In Central America—Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama— 30 million ha (~40 percent of its total area) are used for agricultural production (FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations 2015). This agricultural land has, on average, >45 percent tree cover (Zomer et al 2016). Trees (defined here as woody perennial species including species such as palms [Arecaceae family] and Musaceae are a common feature of agricultural landscapes in Central America. Trees are present in a large part of the agricultural landscape of this region, either dispersed or in lines; supporting the production of coffee, cocoa, fruits, pastures and livestock in various agroforestry practices and providing countless products that contribute to food security (Jamnadass et al 2013); household income (Rice 2011, Cerda et al 2014, Amores 2015); and ecosystem services such as carbon storage (Somarriba et al 2013, Pinoargote 2014, Caicedo 2016), regulation of climate and water cycles (Lin 2010, van Noordwijk et al 2014), control of pests and diseases (Soto-Pinto et al 2000, Avelino et al 2004, Navas et al 2008, Vega et al 2009, Haggar et al 2011) and maintenance of soil fertility (Beer et al 2003, Notaro et al 2014). Because of these multiple goods and services, agroforestry practices are considered one of the key strategies for the development of climate-smart agriculture (McCarthy 2014, van Noordwijk et al 2014).