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  • About
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    World Agroforestry (ICRAF) is a centre of science and development excellence that harnesses the benefits of trees for people and the environment. Leveraging the world’s largest repository of agroforestry science and information, we develop knowledge practices, from farmers’ fields to the global sphere, to ensure food security and environmental sustainability.

     

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    Driven by our vision of a world where all people have viable livelihoods supported by healthy and productive landscapes, our global team of science, research, development, institutional and resource professionals seeks to better combine the science of discovery with the science of delivery. To realize this vision, we focus on four key interacting themes: By combining more productive trees with more resilient and profitable agricultural systems and a sounder understanding of the health of the soil, land and people that is part of ‘greener’, better governed landscapes, we offer valuable and timely knowledge products and services to the global community as it tackles the major challenges of the Anthropocene. These include dealing with climate change; low soil carbon; widespread forest, tree and soil loss leading to degradation; poverty; demographic upheavals and conflict; and securing equitable futures for all with a special focus on women and children.

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    A climate change atlas for Africa of tree species prioritized for forest landscape…

    Our Climate Change Atlas for African trees shows how alterations in environmental condi

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    The Resources for Tree Planting Platform

    The Resources for Tree Planting Platform explains how to go about sourcing good quality

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    Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to support tree research and development activities. Version 3.0
    Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to support tree…
    Suggested citation: Kindt R, John I, Dawson IK, Graudal L, Lillesø J-P B, Ordonez J, Jamnadass R. 2022. Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to…
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    World Agroforestry works throughout the Global South with footprints in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Our activities span over 44 countries in six regions. Each office oversees, plans, coordinates and supports initiatives within their region, and maintains liaisons and partnerships with governments, development partners, learning institutions and civil society

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    To report issues related to research ethics, fraud, harassment and other forms of wrongdoing visit the ICRAF Anonymous Reporting Platform
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    Use dirt solution for carbon pollution, says expert
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    To report issues related to research ethics, fraud, harassment and other forms of wrongdoing visit the ICRAF Anonymous Reporting Platform
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  • CIFOR-ICRAF
    Check out cifor-icraf.org!

    The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR and World Agroforestry (ICRAF) joined forces in 2019, leveraging a combined 65 years’ experience in research on the role of forests and trees in solving critical global challenges.

    CIFOR-ICRAF sub menu

    • Home
    • About
    • Research
    • Locations
    • Knowledge
    • News
    • Events

    Footer menu

    • About Us
    • Contact
    • Careers
    • Tree Seed Info
    • Agroforestry World
    • CIFOR-ICRAF privacy notice
    • Corporate Documents
    • Labs
    • Intranet
    • Global Landscapes Forum
    © 2021 World Agroforestry All rights reserved.
    To report issues related to research ethics, fraud, harassment and other forms of wrongdoing visit the ICRAF Anonymous Reporting Platform
    Stay informed

    ICRAF publishes content on a regular basis. Subscribe and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends on agroforestry

    Subscribe
  • About
    About

    World Agroforestry (ICRAF) is a centre of science and development excellence that harnesses the benefits of trees for people and the environment. Leveraging the world’s largest repository of agroforestry science and information, we develop knowledge practices, from farmers’ fields to the global sphere, to ensure food security and environmental sustainability.

     

    About menu

    • About ICRAF
    • Our History
    • Corporate Documents
    • CIFOR-ICRAF Merger
    • What is Agroforestry?

    About Us Submenu

    • Board of Trustees
    • Management Team
    • Careers
    • Policies and Guidelines

    Footer menu

    • About Us
    • Contact
    • Careers
    • Tree Seed Info
    • Agroforestry World
    • CIFOR-ICRAF privacy notice
    • Corporate Documents
    • Labs
    • Intranet
    • Global Landscapes Forum
    © 2021 World Agroforestry All rights reserved.
    To report issues related to research ethics, fraud, harassment and other forms of wrongdoing visit the ICRAF Anonymous Reporting Platform
    Stay informed

    ICRAF publishes content on a regular basis. Subscribe and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends on agroforestry

    Subscribe
  • Research
    Research

    Driven by our vision of a world where all people have viable livelihoods supported by healthy and productive landscapes, our global team of science, research, development, institutional and resource professionals seeks to better combine the science of discovery with the science of delivery. To realize this vision, we focus on four key interacting themes: By combining more productive trees with more resilient and profitable agricultural systems and a sounder understanding of the health of the soil, land and people that is part of ‘greener’, better governed landscapes, we offer valuable and timely knowledge products and services to the global community as it tackles the major challenges of the Anthropocene. These include dealing with climate change; low soil carbon; widespread forest, tree and soil loss leading to degradation; poverty; demographic upheavals and conflict; and securing equitable futures for all with a special focus on women and children.

    Research Menu

    • Research Areas
    • Publications
    • Programmes
    • Projects
    • Resource Centre
    • Discover Agroforestry
    A climate change atlas for Africa of tree species prioritized for forest landscape…

    Our Climate Change Atlas for African trees shows how alterations in environmental condi

    Read More
    The Resources for Tree Planting Platform

    The Resources for Tree Planting Platform explains how to go about sourcing good quality

    Read More
    Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to support tree research and development activities. Version 3.0
    Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to support tree…
    Suggested citation: Kindt R, John I, Dawson IK, Graudal L, Lillesø J-P B, Ordonez J, Jamnadass R. 2022. Agroforestry Species Switchboard: a synthesis of information sources to…
    Read More

    Footer menu

    • About Us
    • Contact
    • Careers
    • Tree Seed Info
    • Agroforestry World
    • CIFOR-ICRAF privacy notice
    • Corporate Documents
    • Labs
    • Intranet
    • Global Landscapes Forum
    © 2021 World Agroforestry All rights reserved.
    To report issues related to research ethics, fraud, harassment and other forms of wrongdoing visit the ICRAF Anonymous Reporting Platform
    Stay informed

    ICRAF publishes content on a regular basis. Subscribe and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends on agroforestry

    Subscribe
  • Regions
    Regions

    World Agroforestry works throughout the Global South with footprints in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Our activities span over 44 countries in six regions. Each office oversees, plans, coordinates and supports initiatives within their region, and maintains liaisons and partnerships with governments, development partners, learning institutions and civil society

    Region menu

    • Eastern & Southern Africa
    • West & Central Africa
    • Latin America
    • East & Central Asia
    • South Asia
    • Southeast Asia
    Eswatini
    Ethiopia
    Kenya
    Lesotho
    Malawi
    Rwanda
    Somalia
    Tanzania
    Uganda
    Zambia
    China
    Kyrgyzstan
    Brazil
    Costa Rica
    Honduras
    Nicaragua
    Panama
    Peru
    Cameroon
    Côte d’Ivoire
    Democratic Republic of Congo(DRC)
    Mali
    Niger
    Nigeria
    Indonesia
    Myanmar
    Philippines
    Thailand
    Vietnam
    Afghanistan
    Bangladesh
    Bhutan
    India
    Nepal
    Pakistan
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    • About Us
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    • Agroforestry World
    • CIFOR-ICRAF privacy notice
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    • Global Landscapes Forum
    © 2021 World Agroforestry All rights reserved.
    To report issues related to research ethics, fraud, harassment and other forms of wrongdoing visit the ICRAF Anonymous Reporting Platform
    Stay informed

    ICRAF publishes content on a regular basis. Subscribe and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends on agroforestry

    Subscribe
  • Newsroom
    Newsroom

    Keep up to date with our latest news stories. Learn about our innovative research, programmes and global partnerships.

    News&Events Menu

    • Press Releases
    • ICRAF in the Media
    • News
    Use dirt solution for carbon pollution, says expert
    Read More
    In Kenya, a community regrew its forest — and redefined reforestation success
    Read More
    Our Global Food Systems Are Rife with Injustice: Here’s How We Can Change This
    Read More

    Footer menu

    • About Us
    • Contact
    • Careers
    • Tree Seed Info
    • Agroforestry World
    • CIFOR-ICRAF privacy notice
    • Corporate Documents
    • Labs
    • Intranet
    • Global Landscapes Forum
    © 2021 World Agroforestry All rights reserved.
    To report issues related to research ethics, fraud, harassment and other forms of wrongdoing visit the ICRAF Anonymous Reporting Platform
    Stay informed

    ICRAF publishes content on a regular basis. Subscribe and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends on agroforestry

    Subscribe
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Participatory evaluation of integrated pest and soil fertility management options using ordered categorical data analysis
Back
Year
2010

Authors
de Groote H, Rutto E, Odhiambo G, Kanampiu F K, Khan Z, Vanlauwe B, Coe R DCoe R D
Coe R D
Coe R D
Principal Scientist
Ric is a research methods specialist. His role in ICRAF is to support research t...
View full profile
In
  • Journal articles
Access
Source
keywords
  • Maize
  • Imidazolinone-resistant maize
  • Ordinal regression
  • Participatory evaluation
  • Striga
  • stem borer
Region
Eastl Africa
Maize is becoming the major food crop around Lake Victoria. Major constraints to its production are Striga, stem borer, and declining soil fertility. Innovative integrated technologies have been developed: the'push-pull' system (intercropping with Desmodium and surrounded by Napier grass), soybean and Crotalaria rotations, and imidazolinone-resistant (IR) maize seed. In 12 demonstration trials in four villages in Siaya and Vihiga districts (Kenya) and two villages in Busia (Uganda) in 2003 and 2004, 504 farmers evaluated all cropping systems and a mono-cropped continuous maize, each cropped with IR or local maize, and supplemented or not with fertilizer, totaling 16 treatments. Farmers evaluated all treatments for yield, resistance to Striga and stem borer, improvement of soil fertility, and provided an overall evaluation score, using an ordered scale of 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good). Data were analyzed using ordinal regression, estimating log odds ratios. The results show significant preferences for all treatments over the control. Push-pull with IR and fertilizer had the highest log odds ratio (2.93), so the odds of farmers preferring this treatment are 18.7 times the odds that farmers prefer the control. The odds ratios for the other push-pull combinations were generally highest (9-15), followed by the rotation systems with Crotalaria (3.5-7.0), and soybeans, especially with IR maize and fertilizer (odds ratio of 5.7). In mono-cropping systems, IR maize was only appreciated in combination with fertilizer, and then only in 2004. Push-pull and Crotalaria were more appreciated in 2004 than in 2003. Farmers in Vihiga had a stronger preference for push-pull, and those in Busia for soybean rotations. Significant differences among farmers were observed, but the effects were small. Women appreciated push-pull more than men, while other technologies were gender-neutral. Older farmers were more likely to prefer push-pull and Crotalaria with fertilizer. Livestock ownership was not found to have an effect on technology preferences. Measured yield, stem borer and Striga infestation all had significant but small effects, although their inclusion did not eliminate the treatment effects, indicating that other factors are still important. OLS of the scores for different criteria on the overall score shows yield to be the most important criterion (coefficient of 0.40), followed by soil fertility enhancement (0.25) and Striga resistance (0.13). Labor saving (0.09) and stem borer resistance (0.03) are relatively minor criteria. This research shows that scoring and analysis with ordinal regression is a convenient way to solicit and analyze farmers' preferences for new technologies, with wide applicability in farming systems and participatory research. Its application here shows that farmers like the new technologies, especially push-pull, but that there are substantial differences between years, sites and farmers. The use of this method can be very helpful to define and focus further research and formulate specific and targeted recommendations for agricultural extension.

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