found. It is the longest mountain range in the country, measuring about 500 kilometers long. It is an important habitat to more than 400 species of wildlife, which 153 species are only found in the country. It also serves as a watershed for the region, supplying water for hydroelectric generation and household and agricultural use.
CI-Philippines Forest Carbon Project in Sierra Madre is being established at 2 locations- within Quirino Protected Landscape (QPL) at Quirino province and within Pe�ablanca Protected Landscape and Seascape (PPLS) at Cagayan province. These two locations form part of the Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor (SMBC).
In Qurino province, CI worked with local and national governments in collaboration with communities and the private sector, to establish the 175,000 hectare-Quirino Protected Landscape.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, Lasco RD, Acay Jr J, Passion E and Natori Y. Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province, Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2463 PO 255 PO0255-10 The Ikalahan Ancestral Domain Proposed Forest Carbon Development Raquel C. Lopez, Emma Abasolo, Grace B.Villamor and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 They were considered squatters until they organized and gained tenure over the lands through a Memorandum of Agreement between the Kalahan Education Foundation (KEF) representing the Ikalahan and the government through the-then Bureau of Forest Development. Nearly 15 000 ha of the Ancestral Domain Claim was designated as the Kalahan Reserve. The Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC) was issued in 1999, and the Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT) was issued in 2005.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, Abasolo E, Villamor GB and Lasco RD. The Ikalahan Ancestral Domain Proposed Forest Carbon Development. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 6 2462 PO 254 PO0254-10 Proposed Forest Carbon Development Project at Arakan Forest Corridor Raquel C. Lopez, Jayson C. Ibañez and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010
After commercial logging (1960s-1980s) and agriculture encroaching the logged-over areas, only isolated fragments of forest cover remain in the mountain ranges of Sinaka, Mahuson and Kabalantiian-Binoongan-Kulaman (KABIKU), which are home to important wildlife species such as the IUCN ?critically endangered? Philippine eagle and the ?vulnerable? Philippine hawk eagle Spizaetus philippensis.

Though relatively small, Sinaka is regarded as one of the world?s important bird areas because of the relatively high proportion of unique and threatened species it contains. Mahuson has also a unique mammalian population, exemplified by a new species of fruit bat, the Philippine large-headed fruit bat. Since at least 1992, two wild pairs of Philippine eagles have been breeding on mounts Sinaka and in Mahuson. In 1993, the Philippine eagle ?Kahayag? was retrieved from an old nest tree at the KABIKU forest.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, Ibañez JC and Lasco RD. Proposed Forest Carbon Development Project at Arakan Forest Corridor. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2461 PO 253 PO0253-10 Mount Kitanglad Range Proposed Forest Carbon Development Raquel C. Lopez, Felix S Mirasol Jr., Benedicto Golosino and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010 MKR has unique ecological features, such as connected landscapes and an immense natural diversity of flora and fauna, combined with a unique interplay of cultural communities that contributes significantly to the national economy and heritage. However, the ecologically important features are threatened.
To provide legal basis for pursuing actions for conservation and protection, the MKR area was proclaimed a national park by Presidential Proclamation No. 667 on December 14, 1990. It was reclassified as a natural park by Presidential Proclamation No. 896 in 1996. It became a fully fledged protected area as Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park through the Republic Act 8978, known as the Mount Kitanglad Act of 2000.]]> Southeast Asia English Lopez RC, Mirasol Jr. FS, Golosino B and Lasco RD. Mount Kitanglad Range Proposed Forest Carbon Development. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2460 PO 252 PO0252-10 Smallholders Forest Carbon Development in the Philippines Raquel C. Lopez, Paul L.G. Vlek, Dennis P Garrity and Rodel D. Lasco 2010 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines Los Banos, Philippines Science Forum 2010
The challenge of forest carbon development on denuded ?forest frontiers? is the re- egetation of the area purely with indigenous, native/endemic tree species applying the ?rainforestation strategy, especially in biodiversity hotspots and critical watershed areas. The agroforestry system strategy is most likely the option to be adopted in the ?forest-agricultural mosaic? and ?agricultural lowlands?.]]> Philippines English Lopez RC, Vlek PL, Garrity DP and Lasco RD. Smallholders Forest Carbon Development in the Philippines. : Science Forum 2010Los Banos, Philippines. : World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines. 2010. GRP 5 2459 PO 251 PO0251-10 Consumer Preference for Indigenous Vegetables Lia Dahlia, Iwan Kurniawan, Denta Anggakusuma and James M Roshetko 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 In the past, Indonesian agriculture has provided an important contribution to local livelihoods and the national economy, accounting for 13.8% of gross national product (BPS, 2008). It is estimated that there are 24 million ha of underutilized dryagricultural land in Indonesia. Poor households living in those areas have a high level of dependency on agriculture because thenon-agricultural economy is not well developed. It is crucial that the government implement policies that stimulate and diversify smallholder agricultural, horticultural and livestock sectors, including the rehabilitation of private land with high-value timber and fruit tree species. If supported, smallholder sectors can contribute to reducing rural poverty and strengthening the national economy. A research study was conducted in and around Bogor, West Java, to document consumer knowledge, preferences and consumption behavior in relation to four indigenous vegetables?katuk, kucai, honjeand tebu telor?and inform stakeholders of opportunities for commercialization. Southeast Asia English Dahlia L, Kurniawan I, Anggakusuma D and Roshetko JM. Consumer Preference for Indigenous Vegetables. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 3 2458 PO 250 PO0250-10 Principles for Fairness and Efficiency in Enhancing Environmental Services in AsiaPayments, Compensation, or Co-Investment? Meine van Noordwijk and Beria Leimona 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 The term ?Payments for Environmental Services? (PES) has rapidly gained popularity, with its focus on market-based mechanisms for enhancing environmental services (ES). Current use of the term, however, covers a broad spectrum of interactions between ES suppliers and beneficiaries. A broader class of mechanisms pursues ES enhancement through compensation or rewards (Compensation and Rewards for Environmental Services (CRES)). Such mechanisms can be analyzed on the basis of how they meet four conditions: Realistic, Conditional, Voluntary and Pro-poor. Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M and Leimona B. Principles for Fairness and Efficiency in Enhancing Environmental Services in AsiaPayments, Compensation, or Co-Investment?. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2457 PO 249 PO0249-10 Gender Equality in Rewards for Environmental Services Schemes in Indonesia Beria Leimona and Siti Amanah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 A rewards for environmental services scheme is a mechanism to connect between environmental service providers and their beneficiaries through the flow of environmental services and rewards. Trust and strong social capital are needed to ensure success , but need nurturing and maintenance by stakeholders involved. Gender equality between community members?both for males and females?is a pre-requisite and further guarantees solid social interaction. Southeast Asia English Leimona B and Amanah S. Gender Equality in Rewards for Environmental Services Schemes in Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2456 PO 248 PO0248-10 RaTA: Identifying the Nature of Land Tenure Conflicts Gamma Galudra and Ujjwal P. Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 It explores competing claims among different actors who hold different rights and powers because the claims are often related to changing land tenure policies developed in different historical periods and for varying purposes.
By analyzing the roles of policies in land conflicts and competing claims, RaTA can offer policy options and interventions as alternative means to settle land conflicts.]]> Southeast Asia English Galudra G and Pradhan UP. RaTA: Identifying the Nature of Land Tenure Conflicts. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2455 PO 247 PO0247-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Profitability Analysis of Land Use Systems at District Level in REDD+ Feasibility Arif Rahmanulloh, Suseno Budidarsono and Muhammad Sofiyuddin 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
To quantify economic return of each main land use systems in Berau district, it provides clear comparison of benefit accepted by the people, operators or other parties affected by designed land-use change intervention (REDD+)]]> Southeast Asia English Rahmanulloh A, Budidarsono S and Sofiyuddin M. Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: II. Profitability Analysis of Land Use Systems at District Level in REDD+ Feasibility. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2454 PO 246 PO0246-10 Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: III. Opportunity Cost Analysis Of REDD+ at The District Level Arif Rahmanulloh, Sonya Dewi, Suseno Budidarsono and Zuraidah Said 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
A pilot area for REDD implementation can help address the last issue and is very attractive, not only for gaining in-situ project experience, but also for the potential lessons learned and resultant multiplier effects

The scoping study for REDD pilot area should test the feasibility of REDD from all three criteria: conditionality, realistic and voluntary criteria]]> Southeast Asia English Rahmanulloh A, Dewi S, Budidarsono S and Said Z. Are conditional and realistic REDD+ mechanisms feasible? A case of a rich forested district in Indonesia: III. Opportunity Cost Analysis Of REDD+ at The District Level. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2453 PO 245 PO0245-10 Is it Feasible?REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal (RESFA) in Lamandauwildlife reserve, Indonesia Janudianto, Laxman Joshi, Elok Mulyoutami, Muhammad Sofiyuddin, Suseno Budidarsono, Gamma Galudra, Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, M. Thoha Zulkarnain, Subekti Rahayu, Rachmat Mulia, Ni'matul Khasanah and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
The LamandauRiver Wildlife Reserve (LRWR or ?the reserve?) forest conservation and community development project is one of a portfolio of four REDD+ projects being supported by the Clinton Climate Initiative?Forestry program, ?Addressing the challenges of scaling-pp REDD+ activities in Indonesia?.

REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal (RESFA) were used as the framework for studying the key livelihoods, land-use change, carbon stock and tenure issues to develop prospective scenarios and impact predictions for the eastern buffer area of the reserve (23600ha).]]> Southeast Asia English Janudianto, Joshi L, Mulyoutami E, Sofiyuddin M, Budidarsono S, Galudra G, Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Zulkarnain MT, Rahayu S, Mulia R, Khasanah N and van Noordwijk M. Is it Feasible?REDD/REALU Site-level Feasibility Appraisal (RESFA) in Lamandauwildlife reserve, Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2452 PO 244 PO0244-10 Benzoin gardens in the forest edge of North Sumatera Yuliana Wulan, Elok Mulyoutami and Endri Martini 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 AssessmentBenzoinresin (?Kemenyan? in BahasaIndonesia) which mainly produced from Sumatra benzoin(Styraxsumatrana) are very important for people who live in and near forests in BatangToru. It provides cash income for many farmers in the region. The harvesting of the product requires relatively small or no capital which is why many poor people engage in these activities. It also involves low impact on environment. Benzoinresin was mainly exported to Middle East countries as preservative ingredient and as incense for cosmetics, perfumes, cigarettes purposes. The benzointrees have been culturally important and being used to indicate the ownership of the land. Historically, many benzoinin North Sumatera regions were planted in early Indonesian Independence period (around 1945) to secure forest lands. Nowadays they are mostly abandoned since the price of the resin continue to decline. Some of the gardens revert back to forest and some others converted into rubber or coffee cultivation. Nevertheless, benzoinresin are still important products in North Sumatra and nearly 65% poor farmers in the regions relying on this commodity. Southeast Asia English Wulan Y, Mulyoutami E and Martini E. Benzoin gardens in the forest edge of North Sumatera. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 2 2451 PO 243 PO0243-10 Gender and Income Equity in Social Forestry Programs Noviana Khususiyah, R. Yana Buana and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Available land for agriculture in Java is limited. More than 50% of its forest is managed by PerumPerhutani(State Forest Company). Farmers have limited access to this land. Nevertheless, due to economic pressure and lack of governance during the krismon(monetary crisis) period, farmers? communities around state forest land opened up the areas. This led to conflict between Perum Perhutaniand farmers? communities in many parts of Java.]]> Southeast Asia English Khususiyah N, Buana RY and Suyanto S. Gender and Income Equity in Social Forestry Programs. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2450 PO 242 PO0242-10 Fair and efficient? How stakeholders view investments to avoid deforestation in Indonesia S. Suyanto and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 ?Fair and efficient REDD value chain allocation??(FERVA) is an experimental method to negotiate balance between fairness and efficiency across scales. Simultaneously achieving the twin goals of (1) fair and sustainable development and (2) efficient emission reduction is a matter of managing trade-offs. Southeast Asia English Suyanto S and van Noordwijk M. Fair and efficient? How stakeholders view investments to avoid deforestation in Indonesia. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2449 PO 241 PO0241-10 Watersheds degrade and this makes river flow less predictable: bigger floods and lower dry season flow ? but how to quantify? A parsimonious null model of flow persistence (FlowPer) links local knowledge to hard data Meine van Noordwijk, Lisa Tanika, Tonni Asmawan and Ni'matul Khasanah 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Landscapes translate a temporal pattern of rainfall into a temporal pattern of stream flow, which aggregates up to a river. Downstream stakeholders start from what they want to see (?perfectly regular flow of clean water?) and observe a pattern of stream and river flow that doesn?t match their expectations. They search for interventions on the ?anthropogenic? groups of causes (?deforestation?, ?degradation?), but need to understand the potential reach of such interventions, given the geological and climatic background. In the absence of knowledge of what happens upstream, an observer of river flow can deduce a fair amount of information from a time series of river flow data. Southeast Asia English van Noordwijk M, Tanika L, Asmawan T and Khasanah N. Watersheds degrade and this makes river flow less predictable: bigger floods and lower dry season flow – but how to quantify? A parsimonious null model of flow persistence (FlowPer) links local knowledge to hard data. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2448 PO 240 PO0240-10 Land Use Change and Local Communities Perception on Biodiversity Subekti Rahayu, Harti Ningsih, Sonya Dewi and Feri Johana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 Variety of animals and plants that called BIODIVERSITY, play important role in ecosystem function and livelihood sustainability. Biodiversity become source of basic material for food, health, construction (light and heavy), fuel and fiber. Biodiversity product like timber, resin, fruits and honey become important source of income to community as timber and non timber forest product (NTFP). On the other hand, biodiversity has ecosystem services such as genetic resources, spiritual and religious value, aesthetic value, provision of habitat, nutrient cycling, water cycling, climate regulation, pollinators, seed dispersal, and any other services. Rapid and unprecedented land use changes have reduced significantly local and global biodiversity measures such as species number, relative abundance and compositions.Some indigenous species lost due to land use change and some introduced species replace it. Changing biodiversity affects ecosystem function and livelihood sustainability at the same time. While the effect on ecosystem function is mostly one way, the effect on livelihoods are confounding to the facts thatland use changes are driven and have consequences on livelihoods. Economic reason, of course, is main factor of land use change. Economic orientation of community is strongly influenced by infrastructure development condition in certain area, for example access to market. Forum group discussion in three different road access of villages conducted in Bungo District, Jambi, Sumatra to know: local perception of biodiversity function and in what land cover biodiversity and it function still found. Southeast Asia English Rahayu S, Ningsih H, Dewi S and Johana F. Land Use Change and Local Communities Perception on Biodiversity. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2447 PO 239 PO0239-10 Carbon and Watershed Functions as Conditionality for Community Forest Noviana Khususiyah, Subekti Rahayu, R. Yana Buana, Tonni Asmawan and S. Suyanto 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 ? The protected area in Sesaot, West Lombok, NTB, is managed by the local community as an important source of livelihoods and has potential for greater poverty alleviation. About 5950.18 ha of forest area, located in the upper part of Jangkok and Dodokan watershed, plays an important role in the supply of water to the city of Mataram and West and Central Lombok districts.
? Community forest (HKm) is forest management by local communities based on the forestry minister ?s regulation No. P37/ Menhut-II/2007. Sesaot is a reserved area with an area of 185 hectares and is part of a regional HKm program based on ministerial decree No. 445/Menhut-II/2009, August 4.]]> Southeast Asia English Khususiyah N, Rahayu S, Buana RY, Asmawan T and Suyanto S. Carbon and Watershed Functions as Conditionality for Community Forest. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2446 PO 238 PO0238-10 Exploration of tree management options to manipulate tree and crop interaction trade-off using WaNuLCAS model Ni'matul Khasanah, Betha Lusiana, Didik Suprayogo, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Farmers managing such transitions must make strategic decisions (multi-year) on the choice of tree species, the number of trees per hectare and spacing; and tactical decisions (shorter term) on the choice of intercrops, tree canopy pruning and/or treeroot pruning.

We used a simulation model to explore these choices: the Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in Agroforestry Systems (WaNuLCAS ) model (van Noordwijk and Lusiana 1999; van Noordwijk et al 2004). The study was conducted in Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia.]]> Southeast Asia English Khasanah N, Lusiana B, Suprayogo D, van Noordwijk M and Cadisch G. Exploration of tree management options to manipulate tree and crop interaction trade-off using WaNuLCAS model. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 2 2445 PO 237 PO0237-10 Carbon footprint of Indonesian palm oil production: II. Study design and methodology Suseno Budidarsono, Andree Ekadinata, Ni'matul Khasanah, Subekti Rahayu and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010 ? Does current Indonesian palm oil production, on average, meet the standards for net emission reduction when used as biofuel?
? How can a palm oil production that meets the standards be identified and recognized?
? How can oil palm production affected the livelihood of people in its vicinity?]]> Southeast Asia English Budidarsono S, Ekadinata A, Khasanah N, Rahayu S and van Noordwijk M. Carbon footprint of Indonesian palm oil production: II. Study design and methodology. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2444 PO 236 PO0236-10 Carbon Footprint of Indonesian Palm Oil Production: I. a Pilot Study Sonya Dewi, Ni'matul Khasanah, Subekti Rahayu, Andree Ekadinata and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
Carbondioxide (CO2) and other GHG emissions can be attributed to three phases of the production process:
a. the initial conversion of preceding vegetation, usually based on 'land clearing', leading to a 'C debt?,
b. the balance of emission and absorption during the growth cycle of the oil palms, leading to a time-averaged C-stock that influences 'C debt' and repay time,
c. transport to the refinery followed by CPO and kernel production, transesterification into biofuel and further transport to the end users.

A comprehensive accounting system on carbon and other GHG emissions of biofuel production of oil palm has to include the whole life cycle assessment (LCA) through a life cycle inventory (LCI) (ISO, 1997).]]> Southeast Asia English Dewi S, Khasanah N, Rahayu S, Ekadinata A and van Noordwijk M. Carbon Footprint of Indonesian Palm Oil Production: I. a Pilot Study. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2443 PO 235 PO0235-10 Exploration of Landscape Dynamics in the Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve and its neighboring area, Central Kalimantan, using the FALLOW model Rachmat Mulia, Ni'matul Khasanah, Meine van Noordwijk, Andree Ekadinata and M. Thoha Zulkarnain 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
As part of a feasibility study, the FALLOW (Forest, Agroforest, Lowvalue Land Or Waste?) modelling method developed by Van Noordwijk (2002) and Suyamto and others (2009) was used for exploring future landscape mosaics and the consequences of such for the economic and ecological performance not only of the buffer area but also for the LRWR and the two sub-districts of Arut Selatan and Kota Waringin Lama. The wider area study can help us understand the issues of leakage and additionality in relating human use of the landscape to carbon-stock changes.]]> Southeast Asia English Mulia R, Khasanah N, van Noordwijk M, Ekadinata A and Zulkarnain MT. Exploration of Landscape Dynamics in the Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve and its neighboring area, Central Kalimantan, using the FALLOW model. : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 6 2442 PO 234 PO0234-10 Carbon Stock Change Estimation in Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve using Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RACSA) Subekti Rahayu, Meine van Noordwijk, Laxman Joshi, Ni'matul Khasanah and Andree Ekadinata 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Science Forum 2010
As part of a comprehensive REDD feasibility study, the Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RACSA) method was used to explore the impacts of land-cover change on carbonstorage and to measure the change of carbon stocks over the past 15 years. The objectives this study were to estimate (1) aboveground carbon stock at plot level in representative land-cover classes; (2) belowground carbon stock at plot level, for peat as well as mineral soils; (3) the carbon emission and sequestration rate of the buffer area and its surrounding landscape (two sub-districts: Arut Selatan and Kota Waringin Lama); and (4) the feasible recovery rate of carbon stocks (under a REDD+ scheme that includes ?restoration?). Land-cover change was quantified using area-based change analysis and trajectory analysis methods. Information of changes was derived from land-cover maps constructed from satellite imagery from 1990, 2000 and 2005.]]> Southeast Asia English Rahayu S, van Noordwijk M, Joshi L, Khasanah N and Ekadinata A. Carbon Stock Change Estimation in Buffer Area of Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve using Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal (RACSA). : Science Forum 2010Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. GRP 5 2441 PB 13 PB0013-10 Stewardship Agreements to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Indonesia Ratna Akiefnawati, Grace B.Villamor, Asep Ayat, Gamma Galudra and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Bogor, Indonesia Policy Brief no 18 4 Conflicts over who controls the forests and forest margins is now widely recognized as a key issue that needs to be addressed if the world wants to see a reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation. Indonesia, the country with the highest carbon emissions from change in its forest cover, is now expressing global leadership in commitments to Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) that include forests, peatland and an increasing attention for the 'trees outside forest', in the form of agroforests and trees in agricultural landscapes. Agreements on stewardship in the forest margin are key to the success of such programs, but rules need to be simplified for wider application. Southeast Asia English 0 Akiefnawati R, Villamor GB, Ayat A, Galudra G and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Stewardship Agreements to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) in Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. 2440 RP 265 RP0265-10 Opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses in Indonesia: policy analysis and case studies Meine van Noordwijk, Fahmuddin Agus, Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Hesti L. Tata, S. Suyanto, Gamma Galudra and Ujjwal Pradhan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 85
This report provides an overview at two levels: the national debate in Indonesia and a compilation of case studies of specific landscapes where the local context shapes the debate.

At the case study sites there is a chance to change current land-use practices in order to establish higher carbon stock landscapes?while also providing for human livelihoods?if appropriate incentives can be derived from international co-investment and policy instruments.

Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from Indonesia exist across all sectors of the economy and across a wide geographic area. However, in the international discussion so far, only two aspects have been recognised: actions in the energy and industrial sector that can obtain support from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); and efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). In theory, afforestation/reforestation following the Clean Development Mechanism?s afforestation/reforestation (A/R-CDM) rules can be supported, but in practice no single project in Indonesia has passed the screening filters and been submitted to the ?designated national authority? as an essential step towards international submission, review and approval.

All activity in enhancing tree-based carbon stocks has remained in the voluntary domain. A substantial part of Indonesia?s emissions derive from peatlands, some of which are within, and others outside of, the formal, government institutional ?forest? category and many other areas have contested status. Peatlands themselves need to be managed as hydrological entities if emissions are to be controlled and reduced.

Other aspects of land use on the edge of the REDD+ debate are the agroforests and tree-based landuse systems managed by farmers across Indonesia. While this vegetation usually meets international standards to be considered ?forest?, the institutional interpretation of forest in Indonesia implies loss of sovereignty for communities and farmers across the country and so they prefer naming their systems ?gardens?. The partial mismatch between the new international objective of emission reduction and the existing forest management institutions is part of the reason why efforts to ?reduce emissions from all land uses?, or REALU, is an alternative worth exploring.

At the national scale, three discussions have evolved, with little cross-reference so far.
1) REDD+ efforts, that received a boost in 2007 in the lead-up to the 13th Conference of Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bali with the reports of the Indonesian Forest Climate Alliance;
2) The private sector and its trial-and-error approach to learning from emerging new standards for ?footprint? in international trade; and
3) The pioneer commitments from Indonesia in the nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMA) arena, that found at least some recognition in the otherwise disappointing outcome of the 15th COP of the UNFCCC in Copenhagen in December 2009.

The site-level studies reported here are of landscapes in Sumatra and Kalimantan that cross the spectrum from forest conservation through recognition of agroforest management and restocking of trees in the landscape and peatland management to conversion to oil palm production. The most positive example of the consequences of the REDD+ debate has been the recognition of village (agro)forest management in a long-term Alternatives to Slash and Burn: Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins (ASB) research location in Jambi, Sumatra, which will hopefully act as a beacon for many others to follow. Most of the other case studies reveal that there would indeed be opportunities to reduce emissions, while enhancing local livelihoods, but that such opportunities require new ways of thinking about, and planning of, land use.

The case studies also reveal an inadequacy in the currently dominant ?payment for ecosystem services?, or PES, paradigm. In the network of landscapes in Indonesia where experiments with this approach take place, water rather than carbon or biodiversity has been the primary issue, but in all cases success has depended on the building of trust?rather than clean buyer-seller financial relationships?between the external and local stakeholders.

A language of co-investment, sharing of risks and benefits and enhancement of reciprocity and responsibility has been the basis for success, not that of a market place. Appropriate ways for blending financial incentives with a broader approach based on ?rights? and ?recognition? are yet to evolve and gain the type of external interest that the PES paradigm has generated.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 van Noordwijk M, Agus F, Dewi S, Ekadinata A, Tata HL, Suyanto S, Galudra G and Pradhan U. Opportunities for reducing emissions from all land uses in Indonesia: policy analysis and case studies. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 2010. 85 p. GRP 6 2439 BK 144 BK0144-10 Pro-poor compensation and rewards for environmental services in the tropics: Saving the Commons in Asia, Africa and Latin America? World Agroforestry Centre 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia 117 Through the Millennium Development Goals world leaders promised to deal with poverty while enhancing sustainable development and international cooperation. These three goals come together in efforts to pay, compensate or reward for the environmental services that are (still) provided by upland communities. Where these services benefit downstream people that are less poor than the people in the uplands, forms of payment can be both fair and efficient. Where the services are provided as global goods, as is the case with biodiversity conservation and net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, payments and investment can and should be made by beneficiaries overseas. The words ?Payments for Environmental Services? (PES) have become the label for a wide array of approaches and methodologies in this domain. It is a field of active research on the interface of knowledge and action. The subset of ?pro-poor? forms of such mechanisms is still under debate: is it desirable? is it even possible? should the old adage? one instrument per policy objective, one objective per policy instrument? still apply? Southeast Asia English 0 World Agroforestry Centre. 2010. Pro-poor compensation and rewards for environmental services in the tropics: Saving the Commons in Asia, Africa and Latin America?. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 117 p. 2438 PB 12 PB0012-10 Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): Improving welfare and income equity for poor farmers on the forest margins Noviana Khususiyah, S. Suyanto and R. Yana Buana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 05 4
The 1997 economic crisis almost doubled the percentage of people living in poverty in Indonesia, from 11% in 1990 to 20% in August ? September 1998. During the crisis, many migrants living in the city became unemployed owing to the collapses of many industries, forcing them to return to their original villages.

Available land for agriculture in Java is limited. More than 50% of its forest is managed by Perum Perhutani (state forest company) and farmers have limited access to this land. Nevertheless, owing to economic pressure and lack of governance during the crisis period, farmers' communities around state forest land cleared the forests. This led to conflict between Perum Perhutani and farmers in many parts of Java.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Khususiyah N, Suyanto S and Buana RY. 2010. Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): Improving welfare and income equity for poor farmers on the forest margins. In: Rahayu S,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6 2437 PB 11 PB0011-10 Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): What can we learn? Noviana Khususiyah, S. Suyanto and R. Yana Buana 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia Brief no. 04 4 Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat (Community-Based Forest Management) or PHBM is a joint forest management system between Perum Perhutani (the state-owned forestry management company) and a given rural community. The system is based on shared management so that forests are maintained. The 'sharing' principle includes shared responsibilities, work, inputs and benefits. The aim of the PHBM program is to integrate socioeconomic community development and forest management systems. Southeast Asia English 0 Khususiyah N, Suyanto S and Buana RY. 2010. Community Based Forest Management (PHBM): What can we learn?. In: Rahayu S,eds. Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. 4 p. GRP 6 2436 JA 389 JA0389-10 Diversity deficits in modelled landscape mosaics Grace B.Villamor, Meine van Noordwijk, Quang Bao Le, Betha Lusiana, Robin Matthews and Paul L.G. Vlek 2010 Ecological Informatics Elsevier B.V. 1-10 We outline several diversity factors that modellers and models can include directly or indirectly in order to improve the accuracy and usefulness of the model. Without considering these factors, different types of diversity deficit can arise. These deficits can be considered in three domains: 1) in the real world where actual diversity is less than a potential state that is deemed desirable (hence we worry about loss of biodiversity and cultural diversity); 2) in modelling of the real world (where ?residual variance? may represent a diversity deficit of the model); and 3) in our recognition of the driving forces that are used to construct a model (a diversity deficit due to oversimplification). The goal of this review is to use these three domains of diversity deficit to evaluate existing models, with a longer term goal of creating a more robust framework for assessing landscape models in the future. To that end, we evaluate the behaviour characteristics and routines of agents in some current models. We also address one of the fundamental challenges to modelling diversity, which is the integration of non-economic motivations in the decision making of human agents. Diversity deficit, Landscape mosaics, Agents' decision-making, Hybrid models, Multi-agent system models doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.08.003 Southeast Asia English Villamor GB, van Noordwijk M, Bao Le Q, Lusiana B, Matthews R and Vlek PL. 2010. Diversity deficits in modelled landscape mosaics. Ecological Informatics. : P. 1-10. 2435 MA 50 MA0050-10 Hutan Sesaot: Jasa lingkungan yang belum tersingkap Subekti Rahayu, Noviana Khususiyah, Tonni Asmawan and Erik Setiawan 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 10-11 Air jernih di sepanjang Kali Sesaot merupakan satu indikator bahwa sumber air di bagian hulu masih terpelihara dengan baik. Identifikasi lapangan yang dilakukan oleh ICRAF menemukan sebanyak 56 sumber mata air yang bermuara ke Kali Sesaot, Kali Jangkok, Kali Tembiras, Kali Pemoto, Kali Bentoyang, Kali Betung dan Kali Bensue. Mata air Ranget dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber air baku oleh PDAM untuk memenuhi sekitar 98.000 pelanggan di Kota Mataram. Air Kali Jangkok digunakan untuk irigasi sampai ke daerah Lombok Tengah. Apa yang akan terjadi jika air dari kawasan Sesaot mengering dan menghilang? Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2434 MA 49 MA0049-10 Gaharu: pohon emas yang misterius Bambang Soeharto 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 8-9 Gaharu di alam dihasilkan dari jenis pohon tertentu yang terinfeksi oleh suatu jenis fungi atau cendawan dan hasil infeksi tersebut menghasilkan gubal yang berwarna kehitaman dan berbau wangi dengan nilai ekonomi yang sangat tinggi. Jenis pohon yang dapat menghasilkan gubal ? gaharu adalah dari spesies Aquilaria malaccensis, Aquilaria filaria, Aquilaria beccariana, Aquilaria cumingiana, Aquilaria hirta, Aquilaria microcarpa, Aquilaria crassna dan Gyrinops leddermannii, dengan demikian di Indonesia gaharu dikelompokkan dalam komoditas kehutanan golongan hasil hutan bukan kayu (HHBK). Southeast Asia Indonesian 2433 MA 48 MA0048-10 Potret kearifan lokal dalam tata kelola keanekaragaman hayati Subekti Rahayu and Harti Ningsih 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 6-7 Keanekaragaman hayati menjadi topik yang sangat menarik dibicarakan, karena beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi perubahan dalam kelimpahan dan komposisi akibat perubahan iklim dan penggunaan lahan. Bahkan beberapa jenis keanekaragaman hayati dinyatakan terancam punah. Namun, keanekaragaman hayati lainnya justru menunjukkan peningkatan populasi yang tidak terkendali bahkan menjadi pengganggu bagi kehidupan lainnya, misalnya menjadi hama atau gulma. Southeast Asia Indonesian 2432 MA 47 MA0047-10 Hutan desa lubuk beringin: skenario konservasi kabupaten Bungo Asep Ayat and Jusupta Tarigan 2010 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 3 2 3-5 Hutan Desa merupakan hutan negara yang dikelola oleh desa (Lembaga Desa) dan dimanfaatkan untuk kesejahteraan desa. Pembentukan Hutan Desa atas dasar pertimbangan pemberdayaan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar kawasan hutan, untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan hutan yang adil dan lestari. Kriteria kawasan hutan yang dapat ditetapkan sebagai areal kerja hutan desa adalah hutan lindung dan hutan produksi. Status kawasan belum dibebani hak pengelolaan atau ijin pemanfaatan dan berada di wilayah administrasi desa yang bersangkutan. Kriteria tersebut berdasarkan rekomendasi dari Kepala Dinas kabupaten/kota yang diserahi tugas dan bertanggung jawab di bidang kehutanan. Hak pengelolaan hutan desa ini diberikan untuk jangka waktu paling lama 35 tahun dan dapat diperpanjang. Evaluasi akan dilakukan paling lama setiap 5 tahun sekali oleh pemberi hak (PP No 6 Tahun 2008). Southeast Asia Indonesian GRP 6 2431 JA 388 JA0388-10 Greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogen fertilizer use in China Fredrich Kahrl, Yunju Li, Yufang Su, Timm Tennigkeit, Andreas Wilkes and Xu Jianchu 2010 Elsevier Ltd 13 688 – 694 The use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers is an important driver of energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China. This paper develops a GHG emission factor for synthetic N fertilizer application in China. Using this emission factor, we estimate the scale of GHG emissions from synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use in Chinese agriculture and explore the potential for GHG emission reductions from efficiency improvements in N fertilizer production and use. The paper concludes with a discussion on costs and financing for a large-scale fertilizer efficiency improvement program in China, and how a GHG mitigation framework might contribute to program design. Nitrogen fertilizer; Ammonia; Urea; Energy; Greenhouse gas emissions; China doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2010.07.006 China English 0 URL]]> 2430 JA 387 JA0387-10 Reconciling root plasticity and architectural ground rules in tree root growth models with voxel automata Rachmat Mulia, Christian Dupraz and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 Plant and Soil Springer 1-16 Juglans nigra � regia) and wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) using results of a pot experiment. The model satisfactorily predicted the root growth behaviour of the two species. The model is sparse in parameters and yet applicable to heterogeneous soils, and could easily be upgraded to include additional local influences on root growth (and decay) such as local success in nutrient uptake or dynamic soil physical properties.

This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com]]> Architecture . Coarse root . Fine root . Geotropism . Heterogeneous soil . Simulation model . Topology .Voxel automata Southeast Asia English 0 Mulia R, Dupraz C and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Reconciling root plasticity and architectural ground rules in tree root growth models with voxel automata. Plant and Soil. : P. 1-16. 2429 PP 297 PP0297-10 Integrated land use modelling in an interdisciplinary project: The LUCIA model C. Marohn, P. Siripalangkanont, T. Berger, Betha Lusiana and Georg Cadisch 2010 Montpellier, France 1-8 In the mountainous regions of Northwest Thailand and Vietnam political and economic change and demographic pressure have led to intensification of agricultural systems during the last decade. In the uplands, agricultural land expanded at the expense of forests and traditional swidden systems have been replaced by continuous cropping with reduced or no fallow. Subsistence-based systems are shifting towards external input-dependent production for the market, improving income of farmers in the short run, but partly leading to irreversible loss of environmental functions. The LUCIA model was developed in this context to dynamically simulate biophysical processes triggered by land use (change) in small mountainous catchments in a mechanistic and spatially explicit way. This paper describes the role of the model in integrating data generated under different knowledge domains in an interdisciplinary project to simulate scenarios of land use change, potential environmental impacts and alternative pathways towards sustainable land use. The model structure, stakeholder orientation and coupling with an existing multi-agent system are explained in more detail. Land use change; integrated model; coupling; Southeast Asia Southeast Asia English Marohn C, Siripalangkanont P, Berger T, Lusiana B and Cadisch G. 2010. Integrated land use modelling in an interdisciplinary project: The LUCIA model. Montpellier, France. 2428 WP 134 WP0134-10 Toward a General Theory of Boundary Work: Insights from the CGIAR?s Natural Resource Management Programs William C. Clark, Thomas P Tomich, Meine van Noordwijk, Nancy M. Dickson, Delia Catacutan, David Guston and Elizabeth C. McNie 2010 Faculty Research Working Paper Series William C. Clark et al. and the President and Fellows of Harvard College CID Working Paper No. 199 22 Previous research on the determinants of effectiveness in knowledge systems seeking to support sustainable development has highlighted the importance of ?boundary work? through which research communities organize their relations with other fields of science, other sources of knowledge, and the worlds of action and policymaking. A growing body of scholarship postulates specific attributes of boundary work that promote used and useful research. These propositions, however, are largely based on the experience of a few industrialized countries. We report here on an effort to evaluate their relevance for efforts to harness science in support of sustainability in the developing world. We carried out a multi-country comparative analysis of natural resource management programs conducted under the auspices of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). We discovered 6 distinctive kinds of boundary work contributing to successes of the CGIAR programs?a greater variety than has been documented in previous studies. We propose that these different kinds of boundary work can be understood as a dual response to the different uses for which the results of specific research programs are intended, and the different sources of knowledge drawn on by those programs. We show that these distinctive kinds of boundary work require distinctive strategies to organize them effectively. Especially important are arrangements regarding participation of stakeholders, governance, and the use of boundary objects. We conclude that improving the ability of research programs to produce useful knowledge for sustainable development will require both greater and differentiated support for multiple forms of boundary work boundary work, boundary organizations, boundary objects, agroforestry systems, governance, participation, sustainability science, sustainable development, environmental policy Southeast Asia English Clark WC, Tomich TP, van Noordwijk M, Dickson NM, Catacutan D, Guston D and McNie EC. 2010. Toward a General Theory of Boundary Work: Insights from the CGIAR’s Natural Resource Management Programs. Faculty Research Working Paper Series. CID Working Paper No. 199: William C. Clark et al. and the President and Fellows of Harvard College. 22 p. 2427 PP 296 PP0296-10 Trade-off analysis of land use change, livelihoods and environmental services in the Upper Konto catchment (Indonesia): prospecting land use options with the FALLOW model Betha Lusiana, Noviana Khususiyah, Kurniatun Hairiah, Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2010 International Conference on Integrative Landscape Modelling Montpellier, France 1-12 The study explored the use of the FALLOW model for assessing the impact of land use policies related to Designated Land Use to farmers? welfare and landscape carbon stocks in the Upper Konto catchment, East Java, Indonesia. A livestock (dairy cattle) module was added to FALLOW version 2.0 to enable simulating livelihood options in the area and four scenarios were explored: (0) baseline condition of protecting designated forest area, (1) full access to land, (2) conserving forest reserve only and (3) giving limited access to plant tree-based systems in part of state forest land. The study revealed that the current land use policy could lead to reduction in farmers? welfare (US$.capita-1.year-1) and average aboveground carbon stocks (Mg.ha-1). A change in land use policy by giving limited access to manage tree based systems in part of the State Forest Land could maintain the aboveground landscape carbon stocks level and reduced the decline of farmer?s welfare. The result showed the efficacy of integrating economic, biophysical and farmers? learning dynamics in a simulation model such as FALLOW to explore various policy scenarios for natural resource management. FALLOW enables to prospect potential landscape trajectories and its consequences on landscape level indicators such as welfare and carbon stocks, for further discussion with local stakeholders. The results of model performance evaluation based on spatial accuracy and area inaccuracy revealed the need to refine the current new land allocation module. landscape modelling; land use policy; scenario analysis; trade-off analysis Southeast Asia English URL]]> 2426 JA 386 JA0386-10 Tree Growth Prediction in Relation to Simple Set of Site Quality Indicators for Six Native Tree Species in the Philippines Fernando Santos Martin, Betha Lusiana and Meine van Noordwijk 2010 International Journal of Forestry Research Hindawi Publishing Corporation 1-10 The gain in precision to explain the variation on tree growth performance as a function of a set of site indicators was analysed in a stepwise form, increasing its complexity and costs. Six native timber tree species were commonly found on farmer?s fields and planted under different types of agroforestry systems. Localization of trees to be used for measurement was achieved through individual interviews to assess timing of introduction of trees. Results proved that native tree species planted on farmers? fields have similar growth rate other exotic timber species as Swietenia macrophylla that are widely spread in the Philippines. Nevertheless, the large fraction of the variation in tree performance that could not be explained by the biophysical site indicators measured implies that farmers take considerable risk in planting trees on the basis of current ?scientific? knowledge. The complement of ?site characteristics? is probably ?management?, and the low determination of tree growth by site properties may in fact be good news for the farmers. doi:10.1155/2010/507392 Southeast Asia English 0 Martin FS, Lusiana B and van Noordwijk M. 2010. Tree Growth Prediction in Relation to Simple Set of Site Quality Indicators for Six Native Tree Species in the Philippines. International Journal of Forestry Research. : P. 1-10. 2425 RP 264 RP0264-10 Masyarakat Adat dan Ekspansi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia Martua T Sirait 2009 Universiteit van Amsterdam and Cordaid Memisa The Hague, The Netherlands 106 Telah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan melihat hubungan antara, semakin langkanya sumberdaya alam dan timbulnya konflik yang melibatkan kekerasan. Namun hubungan antara kedua fenomena ini dengan degradasi lingkungan hidup dan implikasinya bagi masyarakat adat masih belum terlalu banyak dipahami. Pada tiga studi kasus yang dilakukan pada pada empat kelompok sub-etnis masyarakat adat Dayak Bidayuh (Hibun, Sami, Jangkang dan Pompang) menggambarkan konflik dan kolaborasi antara masyarakat adat di Kalimantan Barat dalam kaitannya dengan ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit atas tanah adat mereka. Kajian ini tidak bertujuan untuk menyajikan besarnya konflik secara kwantitatif, misal jumlah orang atau rumah tangga yang terkena akibat konflik dan luasan tanah yang diambil oleh perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit, tetapi kajian ini berusaha menampilkan aspek aspek kwalitas dari konflik berupa perasaan masyarakat adatnya, usaha usaha penyelesaian konflik dan akibatnya bagi kelembagaan masyarakat adat dan wilayah adatnya. Walaupun studi ini tidak mewakili seluruh kejadian di Kalimantan Barat, akan tetapi memberikan gambaran yang cukup lengkap bagaimana masyarakat di pedesaan Kalimantan Barat mengahadapi perkebunan kelapa sawit skala besar dan bagaimana mereka berhadapan dengan kesempatan serta konflik yang diakibatkan oleh cara perkebunan memulai usahanya. Studi kasus yang dipaparkan mewakili kondisi dan tahapan konflik yang berbeda antara perkebunan kelapa sawit dan masyarakat adat yang secara indikatif menggambarkan situasi yang terjadi pada masyarakat adat di luar Kalimantan Barat. Penulis berpendapat bahwa situasi konflik yang serupa telah terjadi di Sumatera pada tahun 1970-1980s dan sedang atau akan segera terjadi di Papua, Sulawesi, dan kepulauan kecil di Indonesia Timur, seiring dengan ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit kearah Indonesia Timur. Southeast Asia Indonesian Sirait MT. Masyarakat Adat dan Ekspansi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. The Hague, The Netherlands. : Universiteit van Amsterdam and Cordaid Memisa. 2009. 106 p. GRP 5 2424 NL 45 NL0045-10 Kiprah Agroforestri 6 Amelia Britaniari, Asep Ayat, Bambang Soeharto, Diah Wulandari, Erik Setiawan, Harti Ningsih, Jusupta Tarigan, Kurniatun Hairiah, Ni'matul Khasanah, Noviana Khususiyah, Subekti Rahayu and Tonni Asmawan 2010 World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office 3 2 16 Hutan dengan beragam atribut, fungsi dan manfaatnya sudah tidak terbantahkan oleh siapapun. Hutan tidak saja dibicarakan sebagai sumberdaya ekonomi, sosial, lingkungan Hdan budaya. Hutan sering juga dilukiskan bagaikan sebuah istana yang ditilami daun-daun kering yang lunak dan agak lembab. KIPRAH edisi kali ini dimulai dengan artikel mengenai skenario pelestarian hutan di salah satu kabupaten di propinsi Jambi. Tidak hanya hutan namun keanekaragaman hayati didalamnya juga penting untuk dilestarikan. Faktor apakah yang mempengaruhi kepunahannya? Menarik juga untuk membaca kondisi terkini keanekaragaman hayati dari sudut pandang wanita di Desa Danau, Tebing Tinggi dan Lubuk Beringin, kabupaten Bungo, Jambi. Southeast Asia Indonesian 0 Britaniari A, Ayat A, Soeharto B, Wulandari D, Setiawan E, Ningsih H, Tarigan J, Hairiah K, Khasanah N, Khususiyah N, Rahayu S and Asmawan T. 2010. Kiprah Agroforestri 6. In: Tarigan J, Rahayu S and Atikah T,eds. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. GRP 1, GRP 2, GRP 3, GRP 4, GRP 5, GRP 6 2423 PB 10 PB0010-10 Reducing emissions from deforestation, inside and outside the ?forest? Andree Ekadinata, Meine van Noordwijk, Sonya Dewi and Peter A Minang 2010 ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins Nairobi, Kenya ASB PolicyBrief 16 4 Accounting for carbon in the whole landscape and Reducing Emissions from All Land Uses (REALU) can be more effective in reducing emissions.]]> Southeast Asia English 0 Ekadinata A, van Noordwijk M, Dewi S and Minang PA. 2010. Reducing emissions from deforestation, inside and outside the ‘forest’. Nairobi, Kenya. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins. 4 p. GRP 5 2422 RP 263 RP0263-10 Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. 2010 1st quarter update James M Roshetko 2010 World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International Bogor, Indonesia 3 Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM. Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. 2010 1st quarter update. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International. 2010. 3 p. GRP 1 2421 RP 262 RP0262-10 Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. Annual Report Update. James M Roshetko 2010 World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International Bogor, Indonesia 8 Southeast Asia English Roshetko JM. Leuser Nurseries of Excellence (NOEL) Program: Community Nurseries for land rehabilitation, livelihood enhancement, and biodiversity conservation. Annual Report Update.. Bogor, Indonesia. : World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF, SEA Regional Office and Winrock International. 2010. 8 p. GRP 1 2420 MN 46 MN0046-10 Pengelolaan Hutan Jati Rakyat: Panduan Lapang Untuk Petani. (Management of Community Teak Forests: A Field Manual for Farmers) Agus Asto Pramono, M. Anies Fauzi, Nurin Widyani, Ika Heriansyah and James M Roshetko 2010 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF SEA Regional Office, and The Ministry of Forestry's Research and Development Agency (FORDA) Bogor, Indonesia 45 Southeast Asia Indonesian Pramono AA, Fauzi MA, Widyani N, Heriansyah I and Roshetko JM. 2010. Pengelolaan Hutan Jati Rakyat: Panduan Lapang Untuk Petani. (Management of Community Teak Forests: A Field Manual for Farmers). Bogor, Indonesia. : Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF SEA Regional Office, and The Ministry of Forestry's Research and Development Agency (FORDA). 45 p. GRP 1, GRP 2 2419 PP 295 PP0295-10 Insights from the farm forestry tree seedling nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Paul Dargusch and Nestor Gregorio Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector. University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 21-25 This paper reports observations of a study tour by the authors of the farm forestry tree seeding nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia. Industry stakeholders were found to recognise and value high quality germplasm and seedling quality for commercial farm forestry success. These quality preferences of stakeholders are supported by the use of a simple tree seedling certification scheme through which certified seedlings receive a premium selling price. Other initiatives, including government extension efforts, tree seed centres and vegetative propagation, provide complementary support for the preference and promotion of high seedling quality in the Western Java farm forestry industry. Philippines English Mercado Jr. AR, Dargusch P and Gregorio N. 2010. Insights from the farm forestry tree seedling nursery sector in Western Java, Indonesia. In: Harrison SR, Bosch A, Gregorio NO and Herbohn JL,eds. Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector.. Leyte, the Philippines. University of Queensland, Australia. GRP 2 2418 PP 294 PP0294-10 Profiling tree nurseries in northern Mindanao, the Philippines Don Immanuel Edralin and Augustin R. Mercado Jr. Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector. University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 63-72 Forestry nurseries play an important role in supporting small-scale plantation, tree farming as well as government initiated afforestation and reforestation programs. However, constraints have been identified in the forestry nursery sector in the Philippines particularly in the supply of high quality planting materials. This hindrance is being investigated to formulate intervention points as part of a continuing research project on enhancing tree seedling supply via economic and policy changes, funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). This paper presents baseline information regarding the profile of forestry nurseries in the Northern Mindanao region of the Philippines through a personal interview survey of operators of private, communal and government nurseries. Most nurseries in all nursery types are operating on a small scale and are strategically situated based on the purpose of their existence. Private nurseries, being business oriented, are located near the main road, as are government nurseries which distribute seedlings mostly without charge but in some cases for sale. Communal nurseries are mostly situated on farms since they cater for the seedling needs of their members and are therefore established far away from main roads. In terms of stability, private and government nurseries are stable compared to communal nurseries which rely on support organizations. When the support stops communal nurseries also cease to operate. There is no current policy that supports the production and use of high quality seedlings. Intervention points to address these problems are seen as necessary extension efforts in promoting the use of high quality seedlings, thereby in effect creating a strong market, training operators to increase their capability to produce high quality seedlings, and promoting and supporting the forestry nursery industry with policies such as tree nursery certification. Philippines English Edralin DI and Mercado Jr. AR. 2010. Profiling tree nurseries in northern Mindanao, the Philippines. In: Harrison SR, Bosch A, Gregorio NO and Herbohn JL,eds. Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector.. Leyte, the Philippines. University of Queensland, Australia. GRP 2 2417 PP 293 PP0293-10 The need for improved nursery management practices and marketing in tree nurseries of norther Mindanao Don Immanuel Edralin and Augustin R. Mercado Jr. Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 177-182 Undoubtedly, tree growing provides economic and environmental benefits. This has resulted in tree growing initiatives in Northern Mindanao. However, tree growing is faced with constraints such as high field mortality and poor timber stand resulting in poor timber yield. This paper seeks to discern the seedling quality of seedlings grown in three different nursery types in Northern Mindanao, including the facilities present and some cultural management practices. Seedling quality was assessed through random sampling of planting materials. Information about nursery facilities and cultural management practices were obtained through interviews with nursery operators and through visual observations. Results show that private, communal and government nurseries have facilities designed for low cost production of seedlings. The lack of hardening beds and raised benches used for seedling acclimatization explains the inability of seedlings to survive when outplanted in the field. A seedling quality assessment revealed that seedlings were of low quality in all nursery types with weak stems, imbalanced root-shoot ratio and J-root formation. It was also found that most nurseries did not apply soil treatment which is one of the basics for growing seedlings. There is an urgent need to improve nursery management practices by employing best management practices such as proper hardening techniques using effective but non-expensive hardening beds and soil sterilization to improve the seedling quality of seedlings in the region. Philippines English Edralin DI and Mercado Jr. AR. 2010. The need for improved nursery management practices and marketing in tree nurseries of norther Mindanao. In: Harrison SR, Bosch A, Gregorio NO and Herbohn JL,eds. Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector. Leyte, the Philippines. University of Queensland, Australia. GRP 2 2416 PP 292 PP0292-10 Ensuring seedling quality through nursery accreditation Don Immanuel Edralin and Augustin R. Mercado Jr. Stephen R. Harrison, Annerine Bosch, Nestor Onting Gregorio and John L. Herbohn 2010 Proceedings from the Mid-term Workshop (ASEM/2006/091). Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Philippines Tree Nursery Sector University of Queensland, Australia Leyte, the Philippines 157-162 The fruit tree nursery accreditation scheme implemented by the Philippine Department of Agriculture (DA) has been promoted to enhance the supply of high quality fruit tree planting materials and reduce the number of dubious seedling market players. This paper examines the advantages of the fruit tree nursery accreditation scheme and draws implications for possible formulation of a scheme to accredit forest tree nurseries in the Philippines. Data were collected from interviews with accredited fruit tree nursery operators and the nursery accreditation officer-in-charge in Northern Mindanao. There has been an increase in the number of applicants for nursery accreditation each year since 2004, as a result of the advantages nursery operators observed from those who had already been accredited. A major advantage is that only accredited fruit tree nursery operators can join in the government procurement of seedlings through a bidding process which is always for substantial volumes. As a form of advertisement, accredited nurseries are posted on the government website thus creating a wide range of market opportunities which results in increased sales. Other advantages such as receiving free training in improving seedling production and occasionally receiving high quality propagation materials (scions and seedlings), subsidies for pesticides and fertilizers and free soil tests were enjoyed by accredited fruit tree nurseries. These opportunities encouraged other nursery operators to apply for accreditation. Accreditation by the DA places emphasis on maintaining high genetic quality of planting materials as well as the physical quality of the seedlings. Accrediting forestry nurseries is seen as a potential policy option that can expand the supply of high quality tree seedlings in the Philippines, as is the case with fruit tree seedlings. Philippines English URL]]> GRP 2 2415 JA 385 JA0385-10 Positive nitrogen balance of Acacia mangium woodlots as fallows in the Philippines based on 15N natural abundance data of N2 fixation Augustin R. Mercado Jr., Meine van Noordwijk and Georg Cadisch 2010 Agroforestry Systems Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 1-13 Nitrogen inputs from biological nitrogen fixation contribute to productivity and sustainability of agroforestry systems but they need to be able to offset export of N when trees are harvested. This study assessed magnitudes of biological nitrogen fixation (natural 15N abundance) and N balance of Acacia mangium woodlots grown in farmer?s fields, and determined if N2 fixation capacity was affected by tree age. Tree biomass, standing litter, understory vegetation and soil samplings were conducted in 15 farmer?s fields growing A. mangium as a form of sequential agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The trees corresponded to ages of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years, and were replicated three times. Samples from different plant parts and soils (0? 100 cm) were collected and analyzed for d15N and nutrients. The B-value, needed as a reference of isotopic discrimination when fully reliant on atmospheric N, was generated by growing A. mangium in an N2-free sand culture in the glasshouse. Isotopic discrimination